• AIHA
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) provides a classic example of autoantibody-mediated pathology. (haematologica.org)
• Drugs That Can Cause Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia ) stimulate production of autoantibodies against Rh antigens (alpha- methyldopa -type of AIHA). (merckmanuals.com)
• Through a series of case studies, the speakers will discuss the diagnosis of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), including the required clinical information, and the essential laboratory tests necessary to help identify the type of autoantibody. (aabb.org)
• Giant cell hepatitis (GCH) associated with direct Coombs' test-positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare, often lethal condition of early childhood with unknown pathogenesis. (biomedsearch.com)
• AIHA is classified as either warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia or cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which includes cold agglutinin disease and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. (wikipedia.org)
• The most common causes of secondary warm-type AIHA include lymphoproliferative disorders (e.g., chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma) and other autoimmune disorders (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis). (wikipedia.org)
• AIHA cannot be attributed to any single autoantibody. (wikipedia.org)
• Cold autoantibodies act best at temperatures of 0-4 °C. Patients with cold-type AIHA, therefore, have higher disease activity when body temperature falls into a hypothermic state. (wikipedia.org)
• Predominant clinical problems include idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), and an autoimmune enteropathy. (wikipedia.org)
• Because the predominant features of the disease include autoantibody-mediated disease (AIHA, ITP), Treg defects (resembling those found in CTLA4 haploinsufficient patients), autoimmune infiltration (of non-lymphoid organs, also resembling that found in CTLA4 haploinsufficient patients), and enteropathy, the disease has been termed LATAIE for LRBA deficiency with autoantibodies, Treg defects, autoimmune infiltration, and enteropathy. (wikipedia.org)

• antibodies
• The IgG antibodies attach to a red blood cell, leaving their FC portion exposed with maximal reactivity at 37 °C (versus cold antibody induced hemolytic anemia whose antibodies only bind red blood cells at low body temperatures, typically 28-31 °C). The FC region is recognized and grabbed onto by FC receptors found on monocytes and macrophages in the spleen. (wikipedia.org)
• The autoantibody model proposes that, through a mechanism not yet understood, certain drugs will cause antibodies to be made against red blood cells which again leads to the same destructive sequence. (wikipedia.org)
• Antibodies with high activity at physiological temperature (approximately 37 °C) are termed warm autoantibodies. (wikipedia.org)
• Evans syndrome is an autoimmune disease in which an individual's antibodies attack their own red blood cells and platelets. (wikipedia.org)
• PCH is a rare autoimmune haemolytic anaemia that can occur following an infection, when a microorganism triggers the formation of antibodies that cross-react with the P antigen on the red blood cell membrane (see article on the P antigen system). (wikipedia.org)
• In certain diseases or conditions, an individual's blood may contain IgG antibodies that can specifically bind to antigens on the RBC surface membrane, and their circulating RBCs can become coated with IgG alloantibodies and/or IgG autoantibodies. (wikipedia.org)
• Common clinical uses of the Coombs test include the preparation of blood for transfusion in cross-matching, atypical antibodies in the blood plasma of pregnant women as part of antenatal care, and detection of antibodies for the diagnosis of immune-mediated haemolytic anemias. (wikipedia.org)
• In antenatal care, the IAT is used to screen pregnant women for antibodies that may cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. (wikipedia.org)
• Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are autoantibodies, consisting of immunoglobulins formed against mitochondria, primarily the mitochondria in cells of the liver. (wikipedia.org)
• The reason why the antibodies form is generally unknown for most patients, though it can be associated with some medications and autoimmune diseases such as HIV and Lupus, as well as pregnancy. (wikipedia.org)
• The complement system activation may be due to mutations in the complement regulatory proteins (factor H, factor I, or membrane cofactor protein), or is occasionally due to acquired neutralizing autoantibody inhibitors of these complement system components, for example anti-factor H antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
• These are:[citation needed] Bacterial or fungal sepsis Necrotizing enterocolitis, circulating neutrophil population depleted due to migration into the intestines and peritoneum Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia, the mother produces antibodies against fetal neutrophils Inherited autoimmune neutropenia, mother has autoimmune neutropenia Autoimmune neutropenia of infancy, the sensitization to self-antigens The pathophysiology of neutropenia can be divided into congenital and acquired. (wikipedia.org)

• microangiopathic hemoly
• The pentad includes: Fever Changes in mental status Thrombocytopenia Reduced kidney function Haemolytic anaemia (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia). (wikipedia.org)

• lymphoproliferative syndrome
• citation needed] It has been observed that there is a risk of developing other autoimmune problems and hypogammaglobulinemia, with recent research finding that 58% of children with Evans syndrome have CD4-/CD8- T cells which is a strong predictor for having autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
• Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), also known as Canale-Smith syndrome, is a form of lymphoproliferative disorder (LPDs). (wikipedia.org)
• It shares many features with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome and is caused by somatic mutations in NRAS or KRAS. (wikipedia.org)

• recognized as an autoimmune disease
• it was the first condition recognized as an autoimmune disease. (wikipedia.org)

• diseases
• Background Interleukin-17A is the signature cytokine of the Th17 subset and drives inflammatory pathology, but its relevance to autoantibody-mediated diseases is unclear. (haematologica.org)
• Conventional treatments for autoimmune diseases are unsatisfactory, and the design of more targeted, effective approaches will depend on a better understanding of the pathogenic immune responses. (haematologica.org)
• Identification of key effector cytokines and blockade of their activity using biological therapies has proven to be an attractive strategy in cell-mediated inflammatory conditions, 1 , 2 but the cytokine response in many diseases that are driven by autoantibody remains poorly characterized. (haematologica.org)
• The patients had no signs of other autoimmune diseases. (biomedsearch.com)
• 5% virtually pathognomonic for ALPS Mild elevations also found in other autoimmune diseases Thought to be cytotoxic T lymphocytes that have lost CD8 expression Unknown if driver of disease or epiphenomenon May be falsely elevated in setting of lymphopenia or falsely decreased with immunosuppressive treatment BiomarkersPolyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia Elevated serum FASL Elevated plasma IL-10 and/or IL-18 Elevated plasma or serum vitamin B12 Autoantibodies: Non-specific. (wikipedia.org)
• By the 1950s the modern understanding of autoantibodies and autoimmune diseases started to spread. (wikipedia.org)
• PBC is seen primarily in middle-aged women, and in those afflicted with other autoimmune diseases. (wikipedia.org)
• Acute episodes can display significant clinical overlap with acute viral illnesses, autoimmune diseases, hematologic malignancies, and even sepsis. (wikipedia.org)

• idiopathic thrombo
• These cases are now classed as an autoimmune disease and are known as autoimmune TTP (not to be confused with immune/idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura). (wikipedia.org)

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• antibody
• NZB IgG autoantibody production in vivo is retarded by treatment with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody, 9 or by CD 4 gene deletion, 10 with disease being modulated by the administration of peptides bearing the dominant autoreactive Th cell epitope. (haematologica.org)
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by autoantibodies that react with RBCs at temperatures ≥ 37 ° C (warm antibody hemolytic anemia) or 37 ° C (cold agglutinin disease). (merckmanuals.com)
• In warm antibody hemolytic anemia, hemolysis occurs primarily in the spleen and is not due to direct lysis of RBCs. (merckmanuals.com)
• Most of the autoantibodies in warm antibody hemolytic anemia are IgG. (merckmanuals.com)
• (biology-online.org)
• Case report of warm-antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia with typical laboratory findings. (wikipedia.org)
• medical citation needed][clarification needed] The direct Coombs test is used clinically when immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (antibody-mediated destruction of RBCs) is suspected. (wikipedia.org)

• Coombs
• Giant cell hepatitis associated with direct Coombs' test-positive hemolytic anemia is a rare condition of childhood and the pathogenesis remains unclear. (biomedsearch.com)
• To determine the autoantibody or autoantibodies present in a patient, the Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test, is performed. (wikipedia.org)

• neutropenia
• These include: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Autoimmune neutropenia, Autoimmune thrombocytopenia. (wikipedia.org)
• The autoimmune phenotype can present in childhood or adulthood and primarily includes autoimmune hemolytic anemia, ITP, and neutropenia. (wikipedia.org)
• Causes can be divided into these groups: Chronic neutropenia: Aplastic anemia Glycogen storage disease Cohen syndrome Congenital immunological disorder Barth syndrome Vitamin B12 deficiency Pearson syndrome Pudlak syndrome Transient neutropenia: Typhoid Tuberculosis Cytomegalovirus Propylthiouracil Levamisole Penicillamine Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole Clozapine Valproate Gram-positive bacteria are present in 60-70% of bacterial infections. (wikipedia.org)
• Congenital neutropenia is related to alloimmunization, sepsis, maternal hypertension, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, and Rh hemolytic disease. (wikipedia.org)
• Meanwhile, several subtypes of neutropenia exist which are rarer and chronic, including: acquired (idiopathic) neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia, autoimmune neutropenia, and congenital neutropenia. (wikipedia.org)

• pathology
• An autoimmune activation and loss of self-tolerance in these patients may be the underlying pathology related to the response of some of the patients to immunosuppressive treatment. (biomedsearch.com)
• Its overall pathology resembles a combination of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenic purpura. (wikipedia.org)

• thrombocytopenia
• IgM anti-mouse platelet autoantibodies cause thrombocytopenia by mediating uptake of opsonized thrombocytes, whereas IgM anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies induce anemia through a phagocytosis-independent cell destruction. (jimmunol.org)
• To define the role of Fcα/μ receptor (Fcα/μR) in IgM-mediated thrombocytopenia and anemia, we generated mice deficient for this receptor. (jimmunol.org)
• These animals were resistant to IgM autoantibody-mediated thrombocytopenia, but not anemia. (jimmunol.org)
• These IgM autoantibodies induced in vivo thrombocytopenia through uptake of opsonized platelets ( 10 ). (jimmunol.org)
• In vivo, mouse infection with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) strongly enhances the pathogenicity of both anti-erythrocyte and anti-platelet IgG autoantibodies, leading to severe anemia and thrombocytopenia, respectively ( 18 - 20 ). (jimmunol.org)
• It has been variously reported that between 10% and 23% of patients who have autoimmune hemolytic anemia, will also have thrombocytopenia and thus Evans syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
• Autoantibodies targeted at different antigenic determinants on red cells and platelets are assumed to cause isolated episodes of hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia, respectively. (wikipedia.org)

• hemolysis
• Autoantibodies that bind to the erythrocyte membrane leading to premature erythrocyte destruction (hemolysis) characterize autoimmune hemolytic anemia. (wikipedia.org)
• Anemia develops when either blood loss, a slow-down in the production of new RBCs (erythropoiesis), or an increase in red cell destruction (hemolysis) causes significant reductions in RBCs, Hgb, iron levels, and the essential delivery of oxygen to body tissues. (encyclopedia.com)

• clinically
• Anti-LW can be present as a clinically insignificant autoantibody and not be associated with increased red cell destruction. (wikipedia.org)

• anti-platelet
• In this article, we show that infection with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, a benign mouse arterivirus, exacerbates the pathogenicity of IgM anti-platelet, but not anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies. (jimmunol.org)
• These results indicate that Fcα/μR is required for the pathogenicity of IgM anti-platelet autoantibodies but is not sufficient to explain the full extent of the disease in virally infected animals. (jimmunol.org)
• In the mouse, pathogenic IgM anti-platelet autoantibodies have been reported in male (NZW × BXSB) F1 mice ( 8 ), and IgM Abs bound to platelets were found after immunization of mice with rat platelets ( 9 ). (jimmunol.org)

• disorders
• Less commonly, it can be caused by concomitant autoimmune disorders. (wikipedia.org)
• Castleman disease must be distinguished from other disorders that can demonstrate "Castleman-like" lymph node features, including reactive lymph node hyperplasia, autoimmune disorders, and malignancies. (wikipedia.org)

• warm
• 3 , 4 The autoantibody in most patients is 'warm reactive' with optimal affinity for red blood cells (RBC) at 37°C, predominantly of the IgG class, and mediates clearance by macrophages. (haematologica.org)
• Discuss adsorption techniques using autologous and allogeneic RBCs for the detection of alloantibodies underlying warm autoantibodies. (aabb.org)
• List three reasons for a negative DAT in a patient with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. (aabb.org)
• List five serological characteristics seen in patients with IgM warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. (aabb.org)
• Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia may either be warm or cold depending on the characteristics of the autoantibodies involved. (biology-online.org)

• antigens
• More recently it has become accepted that autoimmune responses are an integral part of vertebrate immune systems (sometimes termed "natural autoimmunity"), normally prevented from causing disease by the phenomenon of immunological tolerance to self-antigens. (wikipedia.org)
• 2002) demonstrated that self-MHC recognition (which, if too strong may contribute to autoimmune disease) maintains the responsiveness of CD4+ T cells when foreign antigens are absent. (wikipedia.org)
• People with PCH, a polyclonal IgG anti-P autoantibody binds to red blood cell surface antigens in the cold. (wikipedia.org)
• Dig Dis 10(2):85-101 Berg PA, Klein R (1986) Mitochondrial antigens and autoantibodies: from anti-M1 to anti-M9. (wikipedia.org)

• clinical
• Autoimmune disease is the second most common clinical manifestation and one that most often requires treatment. (wikipedia.org)

• systemic
• Systemic sclerosis: Cold agglutinin disease has been described in patients with sclerodermic features, with the degree of anemia being associated with increasing disease activity of the patient's systemic sclerosis. (wikipedia.org)
• This may suggest a close association between systemic rheumatic disease and autoimmune hematologic abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
• M5 - systemic lupus erythematosus and undifferentiated collagenosis, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. (wikipedia.org)
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), also known simply as lupus, is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body. (wikipedia.org)
• Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) involves "Castleman-like" lymph node changes at multiple sites and patients often demonstrate intense episodes of systemic inflammatory symptoms, polyclonal/reactive lymphocyte and plasma cell proliferation, autoimmune manifestations, and multiple organ system impairment. (wikipedia.org)
• Systemic scleroderma, also called diffuse scleroderma or systemic sclerosis, is an autoimmune disease of the connective tissue. (wikipedia.org)

• hematologic
• Hemolytic anemia Cold agglutinin disease List of hematologic conditions Moticka, Edward J. (2013). (wikipedia.org)

• disease
• Th1 cells secreting interferon-γ have been implicated in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, so the aim was to determine which cytokine is more closely associated with disease severity. (haematologica.org)
• Conclusions Interleukin-17A makes a previously unrecognized contribution to the autoimmune response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, challenging the model that the disease is driven primarily by Th1 cells. (haematologica.org)
• Autoagglutination is seen to occur in a type of immune mediated hemolytic anemia known as cold agglutinin disease. (wikipedia.org)
• It is postulated that such calcineurin inhibitors, which selectively affect T-cell function and spare B-lymphocytes, may interfere with the deletion of autoreactive T-cell clones, resulting in autoimmune disease. (wikipedia.org)
• Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare autoimmune hemolytic anemia mediated by autoantibodies that preferentially react at 4°C. Laboratory testing for cold-reactive autoantibodies is laborious and may not be ordered judiciously, particularly in patients with a negative direct antiglobulin test (DAT). (ovid.com)
• Autoantibodies in cold agglutinin disease are usually IgM. (merckmanuals.com)
• Erythropoietin is a growth factor commonly used to manage anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. (jove.com)
• Contrary to cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (e.g., cold agglutinin disease and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria) which happens in cold temperature (28-31 °C), WAIHA happens at body temperature. (wikipedia.org)
• Haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDFN) due to alloanti-LW is described as mild and very rare, even the very potent anti-LWab of one known patient caused minimal evidence of HDFN in her three pregnancies. (wikipedia.org)
• These classifications are based on the characteristics of the autoantibodies involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. (wikipedia.org)
• Patients with ALPS have a defect in this apoptotic pathway, leading to chronic non-malignant lymphoproliferation, autoimmune disease, and secondary cancers. (wikipedia.org)
• No longer considered a subtype of ALPS but distinct disesase Treatment is most commonly directed at autoimmune disease and may be needed to treat bulky lymphoproliferation. (wikipedia.org)
• Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is an extremely rare, life-threatening, progressive disease that frequently has a genetic component. (wikipedia.org)
• The requisite lymphocytosis of this disease is typically 2-20x109/L. Immunoglobulin derangements including hypergammaglobulinemia, autoantibodies, and circulating immune complexes are commonly seen. (wikipedia.org)

• polyclonal
• Another sign is autoimmune cytopenias and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and a family history of ALPS or non-malignant lymphoproliferation. (wikipedia.org)

• platelets
• Phagocytosis of autoantibody-opsonized platelets may be enhanced by components of infectious agents such as bacterial LPS ( 17 ). (jimmunol.org)
• Immune thrombocytopenic purpura is a condition in which platelets are destroyed by an autoimmune process. (wikipedia.org)
• TTP, as with other microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (MAHAs), is caused by spontaneous aggregation of platelets and activation of coagulation in the small blood vessels. (wikipedia.org)
• Laboratory tests may also reveal low levels of platelets (cells in the blood that aid in clotting), elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, a chemical released from damaged cells, and which is therefore a marker of cellular damage), decreased haptoglobin (indicative of the breakdown of red blood cells), anemia (low red blood cell count)/schistocytes (damaged red blood cells), elevated creatinine (indicative of kidney dysfunction), and proteinuria (indicative of kidney injury). (wikipedia.org)

• RBCs
• Anemia is a blood disorder characterized by abnormally low levels of healthy red blood cells (RBCs) or reduced hemoglobin (Hgb), the iron-bearing protein in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to tissues throughout the body. (encyclopedia.com)

• severe anemia
• Laboratory findings include severe anemia, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV, due to the presence of a large number of reticulocytes), and hyperbilirubinemia (from increased red cell destruction) that can be of the conjugated or unconjugated type. (wikipedia.org)
• Prednisone may be used in individuals with PCH and severe anemia. (wikipedia.org)

• mild
• Anemia can be mild, moderate, or severe enough to lead to life-threatening complications. (encyclopedia.com)
• The anemia may be mild or severe. (wikipedia.org)

• destruction
• Anemia can also be caused by the destruction of red blood cells or reduced red blood cell production. (encyclopedia.com)

• patients
• Although IgM autoantibodies are nearly as frequently found as IgG autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune anemias ( 1 ) and thrombocytopenias ( 2 , 3 ), they have attracted much less attention than their IgG counterparts. (jimmunol.org)
• Interestingly, both IgM-mediated anemias ( 1 ) and thrombocytopenias ( 6 , 7 ) have been reported in patients after viral infections. (jimmunol.org)
• Design and Methods Interferon-γ and interleukin-17A were measured in the sera of patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and healthy donors, and in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures stimulated with autologous red blood cells, or a panel of peptides spanning red blood cell autoantigen. (haematologica.org)
• Cold agglutinins develop in more than 60% of patients with infectious mononucleosis, but hemolytic anemia is rare. (wikipedia.org)
• Transplantation: Cold agglutinin-mediated hemolytic anemia has been described in patients after living-donor liver transplantation treated with tacrolimus and after bone marrow transplantation with cyclosporine treatments. (wikipedia.org)

• person's
• The mechanism involves an immune response by autoantibodies against a person's own tissues. (wikipedia.org)

• commonly
• Signs and symptoms of anemia are commonly found, due to the association between T-LGLL and erythroid hypoplasia. (wikipedia.org)
• IL-6 is the most commonly elevated cytokine, but some affected people may have normal IL-6 levels and present with non-iron-deficient microcytic anemia. (wikipedia.org)

• abnormalities
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by abnormalities extrinsic to the RBC . (merckmanuals.com)

• defects
• Haemolytic anaemia that is hereditary may be due to defects in erythrocyte production, in hemoglobin production, or in erythrocyte metabolism. (biology-online.org)

• diagnosis
• The diagnosis is made upon blood tests to confirm not only hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenic purpura, but also a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and an absence of any known underlying cause. (wikipedia.org)

• complement
• After addition of active complement to patient sera in vitro, six sera showed increased haemolytic activity. (biomedsearch.com)

• blood
• Iron deficiency anaemia in female blood donors. (traqprogram.ca)
• Reduced blood cell volume (hematocrit) is also considered anemia. (encyclopedia.com)
• In this early stage of anemia, the red blood cells look normal, but they are reduced in number. (encyclopedia.com)
• Thus, in a person with a severe automimmune haemolytic anaemia, the lifespan of red blood cells could be reduced into just few days from the normal 100-120 days. (biology-online.org)
• Alternative mRNA splicing produces a soluble form of EpoR (sEpoR) found in human blood, however its role in anemia is not known. (jove.com)
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a condition in which the red blood cells that normally carry oxygen and carbon dioxide are destroyed by an autoimmune process. (wikipedia.org)
• If anemia is severe, blood transfusion may be needed. (wikipedia.org)
• Careful compatibility testing by the blood bank is necessary because autoantibodies may interfere with blood typing. (wikipedia.org)
• Red blood cells passing the microscopic clots are subjected to shear stress, which damages their membranes, leading to rupture of red blood cells within blood vessels, which in turn leads to anaemia and schistocyte formation. (wikipedia.org)

• common
• Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia worldwide. (encyclopedia.com)
• Folic acid deficiency anemia is the most common type of megaloblastic anemia, arising from a problem with the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) within the cells of the body. (encyclopedia.com)
• Folic acid anemia is especially common in infants and teenagers. (encyclopedia.com)
• Autoimmune cytopenias: Most common. (wikipedia.org)
• Autoantibodies are also common. (wikipedia.org)
• Anemia is common in children with SLE and develops in about 50% of cases. (wikipedia.org)

• Tissue
• Ehrlich later adjusted his theory to recognize the possibility of autoimmune tissue attacks, but believed certain innate protection mechanisms would prevent the autoimmune response from becoming pathological. (wikipedia.org)

• rare
• Considered a rare to very rare autoimmune disorder it has had few studies with cohorts often less than 30. (wikipedia.org)
• RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disorder (RALD) is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)

• newborn
• Anemia in newborn infants is noted when hemoglobin levels are lower than expected for the birth weight and postnatal age. (encyclopedia.com)

• hepatitis
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and giant cell hepatitis: report of three infants / Otoimmun hemolitik anemi ve dev hucreli hepatit birlikteligi olan uc olgunun sunumu. (biomedsearch.com)

• lethal
• In contrast, the presence of agglutinating IgM anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies was associated with a lethal form of anemia due to a massive hemagglutination ( 5 ). (jimmunol.org)

• degree of anemia
• 0.001), and correlated with the degree of anemia. (haematologica.org)

• temperatures
• These natural cold autoantibodies occur at low titers, less than 1:64 measured at 4 °C, and have no activity at higher temperatures. (wikipedia.org)