In more than 80% of cases, NMO is caused by immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to aquaporin 4 (anti-AQP4), the most abundant water channel protein in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Lesions may also affect the diencephalon, mostly in Aquaporin-4-Immunoglobulin-G (AQP4-IgG) NMOSD. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] NMOSD is usually caused by autoantibodies targeting aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a channel protein in the cell membrane that allows water to pass through the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, NMOSD involving AQP4-IgG can be considered an astrocytopathy or autoimmune astrocytic channelopathy, since the astrocytes are semi-selectively destroyed. (wikipedia.org)
Of particular interest is the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) which mislocalises in epilepsy. (dcu.ie)
AQP4 is generally expressed in astrocytic endfeet where it facilitates detoxification of neural tissue through the glymphatic system. (dcu.ie)
The overlapping clinical features of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-antibody (Ab) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-Ab disease mean that detection of disease specific serum antibodies is the gold standard in diagnostics. (biomedcentral.com)
Astrocytic outer retinal layer thinning is not a feature in AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. (ox.ac.uk)
BACKGROUND: Patients with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody seropositive (AQP4-IgG+) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) frequently suffer from optic neuritis (ON) leading to severe retinal neuroaxonal damage. (ox.ac.uk)
CONCLUSION: The results suggest that outer retinal layer loss is not a consistent component of retinal astrocytic damage in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD. (ox.ac.uk)
Astrocytopathy3
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy is a form of monophasic or relapsing steroid-responsive meningoencephalomyelitis often accompanied by a hallmark radial periventricular brain MRI enhancement pattern and inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid with lymphocytic pleocytosis. (medlink.com)
Autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy manifests as a meningoencephalomyelitis (or limited form thereof) with dramatic steroid-responsiveness. (medlink.com)
Autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy presentation is subacute (over days to a few weeks). (medlink.com)
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders1
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), including neuromyelitis optica (NMO), are autoimmune diseases characterized by acute inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis, ON) and the spinal cord (myelitis). (wikipedia.org)
NMOSD2
NMOSD is caused by an autoimmune attack on the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
2 3 4 5 6 ] However, a more recent population-based survey conducted in urban Mangalore has shown a prevalence of 8.3/100,000 for MS and 2.6/100,000 for neuromyelitis optic spectrum diseases (NMOSD). (lww.com)
Disorders1
Rarely, NMO may occur in the context of other autoimmune diseases (e.g. connective tissue disorders, paraneoplastic syndromes) or infectious diseases. (wikipedia.org)
Pathogenesis3
However, under the "wrong" environmental circumstances, polyfunctional T-cells(poly-T) can drive autoimmune-disease pathogenesis. (dcu.ie)
Inflammation is known to exacerbate AD pathogenesis [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Accumulation of these mediators culminates in chronic neuroinflammation that exacerbates AD pathogenesis [ 4 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Neurology1
Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology 8 (4): 774-789. (mdc-berlin.de)
Processes1
Nanoscopic astrocytic processes contacting synapses and blood vessels contain the molecular machinery for microRNAs. (dcu.ie)
This extensive immune cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and different antigen groups may play a role in the multi-system disease process of COVID-19, influence the severity of the disease, precipitate the onset of autoimmunity in susceptible subgroups, and potentially exacerbate autoimmunity in subjects that have pre-existing autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Protein1
This is illustrated for bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), in which a weakly binding fragment was coupled to a 42-member poised DEL via Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling resulting in the identification of an inhibitor with 51 nM affinity in a single step, representing an increase in potency of several orders of magnitude from an original fragment. (bvsalud.org)
20191
Indeed, astrocytic end feet, express the most AQP-4 channels in the entire CNS, playing a key role in brain activation and deactivation ( Mader and Brimberg, 2019 ). (raypeatforum.com)
Tissue2
Both the characteristic astrocytic, filamentous immunofluorescence pattern of CNS tissue staining (meeting all criteria) and positivity for GFAP-alpha isoform-specific-IgG are required for diagnosis. (medlink.com)
In this mechanism, antibodies formed against SARS-CoV-2 would also bind to human tissue proteins leading to autoimmune reactivity. (frontiersin.org)
Channelopathy2
Thus, NMOSD involving AQP4-IgG can be considered an astrocytopathy or autoimmune astrocytic channelopathy, since the astrocytes are semi-selectively destroyed. (wikipedia.org)
NMO may represent the first example of a novel class of autoimmune channelopathy. (nih.gov)
AQP4-IgG1
Lesions may also affect the diencephalon, mostly in Aquaporin-4-Immunoglobulin-G (AQP4-IgG) NMOSD. (wikipedia.org)
Antibody2
[ 6 ] Here, we refer to the self-antibodies identified in autoimmune diseases as auto-antibody (AutoAb), whereas antibodies from healthy individuals without any previous known exposure to the antigens recognized by the antibodies will be known as natural antibody (NAb). (medscape.com)
Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets C5, is the first drug specifically approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for adults with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) who are seropositive for anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody. (medscape.com)
Multiple sclerosis1
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS) whose cause remains elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
Autoantibodies1
In more than 80% of cases, IgG autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (anti-AQP4+) are the cause, and in 10-40% of the remaining cases, IgG antibodies against MOG are the cause. (wikipedia.org)
Neuromyelitis2
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), including neuromyelitis optica (NMO), are autoimmune diseases characterized by acute inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis, ON) and the spinal cord (myelitis). (wikipedia.org)
Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). (bcneuro.ca)
Nervous system1
[ 4 ] Approximately 2-3% of healthy people carry antibodies that recognize self-antigens in the nervous system. (medscape.com)
Markers1
The cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling cascade cross talks with the Notch pathway, acting synergistically by reducing progenitor markers and inducing astrocytic differentiation. (intechopen.com)
Chronic1
CSVD is a spectrum of a chronic, progressive disorder affecting the cerebral microvasculature (or microcirculation) involving small (or micro, sizes 50-400 µm) penetrating arteries (chiefly of middle cerebral artery tributaries), arterioles, capillaries, and small veins (or venules) that penetrate and supply the white matter and deep grey matter of the brain subcortical region [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Genetic1
The immune response activated against self can be detrimental when triggered in an autoimmune genetic background. (medscape.com)
Disease1
This review provides an update on the involvement of Aquaporins (AQPs), a family of membrane channel proteins with important role in many body functions, in the beneficial effects imparted by food polyphenols and herbal phytocompounds, both in health and disease. (frontiersin.org)