Ascomycete fungi leaf disease structures spores fungal. Medical search. Frequent questions

Excessive nitrogen is also a known factor in the increase of fungal diseases in turf disease species. (wikipedia.org)
Background: The fungus Parastagonospora nodorum causes septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and is a model species for necrotrophic plant pathogens. (edu.au)
In the case of DED, three fungal species are known to induce the disease. (sisef.it)
Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the most destructive necrotrophic fungal pathogens that infect more than 500 plant species throughout the world. (biomedcentral.com)
To overcome the host plant defense response, M. phaseolina encodes a significant number of P450s, MFS type membrane transporters, glycosidases, transposases, and secondary metabolites in comparison to all sequenced ascomycete species. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, increased incidence of the pathogen on diverse crop species has been reported worldwide [ 12 - 14 ], highlighting the importance of this disease to crop production in drought prone regions. (biomedcentral.com)
This realization explains why the same species of lichen cannot be created in the lab by combining known fungal/algal components without the presence of the yeast. (ufl.edu)
The evolution of lichens has resulted in the inability of the fungal species in a lichen association to exist as a free-living organism. (ufl.edu)
18 -, Many species of Ascomycota also (or exclusively) produce spores through an asexual, color and septation among the different fungi in which they are formed. (sfnordica.com)
Callan and Carris (2004) estimated that an 110,000 ha neotropical, forest, such as in Costa Rica, could contain over 81,000 different species of plant, estimate was based only on plant parasitic fungi, and did not take into account other. (sfnordica.com)
relationships and cryptic species to fully assess aquatic fungal diversity. (sfnordica.com)
Individual fungal species are often found on a wide, variety of host plants (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1979). (sfnordica.com)
This disease affects over 300 species of broad-leaf herbaceous plants. (gardensavvy.com)
Many galls provide the food and brooding structure for various species of harmless insects. (waynesword.net)
While the majority of brown algae exist as free-living organisms, some species like Petroderma maculiforme have been shown to form a symbiotic relationship with fungus to form lichens. (microscopemaster.com)
The species Alternaria alternata is capable of producing tenuazonic acid and other toxic metabolites which may be associated with disease in humans or animals. (black-mold.com)
A genus of fungi containing approximately 150 recognized species. (black-mold.com)
Laundon was the first to realise there were two species involved when the poplar rusts were first found in New Zealand in 1972, a claim not verified until samples of the spores were examined with an electron microscope. (blogspot.com)
Our extensive field work from January 2014 to January 2015 resulted in the collection of 98 fungal species out of which 22 species are new record for Gujarat. (creamjournal.org)
Avian coccidiosis is a disease caused worldwide by several species of parasite Eimeria that causes significant economic losses. (biomedcentral.com)
Coccidiosis is a widespread disease reported in numerous vertebrate that is caused by Eimeria species and shows strict host specificity [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Coccidiosis in chickens is a complex disease caused by one or more of several Eimeria species [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The oocyst is considered a remarkably hard and persistent structure due to its composition of proteins, carbohydrate and lipids, which varies among species. (biomedcentral.com)

Rust fungi are biotrophic pathogens-they. (sfnordica.com)
Interest in biological control of fungal pathogens has increased recently in order to find alternatives to the use of chemicals. (123dok.org)
As animal pathogens, fungi help to control the population of damaging pests. (edu.vn)

Lichens are composed of several organisms from three different kingdoms: fungi, plants, and bacteria. (ufl.edu)
The fungal component, or mycobiont, provides the structure of the lichen and feeds off the sugars produced by the alga/bacteria component, the photobiont(s). (ufl.edu)
These are true bacteria, neither plant nor fungus. (ufl.edu)
15. Which structures perform the function of mito-chondria in bacteria? (recruitmenttopper.com)
Rot is one of the most common plant diseases and is created through an amalgam of soil-borne fungi and bacteria. (gardensavvy.com)
Antibiotics are naturally produced by fungi to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, limiting their competition in the natural environment. (edu.vn)

Prevention is the best option for management of gray leaf spot as hyphae on plant debris is the primary source of inoculum. (wikipedia.org)
Most other familiar fungi are composed of branching threads, 3-10 µm in width, termed hyphae. (medscape.com)
Hyphae are modified to bear the simple reproductive parts of many microfungi and form the structural tissue of fleshy fungi (eg, mushrooms, puff balls). (medscape.com)
Vegetative hyphae of most fungi grow best at 18-32°C, and, although most become dormant at subfreezing temperatures, a few may sporulate below 0°C. At the other extreme, although 71°C is generally lethal for molds, certain types thrive at slightly cooler temperatures. (medscape.com)
The M. phaseolina hyphae initially invade the cortical tissue of jute plants, followed by sclerotia formation, causing stem rot disease (Figure 1 b, c). (biomedcentral.com)
In fungi that form septate hyphae, there are perforations at the septa, called septal pores, which allow the movement of cytoplasm and organelles from one, compartment to the next. (sfnordica.com)
Hydrophobin mutants in a variety of fungi have been described to show 'easily wettable' phenotypes, indicating that hydrophobins play a general role in conferring surface hydrophobicity to aerial hyphae and spores. (biomedcentral.com)
These data provide evidence that in B. cinerea , hydrophobins are not involved in conferring surface hydrophobicity to conidia and aerial hyphae, and challenge their universal role in filamentous fungi. (biomedcentral.com)
Filamentous fungi produce unique proteins called hydrophobins that are secreted and cover the walls of spores and hyphae with a hydrophobic layer [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mycelial fungi can have septate or aseptate hyphae. (biologydiscussion.com)
In the majority of fungi, the vegetative body is made of hyphae. (biologydiscussion.com)
Hyphae of lower fungi, like water-molds and oomycetes are broader, non-septate, multinucleate and coenocytic in vegetative stage. (biologydiscussion.com)
In contrast, hyphae of higher fungi-like ascomycetes and basidiomycetes-are less broad, septate and contain generally one or two nuclei per cell. (biologydiscussion.com)

There is a saying that goes: 'Freddie Fungus and Alice Alga took a lichen for each other,' but it is a bit more complicated than two different organisms, a fungus and an alga, coexisting. (ufl.edu)
Most fungi, consist of a hyphal thallus that allows these organisms to colonize and exploit many. (sfnordica.com)
iv)Sporozoans: This includes diverse parasitic organisms that have an infectious spore¬like stage in their life cycle. (sidclasses.in)
One of the major classes of fungal organisms. (black-mold.com)
Although we often think of fungi as organisms that cause disease and rot food, fungi are important to human life on many levels. (edu.vn)
As simple eukaryotic organisms, fungi are important model research organisms. (edu.vn)

The anamorph phase is what is found in nature and the asexual spores are produced on naked conidia. (wikipedia.org)
In its life cycle, a single fungus organism produces both sexual and asexual spores from morphologically different structures respectively termed perfect and imperfect stages. (medscape.com)

Yeasts are single-celled members of many groups of fungi, including, but not limited to, the Ascomycetes. (ufl.edu)
This class contains the the'sac fungi' and yeasts. (black-mold.com)
Other fungi have either single cells e.g. yeasts, chytrids etc., or mycelia. (biologydiscussion.com)

This fungus produces ascospores and conidia through sexual and asexual reproduction, respectively. (ppjonline.org)
Coccidiosis disease control efforts have been focused on the development of several anticoccidials (ionophores and synthetic chemicals) that have been mainly directed to the parasites during the sexual and asexual stages that occur within the host rather than targeting the most infectious stage, the oocyst [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Mature gray leaf spot symptoms can also be confused with symptoms of anthracnose leaf blight. (wikipedia.org)
Diseases caused by M. phaseolina (e.g., seedling blight, charcoal rot, stem rot, and root rot) are favored with higher temperatures (30-35°C) and low soil moisture [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Blight infestations can come in the form of either bacterial or fungal. (gardensavvy.com)
The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae ) causes Fusarium head blight in small grains and infected grains are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins, such as trichothecences and zearalenone ( Leslie and Summerell, 2006 ). (ppjonline.org)
Stemphylium blight (SB), caused by Stemphylium botryosum , is a devastating disease in lentil production. (biomedcentral.com)
Stemphylium blight (SB), caused by the necrotrophic ascomycete Stemphylium botryosum Wallr. (biomedcentral.com)

Respiratory illness in subjects exposed to rust and dark-spored imperfect fungi was described more than 60 years ago, and human sensitization to diverse fungi is now well recognized. (medscape.com)

It is in turn parasitized by a pathogenic fungus that holds promise as a biological insecticide. (edu.vn)

However, 2 large and distinctive classes, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, also produce innumerable sexual spores for atmospheric dispersion. (medscape.com)

In contrast, the plant response to B. cinerea was localized to epidermal cells underlying germinated spores and appressoria. (edu.au)

While lichens were only thought to consist of a single fungus and a photosynthetic partner for a long time, a number of recent studies have identified a third partner in this association (a single-celled fungus - basidiomycete). (microscopemaster.com)
While algae are the most common photobionts, cyanobacteria are also for a symbiotic relationship with fungus to form lichens. (microscopemaster.com)
While some lichens may only consist of the cyanobacterium and a fungus, some lichens have been shown to consist of green algae (acting as the primary photobiont), the fungus as well as cyanobacterium (acting as the secondary symbiont). (microscopemaster.com)
Laundon was an active member of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy and was on the Special Committee for Fungi and Lichens for a number of years. (blogspot.com)

Rice false smut, caused by the ascomycete fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, which infects rice florets before heading, severely threatens rice grain yield and quality worldwide. (bvsalud.org)

Unsightly peach leaf curl caused by the parasitic fungus Taphrina deformans , a member of the fungal Division Eumycota, class Ascomycetes. (waynesword.net)
The parasitic fungus appears as white fuzz on the body of the insect. (edu.vn)

The mutants were tested for germination and growth under different conditions, formation of sclerotia, ability to penetrate and infect host tissue, and for spore and mycelium surface properties. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetically distinct groups of Erysiphe necator , the fungus causing grapevine powdery mildew infect grapevine in Europe, yet the processes sustaining stable genetic differences between those groups are less understood. (researchgate.net)
These fungi are very specific to the insects they attack, and do not infect animals or plants. (edu.vn)

After removal of the calyx, a ring of white or gray mycelium can be seen at the base of the petals ( Figure 7A-C ). A combination of the pathogen mycelium and host tissue form a flattened dark structure called a sclerotium either on individual petals, or more commonly as a structure encompassing the whole base of the flower. (apsnet.org)

Padilla-Roji I, Ruiz-Jiménez L, Bakhat N, Vielba-Fernández A, Pérez-García A, Fernández-Ortuño D. Powdery Mildew and Rust Fungi. (encyclopedia.pub)
Powdery Mildew and Rust Fungi" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45593 (accessed December 06, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
Powdery mildew and rust fungi are major agricultural problems affecting many economically important crops and causing significant yield losses. (encyclopedia.pub)

Such dry spore dispersal increases as airspeed rises and relative humidity falls, peaking often during summer afternoons. (medscape.com)
The capillitum possibly helps to regulate the rate of spore dispersal. (biologydiscussion.com)
However, despite the importance of conidia in disease dispersal, functional studies on conidiogenesis of F. graminearum are limited. (ppjonline.org)

Other types of associations that will be, discussed here include the role of fungi as decomposers, as beneficial symbionts, and, Most fungi are associated with plants as saprotrophs and decomposers. (sfnordica.com)
Fungi are important decomposers in most ecosystems. (edu.vn)

The initial disease can be hard to identify as gray leaf spot at this stage because it looks similar to eyespot and common rust. (wikipedia.org)
Rust fungi are major concerns and limiting factors for successful cultivation of agricultural and forest crops. (blogspot.com)

The yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii secretes a compound with anticoccidial activity and also has a compound of protein nature that damages the resistant structure of oocyst, showing the potential of this yeast and its products as a feasible method of coccidiosis control. (biomedcentral.com)
As a eukaryotic organism, the yeast cell produces and modifies proteins in a manner similar to human cells, as opposed to the bacterium Escherichia coli, which lacks the internal membrane structures and enzymes to tag proteins for export. (edu.vn)

In unicellular and hyphal fungi, the cell is externally bound by a firm but elastic cell wall composed of micro fibrils of cellulose, chitin or other polymeric compounds. (biologydiscussion.com)
In some fungi, the hyphal tissue may form an elongated, branched root-like structure, known as a rhizomorph, as in Armillaria mellea. (biologydiscussion.com)
Generally, the complex hyphal tissues are found in higher fungi. (biologydiscussion.com)

23. Maximum nutritional diversity is found in the group (Prelims 2012) (a) fungi (b) animalia (c) monera (d) plantae. (recruitmenttopper.com)

The sorocarp is produced through a cooperative effort of thousands of amoebae, most of which contribute to the vegetative parts of a sorocarp and comparatively few are transformed into spores. (biologydiscussion.com)
On liberation, a spore germinates through a pore in the wall and produces an amoeba which starts a vegetative phase and multiplies by binary fission. (biologydiscussion.com)

In this study, DNA sequence data were used to characterize 290 Fusarium strains isolated during a survey of root-colonizing endophytic fungi of agricultural and nonagricultural plants in northern Kazakhstan. (researchgate.net)

The slime-molds are morphologically distinct from other fungi in having a body consisting of either cell wall-less amoebae (cellular slime molds e.g. (biologydiscussion.com)

Until recently, however, functional analysis of the DED fungi was hampered by the lack of protocols for efficient gene knockout and by the unavailability of a full genome sequence. (sisef.it)
Further understanding of the M. phaseolina genome-based plant-pathogen interactions will be instrumental in designing rational strategies for disease control, essential to ensuring global agricultural crop production and security. (biomedcentral.com)
In the genome of the grey mould fungus Botrytis cinerea , genes encoding three hydrophobins and six hydrophobin-like proteins were identified. (biomedcentral.com)

Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) belong to phylogenetically non-related groups of root colonizing fungi among the Ascomycota with high melanin-producing activities. (researchgate.net)

These fungi are obligate biotrophic parasites that are completely dependent on their hosts for growth and reproduction. (encyclopedia.pub)

Inside the fruit-body are large numbers of small membrane-bound spores. (biologydiscussion.com)
The protoplast of fungal cells is typically eukaryotic containing membrane-bound nucleus and other cell organelles, like mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, Golgi bodies etc. (biologydiscussion.com)

Because fungus particles are commonly derived from wholly microscopic sources, exposure hazards are assessed by directly sampling a suspect atmosphere in most circumstances. (medscape.com)
Here, however, microscopic studies have shown the structure to be penetrated by membrane invaginations of the cell plastid . (microscopemaster.com)
Microscopic and qPCR quantification of fungal growth revealed that 48, 96, and 144 h post-inoculation (hpi) were interesting time points for disease development in L. ervoides recombinant inbred lines (RILs) LR-66-637 (resistant to SB) and LR-66-577 (susceptible to SB). (biomedcentral.com)

Atmospheric moisture affects not only the growth and fruiting of fungi but also the dispersion of spores and resultant prevalence. (medscape.com)
Entire leaves or veins become chlorotic, deformed, greening of flower edges (virescence), reduced root length, sterility, stunting of growth, or growth of additional tiny leaves known as phyllody. (gardensavvy.com)
Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth of most plants. (edu.vn)

Canker is a type of plant disease that primarily affects wooded plants such as trees. (gardensavvy.com)
He also carried out significant studies on the biodiversity of both fungi and higher plants. (royalsociety.org.nz)
Mycoplasm is transmitted in plants through leaf hopper insect. (rbsesolutions.com)
T he mysterious origin of strange growths on the stems, leaves, flowers and roots of plants have intrigued naturalists for centuries. (waynesword.net)
Infected blossoms turn brown and fall to the ground, and while severe infections can significantly decrease the aesthetic appeal of plants in the landscape, the disease is not harmful to the long-term health of the plant. (apsnet.org)
We, therefore, summarize the impacts of the T6SS effectors with a special focus on bacterial interactions with animals, plants, and fungi. (preprints.org)

The disease is polycyclic and has secondary inoculum from conidia. (wikipedia.org)
Although not essential for their primary metabolic processes, microbes, and particularly fungi, produce various secondary metabolites (SMs), including compounds of industrial and economic relevance [6]. (123dok.org)
Many secondary metabolites of fungi are of great commercial importance. (edu.vn)
Secondary metabolites of fungi are used as medicines, such as antibiotics and anticoagulants. (edu.vn)

Chocolate spot is a major fungal disease of faba bean caused by the ascomycete fungus, Botrytis fabae. (edu.au)
B. fabae is also implicated in botrytis gray mold disease in lentils, along with B. cinerea. (edu.au)

Generally, the photobiont resides within the fungus where they are involved in photosynthesis to produce simple sugars. (microscopemaster.com)

Acrodontium salmoneum - Reported to be a fairly common airborne fungus and is considered to be allergenic. (black-mold.com)
Many ascomycete spores are reported to be allergenic. (black-mold.com)

Fungal root endophytes, including the common form group of dark septate endophytes (DSEs), represent different taxonomic groups with potentially diverse life strategies. (researchgate.net)

zoospore and cyst membrance proteins in Phytophthora nicotianae , and phosphatase activities of an arbuscular mycorhizal fungus. (cambridge.org)

Gray-black mycelia and sclerotia are produced (Figure 1 c) and the infected area exhibits disease symptoms (Figure 1 d). (biomedcentral.com)
Hydrophobins are small, cysteine rich, surface active proteins secreted by filamentous fungi, forming hydrophobic layers on the walls of aerial mycelia and spores. (biomedcentral.com)

Fungi, as food, play a role in human nutrition in the form of mushrooms, and also as agents of fermentation in the production of bread, cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and numerous other food preparations. (edu.vn)

This genus is terrestrial and can be found in the same habitats as Trebouxia , though in the Tropics it is found growing on the surface of plant leaves. (ufl.edu)

A representative of this group is Synchytrium endobioticum which causes a disease of potato tuber, known as wart disease. (biologydiscussion.com)
I t should also be noted here that galls can even be a single greatly enlarged (swollen) epidermal cell infected by the chytrid fungus ( Synchytrium papillatum ) of the fungal division Chytridiomycota. (waynesword.net)

The fungus can remain viable for more than 4 years in soil and crop residue as sclerotia (Figure 1 a) [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The sclerotia are survival structures that darken with age, becoming black and very hard at maturity ( Figure 8A-B ). (apsnet.org)
Sclerotia may be spherical, as in Sclerotium rolfsii or an elongated structure, as in Claviceps purpurea. (biologydiscussion.com)

Here we have isolated and characterized two B. fabae isolates from chocolate spot lesions on faba bean leaves. (edu.au)
During surveys of DSE communities and of nematode cysts colonizing fungi, isolates representing Laburnicola ( Didymosphaeriaceae , Pleosporales ) lineages were discovered. (researchgate.net)

Fungi are ubiquitous airborne allergens and are important causes of human diseases, especially in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. (medscape.com)
Airborne spores and other fungi particles are ubiquitous in nonpolar landscapes, especially among field crops, and often form the bulk of suspended biogenic debris. (medscape.com)
The circadian trends in changes of temperature, humidity, airspeed, and light intensity frequently interact to promote diurnal airborne spore levels. (medscape.com)
All data emphasize that regional vegetation strongly affects the local airborne spore levels. (medscape.com)
Studies of airborne fungi provide prevalence data that are important to estimate patients' exposures to molds. (medscape.com)

The teleomorph phase (perfect sexual phase) has not been observed in turf but is predicted to use perithecium as the ascocarp structure to form ascospores. (wikipedia.org)

In some fungi, the pseudo-parenchymatous tissue may form a small tuber--like structure, called a sclerotium. (biologydiscussion.com)

Gray leaf spot (GLS) is a foliar fungal disease that affects grasses. (wikipedia.org)
This disease affects chickens development and production, that most of times is controlled with anticoccidial drugs. (biomedcentral.com)

These analyses have also helped identify genes that were differentially expressed in DED fungi grown under defined experimental conditions. (sisef.it)
Results of transcriptome sequencing at 0, 48, 96 and 144 hpi showed that 8810 genes were disease-responsive genes after challenge by S. botryosum . (biomedcentral.com)
This harmless commensal organism can acquire a mixture of comprehensive mobile genetic elements that contain genes encoding viru-lence factors, becoming an emerging human pathogen capable of causing a broad spectrum of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. (preprints.org)
This review summarizes new de-velopments in our understanding of diverse virulence factors associated encoding genes used by different pathotypes of enteric pathogenic E. coli to cause intestinal and extraintestinal diseases in humans. (preprints.org)

Rain and dew splash also foster dispersion of slime spores. (medscape.com)
the parasite oocyst remains a problem that must be controlled, as it has a resistant structure that facilitates dispersion. (biomedcentral.com)

Like green algae, lichen forms of golden algae are single-celled and thus capable of living within the fungus. (microscopemaster.com)

The interactions among them include a repressilator structure. (go.jp)

The most common fungi present in lichen associations belong to the Ascomycetes, or cup fungi. (ufl.edu)

For gray leaf spot, some of the most essential aspects for development of the disease is the presence of water and high temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
The mycorrhizal relationship between fungi and plant roots is essential for the productivity of farm land. (edu.vn)

Aster Yellows is a bacterial plant diseases caused by Phytoplasma bacterium. (gardensavvy.com)
For bacterial wilt caused by Erwinia tracheiphila bacterium, the disease attacks the vascular system of the leaves causing them to deteriorate. (gardensavvy.com)
In fact, crown gall (caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens ) and peach leaf curl (caused by the fungus Taphrina deformans , Class Ascomycetes) can cause serious damage to orchard trees. (waynesword.net)

A definition more precise than this specifies that molds lack macroscopic reproductive structures but may produce visible colonies. (medscape.com)
The haploid spores after release, germinate to produce amoeboid cells which develop into flagellate male and female gametes. (biologydiscussion.com)
These produce cup-shaped structures called ascocarps (Figures 3 and 4) which contain spore-producing cells. (ufl.edu)

A strikingly distinct set of carbohydrate esterases (CE) are present in M. phaseolina , with the CE9 and CE10 families remarkably higher than any other fungi. (biomedcentral.com)

Without the fungal partner in root systems, 80-90 percent of trees and grasses would not survive. (edu.vn)

Considerable crop losses incurred by plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic agents. (123dok.org)

Genomics of the Dutch elm disease pathosystem: are we there yet? (sisef.it)

Finally, all treatments impacted the biofilm components and structure, reducing the cells and matrix. (preprints.org)

There are various cultivars of St. Augustine grass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue on the market that have variable resistance to gray leaf spot but none are confirmed as completely resistant. (wikipedia.org)
Identifying variation in resistance to the take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. (rothamsted.ac.uk)

Common plant diseases are generally broken down into one of three categories: bacterial, viral, or fungal. (gardensavvy.com)
Once the diseases sets in, there is no way to remove Bacterial Wilt. (gardensavvy.com)

Spore counts typically rise with rainfall and fog and with damp, nocturnal conditions. (medscape.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms80

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs34

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes41

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture8

Information Science4

Health Care10

Geographicals1

Species23

Pathogens3

Bacteria6

Hyphae13

Organisms6

Asexual spores2

Yeasts3

Sexual and asexual2

Blight6

Imperfect fungi1

Pathogenic fungus1

Basidiomycetes1

Epidermal cells1

Lichens4

Infects1

Parasitic fungus2

Infect3

Mycelium1

Powdery Mildew3

Dispersal3

Decomposers2

Rust2

Yeast2

Hyphal3

Monera1

Vegetative2

Endophytic1

Morphologically1

Genome3

Ascomycota1

Biotrophic1

Membrane-bound2

Microscopic3

Growth3

Plants6

Secondary4

Botrytis2

Photobiont1

Allergenic2

Septate1

Phytophthora1

Mycelia2

Mushrooms1

Genus1

Synchytrium2

Sclerotia3

Isolates2

Airborne5

Ascospores1

Tissue1

Affects2

Genes4

Dispersion2

Single-celled1

Interactions1

Belong1

Essential2

Bacterium3

Produce3

Distinct1

Grasses1

Plant diseases caused1

Genomics1

Cells1

Resistance2

Bacterial2

Typically1