• It is caused most often by cirrhosis (in North America), schistosomiasis (in endemic areas), or hepatic vascular abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This review will focus on the various vascular complications related to percutaneous thermal ablation of hepatic tumors and discuss strategies to avoid and manage these complications. (dirjournal.org)
  • Needle tract bleeding is also the most common vascular complication related to percutaneous thermal ablation of hepatic tumors. (dirjournal.org)
  • Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) is a hepatic vascular disease often caused by oral intake of herbal medicines containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids in China, such as Tusanqi (Gynura segetum), and it is classified as pyrrolidine-alkaloid-induced HSOS (PA-HSOS). (ijgii.org)
  • A compression of ILIAC VEIN that results in a decreased flow in the vein and in the left LOWER EXTREMITY due to a vascular malformation. (lookformedical.com)
  • Hughes Syndrome/Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune, hypercoagulable, thrombo inflammatory, and thrombosis and/or pregnancy complications syndrome caused by the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APL) in plasma of patients with vascular thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity along with persistent anti-phospholipid antibodies (APLA), including lupus anticoagulant (LA), anti-β2-glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) and/or anti-cardiolipin (ACL) antibodies. (endinglines.com)
  • Venous complications occur less often compared with arterial complications, and include thrombosis or stenosis of the portal vein, hepatic vein, or vena cava. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 - 5 The use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the treatment of PA-HSOS has been reported in the literature, and it is considered an effective treatment for patients whose portal hypertension and related complications do not respond to medical treatment. (ijgii.org)
  • However, the application of floxuridine-deoxy-ribose (FUDR), a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with a high liver extraction fraction, into the hepatic artery can cause several complications. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, to ensure the safety of the living donor, some centers prefer that the donor retains the middle hepatic vein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The middle hepatic vein was initially catheterized as a marker. (ijgii.org)
  • His general condition gradually improved, but a thrombus in the middle hepatic vein and IVC was noted on follow-up computed tomography on hospital day 8. (springeropen.com)
  • After removal, we dissected the middle hepatic vein using an automated suturing device to prevent the thrombus from extending into the IVC. (springeropen.com)
  • Our experience suggests that physicians should consider the existence of a middle hepatic vein and IVC thrombi when examining PLA patients and that surgical intervention can be applied successfully in such cases. (springeropen.com)
  • Furthermore, there was an air density in the middle hepatic vein. (springeropen.com)
  • We diagnosed PLA due to cholangitis in the middle hepatic vein and septic shock. (springeropen.com)
  • c The arrow shows air density in the middle hepatic vein. (springeropen.com)
  • Percutaneous thermal ablation of hepatic tumors is accepted as a safe, reliable, and cost-effective therapeutic option for treating hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic metastases. (dirjournal.org)
  • Ultraselective conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE), defined as cTACE at the most distal portion of the subsubsegmental hepatic artery, is mainly performed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ≤5 cm. (koreamed.org)
  • It also has good sensitivity and specificity in the evaluation of malignant lesions, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (ICC), and malignant portal vein thrombosis [ 10 , 12 - 14 ]. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • Furthermore, sometimes the inferior vena cava and the hepatic vein system may be affected. (rcpjournals.org)
  • Diagram of hepatic venous drainage depicts the small veins that drain from the caudate lobe and adjacent part of the right lobe directly into the inferior vena cava. (medscape.com)
  • Fluoroscopy image during angiogram showing a guide wire (GW) and 4-Fr catheter penetrating from the inferior vena cava (IVC) to the portal vein (PV) through the caudal lobe of the liver. (capsulehealth.one)
  • The hepatic veins were anastomosed to the inferior vena cava using either a triangular or a diagonal opening. (ectrx.org)
  • the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein. (lookformedical.com)
  • A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava. (lookformedical.com)
  • Mechanical devices inserted in the inferior vena cava that prevent the migration of blood clots from deep venous thrombosis of the leg. (lookformedical.com)
  • Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) complicated by inferior vena caval (IVC) thrombosis is rare but life-threatening. (springeropen.com)
  • Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was successfully performed in the patient via the left internal jugular vein approach. (ijgii.org)
  • This obstruction can be intrahepatic (intra=within +hepatic=liver), pre-hepatic (pre=before) or post- hepatic (post=after). (hdkino.org)
  • Intrahepatic causes of portal hypertension include cirrhosis and hepatic fibrosis or scarring. (hdkino.org)
  • The chronic form is related to fibrosis of the intrahepatic veins, presumably related to inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • Portal hypertension can have prehepatic, intrahepatic, or posthepatic causes. (medscape.com)
  • The use of Roux-en-Y biliary reconstruction was associated with VCs (HAT and PVT). (duke.edu)
  • Doppler ultrasonographic examination of arterial, portal, and venous flows in the liver were performed by the surgeon before biliary anastomosis and also, before closing the abdomen. (ectrx.org)
  • Duct-to-duct biliary anastomoses were preferred in anatomically favorable cases, but 60% of the patients had a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy for biliary reconstruction using interrupted 6-0 absorbable sutures. (ectrx.org)
  • The image demonstrates the typical rounded tardus parvus waveform morphology, which is indicative of upstream arterial thrombosis or severe stenosis. (medscape.com)
  • Thrombosis can occur within veins or arteries, however the mechanism of clot formation is different, with venous thrombosis associated with sluggish movement of blood (stasis) or imbalance of the clotting progress and feedback mechanism, whereas arterial thrombosis more commonly results from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque due to build-up of cholesterol in the arterial wall. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
  • Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare disease that is characterized by hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction (HVOTO), with an estimated incidence of 0.87 per million population per year. (medscape.com)
  • Obstruction of large- or small-caliber veins leads to hepatic congestion as blood flows into, but not out of, the liver. (medscape.com)
  • Obstruction of one hepatic vein (HV) did not cause opening of PSS. (wjgnet.com)
  • We here report a rare case of pyrrolidine-alkaloid-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (PA-HSOS) complicated with situs inversus totalis and portal vein thrombus (PVT). (ijgii.org)
  • Portal hypertension occurs when there is an obstruction of blood flow through the liver, and pressure rises within the portal vein. (hdkino.org)
  • the cause), or another complication, such as mesenteric venous thrombosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, postoperative thrombosis after LT is recognised and remains a life-threatening complication. (rcpjournals.org)
  • However, postoperative thrombosis remains a life-threatening complication. (rcpjournals.org)
  • After multivariable regression analysis, high platelet count was independently associated with postoperative portal vein complication (odds ratio [OR]: 8.821, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.260 to 34.437). (researchsquare.com)
  • After the inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis, patients in the high platelet count group had significantly higher risk of portal vein complication (OR: 9.210, 95%CI: 1.907 to 44.498, p=0.006) and early allograft dysfunction (OR: 2.087, 95%CI: 1.131 to 3.853, p=0.019). (researchsquare.com)
  • 49.5×10 9 /L was an independent risk factor for posttransplant portal vein complication and early allograft dysfunction. (researchsquare.com)
  • Significant needle tract bleeding is a major complication (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 3 or higher) of percutaneous thermal ablation of hepatic tumors, as it can be immediately life-threatening and may lead to prolonged hospitalization. (dirjournal.org)
  • Pseudoaneurysms of the hepatic artery are a rare complication in patients with primary or secondary liver tumors treated with intra-arterial chemotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We present two patients who developed this complication after placement of a catheter system into the gastroduodenal artery and initiation of regional chemotherapy with floxuridine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A rare complication of HAC is the formation of pseudoaneurysms of the hepatic artery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transjugular portography demonstrates extensive portal vein thrombus in the whole-liver allograft of a 40-year-old woman whose clinical condition rapidly deteriorated on postoperative day 39. (medscape.com)
  • During angiography, a catheter is placed selectively via either the transjugular or transfemoral route into the hepatic vein to measure portal pressure. (medscape.com)
  • From there, blood makes its way to the vena cava, the largest vein in the body to return to the heart . (hdkino.org)
  • is usually diagnostic, showing diminished or absent portal vein flow and sometimes the thrombus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 2 , 4 - 6 However, there is no report of any PA-HSOS case with both situs inversus totalis (SIT) and portal vein thrombus (PVT) at the same time. (ijgii.org)
  • Computed tomography showing situs inversus totalis, diffuse hepatomegaly, liver congestion, and thrombus in the branches of the portal vein (arrow) (A) and its main trunk (arrow) (B). (ijgii.org)
  • The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein. (lookformedical.com)
  • Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a late stage of hepatic fibrosis that has resulted in widespread distortion of normal hepatic architecture. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Varices Varices are dilated veins in the distal esophagus or proximal stomach caused by elevated pressure in the portal venous system, typically from cirrhosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If portal vein thrombosis develops in people with cirrhosis, their condition deteriorates. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Cirrhosis is defined histologically as a diffuse hepatic process characterized by fibrosis and conversion of the normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatic infarction is an extremely rare situation because the liver has a dual blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Hepatic infarction can occur when there is both hepatic arterial and portal vein flow compromise but most cases are due to acute portal venous flow compromise 11 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • On MRI imaging, regions of hepatic infarction appears as hypointense lesion on T1 imaging, with hyperintensity on T2 imaging 6 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • 1. Peterson IM, Neumann CH. Focal hepatic infarction with bile lake formation. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Hepatic infarction in preeclampsia as part of the HELLP syndrome: CT appearance. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Hepatic infarction caused by arterial insufficiency: spectrum and evolution of CT findings. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Treatment involves control of variceal bleeding (usually with endoscopic banding, IV octreotide , or both), prevention of recurrence using beta-blockers, and sometimes surgical shunts and thrombolysis for acute thrombosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The acute form results from an acute thrombosis of the main hepatic veins or the IVC. (medscape.com)
  • Laboratory Tests of the Liver and Gallbladder Laboratory tests are generally effective for the following: Detecting hepatic dysfunction Assessing the severity of liver injury Monitoring the course of liver diseases and the response to treatment. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rebleeding was associated with platelet dysfunction, deep venous thrombosis was associated with faster clot initiation and both delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcome were associated with increased clot strength. (transfusionevidencelibrary.com)
  • Portal vein thrombosis causes portal hypertension and consequent gastrointestinal bleeding from varices, usually in the lower esophagus or stomach. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Portal Hypertension Portal hypertension is elevated pressure in the portal vein. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ascites is uncommon (10%) in pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When associated with concomitant portal vein thrombosis, calcification may be seen in the portal vein after prolonged portal hypertension. (medscape.com)
  • Portal Hypertension Portal hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure in the portal vein (the large vein that brings blood from the intestine to the liver) and its branches. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Fluoroscopy and angiography in a 64-year-old man with refractory pleural effusion caused by portal hypertension. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Originally developed to evaluate the risk of portocaval shunt procedures performed for portal hypertension. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Interventions in Portal Hypertension. (mallareddynarayana.com)
  • What Is Portal Hypertension? (hdkino.org)
  • Home breast cancer What Is Portal Hypertension? (hdkino.org)
  • Portal hypertension occurs when blood flow through the liver is obstructed. (hdkino.org)
  • Portal hypertension describes elevated pressure within the portal system, including the portal vein and the tributary veins that drain into it. (hdkino.org)
  • It is the onset of symptoms associated with liver disease that might cause the health care professional to look for the presence of portal hypertension . (hdkino.org)
  • A wide variety of illnesses are implicated as the cause of portal hypertension. (hdkino.org)
  • Silhouetting of the descending aorta and an abnormal convex contour of the azygos-esophageal recess are further signs of portal hypertension. (medscape.com)
  • Paracentesis is essential in determining whether ascites is caused by portal hypertension or by another process. (medscape.com)
  • Regarding malignant hepatic lesions, CEUS plays an important role in the detection of metastases, with an accuracy similar to that of CT [ 1 , 9 - 11 ]. (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • We analysed the medical records of all patients who underwent LT at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2017 to April 2019 to identify the risk factors for post-transplant thrombosis. (rcpjournals.org)
  • Conclusion: T Stage was a significant prognostic determinant, and gastrectomy plus hepatic resection could be a promising treatment for patients with LMGC. (statsignaling.com)
  • We performed a prospective study to associate hepatic expression of the CXC subfamily of chemokines with histology findings and prognosis of patients with AH. (statsignaling.com)
  • The pooled post-TARE OS was 63% (95% CI: 56-70%) and 27% (95% CI: 21-33%) at 1- and 3-years respectively in intermediate stage HCC, whereas OS was 37% (95% CI: 26-50%) and 13% (95% CI: 9-18%) at the same time intervals in patients with sufficient liver function (Child-Pugh A-B7) but with an advanced HCC because of the presence of portal vein thrombosis. (oncotarget.com)
  • In patients with a dilated pancreatic duct, a Roux-en-Y side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy is indicated. (medscape.com)
  • In this article we describe two patients who developed aneurysmatic cavities of the hepatic artery after regional chemotherapy with FUDR and presented with hemorrhage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Computed tomography revealed a large retroperitoneal hematoma and a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery at the site of the catheter tip. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The celiac angiogram shows a pseudoaneurysm (arrow) of the proper hepatic artery located next to the origin of the gastroduodenal artery, which is occluded by the chemotherapy infusion catheter (arrowheads) . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overview of Blood Vessel Disorders of the Liver The liver receives the oxygen and nutrients it needs in blood that comes from two large blood vessels: Portal vein Hepatic artery The portal vein provides about two thirds of the blood. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Histopathologic examination revealed thrombosis of multiple vessels, extensive hepatic necrosis, and angioinvasive fungal elements suggestive of mucormycosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Blood vessels from the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, and spleen converge and form the portal vein delivering nutrients and chemical building blocks to the liver. (hdkino.org)
  • Several studies, trials, and meta-analyses comparing thermal ablation with surgical resection of small hepatic tumors have shown that thermal ablation is less expensive and invasive. (dirjournal.org)
  • This approach is based on the rationale that local therapy through the hepatic artery increases the exposure of the liver tumors to cytotoxic agents, leading to higher response rates while limiting systemic side effects like myelosuppression, mucositis and diarrhea. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antiphospholipid syndrome is an acquired autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent arterial or venous thrombosis and/or pregnancy losses, in the presence of persistently elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies and/or evidence of circulating lupus anticoagulant (these abnormalities are detected by blood tests). (endinglines.com)
  • After mixing with saline, a microbubble suspension is obtained, which is then injected into a peripheral vein as a bolus (generally 2.4 mL, using a 20-gauge catheter and a three-way stopcock), in a direction close to parallel to the vessel, followed by a saline injection (10 mL). (e-ultrasonography.org)
  • The ischemic attacks of digital arteries may subsequently progress towards small zones of limited necrosis or even peripheral gangrene with palpable arterial pulsations. (capsulehealth.one)
  • If rash or symptoms or signs of hepatitis or allergic reaction develop, hepatic laboratory parameters should be monitored and discontinuation of treatment should be considered. (drugs.com)
  • We used new parameters at PRPS, the liver transit time of portal inflow and the blood circulation time between the right heart and liver. (wjgnet.com)
  • The resultant shunting of portal venous flow to the systemic circulation helps reduce the portosystemic gradient and alleviate bleeding and ascites without changing the extrahepatic anatomy. (capsulehealth.one)
  • BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized by a sustained elevation of platelet number with a tendency for thrombosis and haemorrhage. (capsulehealth.one)
  • or when large amounts of fluids are given intravenously to treat massive bleeding from ruptured varicose veins in the esophagus or stomach. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Skin breakdown or ulceration caused by VARICOSE VEINS in which there is too much hydrostatic pressure in the superficial venous system of the leg. (lookformedical.com)
  • Minimally invasive therapies like image-guided percutaneous thermal ablation have gained widespread acceptance as a method for treating focal primary and secondary hepatic malignancies. (dirjournal.org)
  • These are the most frequently used modalities for thermal ablation of hepatic malignancies. (dirjournal.org)
  • Aetna considers intra-hepatic chemotherapy (infusion) medically necessary for members with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. (aetna.com)
  • Intra-hepatic chemotherapy for other indications not listed above, including treatment of liver primaries or metastases from other primaries (e.g., breast) besides colorectal cancer. (aetna.com)
  • Intra-hepatic microspheres for metastases from esophageal cancer, gallbladder cancer, uveal melanom a, liver metastases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and other indications not listed above. (aetna.com)
  • There is inadequate information to document the effectiveness of PEI as an alternative to surgical resection for the treatment of hepatic metastases. (aetna.com)
  • Aetna considers percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) medically necessary for the treatment of hepatocellular cancers (HCC) without extra-hepatic spread. (aetna.com)
  • Surgical or percutaneous placement of a subcutaneous device allows chemotherapy to be delivered continuously into the gastroduodenal artery via a catheter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the multivariate analysis, T stage was shown to be an independent prognostic determinant, while gastrectomy plus hepatic resection was of marginal significance compared with chemotherapy alone. (statsignaling.com)
  • A-5: Digital subtraction angiogram obtained during balloon angioplasty of a stenotic artery. (medscape.com)
  • Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the most common condition associated with hypercoagulable disorders, with blood clots most frequently forming in the deep veins of the legs (DVT) causing redness, pain and swelling particularly at the back of legs. (labtestsonline.org.uk)