• In all other cells, DMT1 is found in intracellular membranes where it promotes the exit of endocytosed Fe 2+ from endosomes into the cytoplasm 9 . (nature.com)
  • These proteins are involved in sodium-ion transport by exchanging intracellular hydrogen ions to external sodium ions and help in the regulation of cell pH and volume. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Here we establish optical control of intracellular transport by using light-sensitive heterodimerization to recruit specific cytoskeletal motor proteins (kinesin, dynein or myosin) to selected cargoes. (nature.com)
  • Vale, R. D. The molecular motor toolbox for intracellular transport. (nature.com)
  • Although 271 genes linked to hereditary retinal diseases have already been identified, these genes encode diverse functions, including phototransduction, retinol metabolism, and intracellular protein transport. (oist.jp)
  • In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Comparison of this renal cortical proteome with published human urinary proteomes demonstrated enrichment of renal extracellular, plasma membrane, and lysosomal proteins in the urine, with a lack of intracellular proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • have begun to reveal new components and new mechanisms associated with intracellular membrane traffic in a variety of cell types. (wormbook.org)
  • N-linked glycosylation is the most prevalent posttranslational modification of plasma membrane and secretory proteins and participates in many important biological roles such as protein folding, intracellular targeting, immune response, cell adhesion, and protease resistance. (jneurosci.org)
  • Net water movement across CPECs occurs from the basolateral membrane (blood-facing) through the apical membrane (CSF-facing). (wright.edu)
  • there are no known AQPs in the basolateral membrane of CPECs to account for the influx of water, and whether AQPs other than AQP1 are expressed in the apical membrane remains to be elucidated. (wright.edu)
  • The expression of AQP1 in the basolateral membrane is a subject of debate. (wright.edu)
  • its expression in the basolateral membrane of mouse CPECs is undetectable. (wright.edu)
  • The water pathways for water influx across the CPECs basolateral membrane remain to be elucidated. (wright.edu)
  • Iron that has entered the mucosal cell can be stored as ferritin or transferred through the mucosal cell and exported across the basolateral membrane by ferroportin. (fujiorganics.com)
  • In addition, it separates and regulates access between the apical and basolateral membrane domains of polarized epithelia. (plos.org)
  • The most important open questions concern the structure of the transporter in an outward-facing conformation and whether, similar to their eukaryotic counterparts, transport in the prokaryotic transporters would be coupled to H + . To resolve these questions we have investigated the structural and functional properties of the SLC11 transporter from the bacterium Eremococcus coleocola (EcoDMT). (nature.com)
  • In the distal lung, glucose transport via sodium-coupled glucose transporters predominates. (ersjournals.com)
  • It has been reported that solute carrier (SLC) and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter super families are the major class of membrane transporters [ 14 , 17 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • They discovered that changes in blood pressure, or alterations in Angiotensin II, provoke rapid trafficking of renal sodium transporters between membrane domains, associated with phosphorylation and pool size regulation. (usc.edu)
  • The vesicular transport assay is a great tool to study drug-drug and drug-endogenous compound interactions of ABC transporters. (solvobiotech.com)
  • Proton- and sodium-dependent monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs (SLC16A) and SMCTs (SLC5A)) transport and mediate the renal clearance and distribution of GHB. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various factors regulate gene expression and transport function of mucosal transporters such as luminal substrates hormones and ontogeny (7 - 9). (bioerc-iend.org)
  • A diurnal rhythm in gene expression and transport function of several other mucosal transporters (e.g. hexose transporters) occurs in the proximal intestine of rodents (i.e. duodenum and jejunum) in coordination with their nocturnal feeding pattern (10 - 13). (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Identifying temporal and segmental variations in expression and transport function of nutrient transporters may allow PF-2341066 us to modulate their regulatory mechanisms during various diseases or after surgical intervention. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Transporters on the plasma membrane of tumor cells are promising molecular "Trojan horses" to deliver drugs and imaging agents into cancer cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Norepinephrine transporter, organic cation transporters, and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins play differential roles in tumor targeting, systemic elimination, and accumulation in normal tissues. (aspetjournals.org)
  • An ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS subfamily protein that is localized on the canalicular membrane of HEPATOCYTES, as well as on the apical membrane of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the DUODENUM, JEJUNUM and PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULE. (bvsalud.org)
  • In some cases, the exocytotic vesicles derive from the Golgi apparatus and consist of newly synthesized materials, while in others the vesicles derive from the plasma membrane and cycle locally. (sdbonline.org)
  • Two important pathways were examined in the current study: (1) a basic pathway of exocytosis that brings new proteins to the cell surface and permits the cell to grow, and (2) synaptic transmission, a specialized form of exocytosis, regulated by Ca 2+ entry, in which vesicles already present at synapses fuse with the membrane and recycle locally (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
  • In this assay, inside-out membrane vesicles are used, so the test compound can readily access the transporter. (solvobiotech.com)
  • In this paper, we report the observation of the nucleotide-dependent switch of lipid domain preferences of the semisynthetic lipidated N-Ras in raft lipid vesicles in the absence of other proteins. (typeset.io)
  • We prepared medullary membrane vesicles highly enriched for the H + -ATPase to examine possible functional interactions of G proteins with the H + -ATPase by the acridine orange method. (wustl.edu)
  • These vesicles were also highly enriched for G protein subunits. (wustl.edu)
  • Early to late endosome transport may be mediated by small vesicular intermediates, or may be a maturation process whereby early endosomes lose components through recycling pathways and gain components through fusion with vesicles derived from the secretory pathway. (wormbook.org)
  • Clathrin and cargo molecules are assembled into clathrin-coated pits on the plasma membrane together with an adaptor complex called AP-2 that links clathrin with transmembrane receptors, concluding in the formation of mature clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). (wormbook.org)
  • In molecular biology, apical membrane antigen 1 is a novel antigen of Plasmodium falciparum which has been cloned. (wikipedia.org)
  • Combined with previous results, our study defines the conformational changes underlying transition-metal ion transport in the SLC11 family and it provides molecular insight to its coupling to protons. (nature.com)
  • Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • High-confidence identification of ~2,000 proteins, including cytoplasmic, nuclear, plasma membrane, extracellular and unknown/unclassified proteins, was obtained by separating tryptic peptides of renal cortical proteins into 60 fractions by SCX prior to LC-MS/MS. The identified proteins represented the renal cortical proteome with no discernible bias due to protein physicochemical properties, subcellular distribution, biological processes, or molecular function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Basic sequence-derived (length, molecular weight, isoelectric point) and experimentally-determined (median abundance, median absolute deviation) protein information. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Abstract Tight junctions (TJs) are cellular junctions within the mammalian epithelial cell sheet that function as a physical barrier to molecular transport within the intercellular space. (synanet2020.com)
  • In the mammalian epithelial cell sheet, TJs regulate molecular transport within the intercellular space and independent compartments of proteins and lipids localized to apical and basolateral membranes [4,5]. (synanet2020.com)
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing mIBG transport in cancer and normal cells is a critical step for developing strategies to optimize the efficacy of 131 I-mIBG while minimizing toxicity in normal tissues. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Studies using pancreatic exocrine acinar cells, in which the exocytic pathways are well defined, show primary localization of syntaxin 2 to the apical plasma membrane. (novusbio.com)
  • Based on their different membrane localization, MCTs and SMCTs co-operate in the active reabsorption of GHB in the kidney. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The primary defect in Dubin-Johnson syndrome is a mutation in an apical canalicular membrane protein responsible for the excretion of bilirubin and other nonbile salt organic anions. (medscape.com)
  • MATE1 and P-glycoprotein are both localized in the apical (canalicular) membrane of human hepatocytes and responsible for the export of substances out of the cells into bile (Thiebaut et al. (memorial2014.com)
  • Proteína de la subfamilia de los TRANSPORTADORES DE CASETES DE UNIÓN A ATP que se localiza en la membrana canalicular de los HEPATOCITOS, así como en la membrana apical de las CÉLULAS EPITELIALES del DUODENO, el YEYUNO y los TÚBULOS RENALES PROXIMALES. (bvsalud.org)
  • Many receptors and their associated ligands cluster into clathrin-coated pits by association with clathrin adaptor proteins such as the four-subunit complex AP2. (wormbook.org)
  • It is a region where the plasma membrane of adjacent cells forms a series of contacts that appears to completely occlude the extracellular space as observed by transmission EM. (rupress.org)
  • Endocytosis is the vesicle-mediated process used by all cells to internalize extracellular macromolecules, plasma membrane lipids, and plasma membrane proteins ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
  • One mechanism is the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The receptor protein has seven transmembrane α-helices connected by alternating cytosolic and extracellular loops. (pancreapedia.org)
  • The ligand-binding site is in the extracellular domain and the cytosolic domain has a heterotrimeric G protein-binding site (127). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The signaling by an extracellular ligand is limited by its ability to cross the plasma membrane. (pancreapedia.org)
  • TCPy concentrations were modeled using a mechanistic computational cellular transport model. (cdc.gov)
  • Although all diabetic cells are exposed to elevated levels of plasma glucose, hyperglycemic damage is limited to those cell types that are unable to down regulate glucose transport into the cell (e.g., endothelial cells), leading to intra-cellular hyperglycemia ( Brownlee, 2001 ). (scialert.net)
  • Because of their relatively high transcript expression the present work addresses the cellular and subcellular location of AQPs 4, 7 and 9 proteins in CPECs and EP cells, using immunolabeling with validated antibodies and confocal immunofluorescence. (wright.edu)
  • Iron ( 1 ) is an essential component of hemoglobin and myoglobin and thereby facilitates the transport, transitional tissue storage, and cellular use of oxygen. (fujiorganics.com)
  • Cellular membranes are heterogeneous planar lipid bilayers displaying lateral phase separation with the nanometer-scale liquid-ordered phase (aka "lipid rafts" or Lo) surrounded by the liquid-disordered phase (Ld). (typeset.io)
  • NSCs in the dentate gyrus (DG(have enigmatic elaborated apical cellular processes that are associated with BVs. (elifesciences.org)
  • Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. (lookformedical.com)
  • The CFTR protein forms an ion channel that transports chloride and bicarbonate at the apical membrane of epithelial cells. (pulsetoday.co.uk)
  • Upon LKB1 activation, single cells rapidly remodel their actin cytoskeleton to form an apical brush border. (nih.gov)
  • Total internal reflection (TIRF) micrograph of MDCK cells stably transfected with the apical membrane protein P75-GFP (green) and stained for acetylated tubulin of the primary cilium (red) by immunofluorescence. (ucsd.edu)
  • Cells were grown for 5 days prior to imaging with apical TIRF microscopy. (ucsd.edu)
  • See http://www.leica-microsystems.com/science-lab/protein-transport-processes-at-the-apical-membrane-of-polarized-epithelial-cells-applications-for-tirf-microscopy/ for additional details. (ucsd.edu)
  • For over 50 years, glucose has been recognised to cross the lung epithelial barrier and be transported by lung epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
  • In immortalised human airway cells (line H441) with 10 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, apical ASL glucose was 0.24±0.07 mM [ 10 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Directed membrane traffic is essential for many developmental processes, including cell growth, cytokinesis and signaling between cells. (sdbonline.org)
  • Such processes require membrane traffic to particular domains of the cell surface, in order to insert proteins at restricted regions of the membrane, to enlarge particular regions of the cell membrane, or to signal asymmetrically to neighboring cells. (sdbonline.org)
  • Thus, the exocyst complex in yeast may provide a model for the directed membrane traffic of developing cells in higher organisms (Murthy, 2004 and references therein). (sdbonline.org)
  • In passive mechanism, diffusion of drug through close junctions of epithelial cells occurs depending on its size and charge while in active transport, uptake of drug is mediated by carrier i.e. active proteins [ 3 - 5 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • The tight junction, also known as zonula occludens , is the apical-most component of the junctional complex of epithelial and endothelial cells. (rupress.org)
  • The apparent permeability value for rosuvastatin across MDR1-Madin-Darby canine kidney cells was low (∼8 nm/s), and no directional transport was observed. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) secrete most of the CSF through poorly understood mechanisms that involve aquaporins (AQPs) and various solute transport proteins like the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1). (wright.edu)
  • MRP2 (ABCC2) is an efflux transporter expressed on the apical membrane of polarized cells. (solvobiotech.com)
  • Each follicle is composed of a rim of simple cuboidal epithelial cells encircling a mass of colloidal storage protein named thyroglobulin. (myendoconsult.com)
  • Sodium-iodide symporters (NIS) actively transport iodide ions from the bloodstream into thyroid follicular cells against a sodium electrochemical gradient, which is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase). (myendoconsult.com)
  • Iodide ions are then transported to the apical membrane of the thyroid follicular cells by the action of pendrin, an anion exchanger protein. (myendoconsult.com)
  • In particular, cells of the medullary collecting tubule demonstrate a complex pattern of G protein expression both between cell types and between the polarized surfaces of individual cells. (wustl.edu)
  • Some intercalated cells that stained prominently for the proton pump in the apical membrane did not, however, stain for any G protein α-subunit. (wustl.edu)
  • MCTs are expressed on the basolateral surface of epithelial cells in the proximal tubules of kidney while the SMCTs are expressed at the apical membrane [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 30 nm in diameter, establish direct membrane-to-membrane contact with endothelial cells in specialized areas of irregular endothelial basement membrane and enriched with vesicular activity. (elifesciences.org)
  • AQP2 is redistributed to the apical membrane of collecting duct cells through activation of a cAMP signaling cascade initiated by the binding of vasopressin to its V2-receptor. (uniba.it)
  • Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) is a water-specific channel located on the apical surface of airway epithelial cells. (plos.org)
  • In contrast, overexpression of AQP5 increased assembly of microtubules, with evidence of increased MT stability, and promoted the formation of long straight microtubules in the apical domain of the epithelial cells. (plos.org)
  • Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) is a water-specific channel located on the apical membrane of epithelial cells in several sites in mammals, including corneal and pancreatic epithelium, secretory cells in salivary and lacrimal glands, and airway submucosal glands, bronchial epithelium and type I pneumocytes of the respiratory tract. (plos.org)
  • Ferroportin also transports iron out of specialized immune system cells (called reticuloendothelial cells) that are found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The amount of iron absorbed during digestion depends on the amount of iron transported from intestinal and reticuloendothelial cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Abnormal ferroportin proteins cannot transport and release iron from intestinal or reticuloendothelial cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As MRP2 transports many ionic compounds that are difficult to investigate in a whole-cell system because of permeability reasons, the vesicular transport assay is a good choice for screening MRP2-mediated interactions. (solvobiotech.com)
  • Therefore, the transport of a drug surrogate, 5(6)-carboxy-2,'7'-dichlorofluorescein (CDCF), by MRP2 was characterized using the vesicular transport assay. (solvobiotech.com)
  • The data indicate that CDCF proves to be an ideal substrate for MRP2 vesicular transport assay with its optimal detection and transport properties. (solvobiotech.com)
  • A calcium-binding protein that mediates calcium HOMEOSTASIS in KIDNEYS, BRAIN, and other tissues. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proton-dependent peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) is the exclusive peptide transporter expressed in the brush border (apical membrane) of enterocytes and mediates the uptake of essentially all di- and tri-peptides from the lumen (3 - 5). (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Intestinal wall is made up of tight-fitting single layer of epithelial cell where drug is transported by active transport or passive transport. (omicsonline.org)
  • Golachowska, M. R., Hoekstra, D. & van IJzendoorn, S. C. Recycling endosomes in apical plasma membrane domain formation and epithelial cell polarity. (nature.com)
  • Tricellular TJs (tTJs), specialized structural variants of TJs, are created by multiple transmembrane proteins (e.g., lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor [LSR] and tricellulin) within tricellular contacts in the mammalian epithelial cell sheet. (synanet2020.com)
  • Rosuvastatin uptake into control Sf9 membranes and membranes expressing MRP2 was similar in the presence or absence of GSH. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In contrast, ATP dramatically stimulated rosuvastatin uptake into membranes expressing BCRP, but not control membranes. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Presumably, the uptake of cidofovir across the basolateral tubular membrane is more efficient than the subsequent secretion into tubular lumen resulting in drug accumulation in renal tubules. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Thus yolk uptake provides a genetically tractable system for the study of clathrin and Rab dependent transport processes. (wormbook.org)
  • The proximal duodenum was used for everted sleeves (see below Uptake Function) and the distal duodenum was used for mRNA and protein measurements. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • In particular, human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1 and 2-K (hMATE1/2-K) likely mediate renal secretion of mIBG, whereas hOCT1 and hOCT3 may contribute to mIBG uptake into normal tissues such as the liver, salivary glands, and heart. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Syntaxins are type II integral membrane proteins localized to membranes that regulate vesicle transport, protein maturation, and exocytosis. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Our understanding of the role of glucose transport in the lung and the mechanisms that regulate glucose movement across the human lung epithelium lags far behind that of the gut and kidney. (ersjournals.com)
  • MDR1/ABCB1, MRP2/ABCC2, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ABCG2 are expressed in the liver and intestine and contribute to the disposition of many drugs. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The present study was designed to determine whether rosuvastatin is transported by MDR1, MRP2, and BCRP. (aspetjournals.org)
  • As MRP2 transports many endogenous compounds, including LTC4 as well as xenobiotics and toxic phase II metabolites, blockade of this transporter may cause the accumulation of these compounds in the hepatocyte, resulting in hepatotoxicity. (solvobiotech.com)
  • Syntaxin 6 is primarily localized to the trans-Golgi network, and partially co-localizes with AP-1 on clathrin-coated membranes. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • After a ligand binds to the GPCR, it activates a heterotrimeric G-protein, which is composed of three subunits: a guanine nucleotide binding α-subunit, and a βγ-heterodimer (98). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The PDS gene encodes a transmembrane protein, known as pendrin, which functions as a transporter of iodide and chloride. (umn.edu)
  • This gene encodes a member of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) protein family. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Since OCT1 has an overlapping substrate spectrum with the apically localized export proteins MATE1 [gene symbol (Nies et al. (memorial2014.com)
  • Our hypothesis was that diurnal variations in gene expression (mRNA and protein) and transport function of PEPT1 occur in rat duodenum and jejunum but not in ileum. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • The BOB.1, OBF.1, OCA-B (now called BOB.1 / OBF.1) is a 35 kD protein encoded by a gene located on chromosome 11q23.1. (samatashkhis.com)
  • The SLC40A1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called ferroportin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Almost all SLC40A1 gene mutations change a single protein building block (amino acid) in ferroportin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The SLC40A1 gene variation associated with increased iron stores replaces the amino acid glutamine with the amino acid histidine at position 248 in the ferroportin protein sequence and is written as Gln248His or Q248H. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive condition caused by the mutation of the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane regulator gene (CFTR) on chromosome 7. (who.int)
  • sults: sodium 133 mmol/L, potassium membrane regulator gene ( CFTR ) on He was readmitted 5 more times 3.4 mmol/L, chloride 100 mmol/L and chromosome 7. (who.int)
  • The mutations associated with Pendred syndrome have complete loss of pendrin-induced chloride and iodide transport, while alleles unique to people with DFNB4 are able to transport both iodide and chloride, albeit at a much lower level than wild-type pendrin. (umn.edu)
  • We propose a model for pendrin function in the thyroid in which pendrin transports iodide across the apical membrane of the thyrocyte into the colloid space. (umn.edu)
  • At the apical membrane of the thyroid follicular cell, the thyroid peroxidase (TPO) enzyme, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalyzes the oxidation of iodide to form reactive iodine species[7]. (myendoconsult.com)
  • Neurons generate their polarity by directing membrane traffic to growing neurites and growth cones, and by sorting proteins differentially between the axon and dendrites. (sdbonline.org)
  • The exocyst complex, a set of eight proteins first identified from secretory mutants in yeast, is an attractive candidate for mediating directed traffic. (sdbonline.org)
  • Important biological events associated with plasma membranes, such as signal transduction, cell adhesion, and protein trafficking, are mediated through the membrane microdomains. (mdpi.com)
  • Syntaxin 2 localizes to the apical plasma membrane and regulates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • The exocyst, like SNARE complexes, may be needed for all fusions at the plasma membrane both in developing and mature neurons, or it may be required only for particular forms of traffic (Murthy, 2003 and references therein). (sdbonline.org)
  • Western Blot: SR-BI Antibody [NB400-104] - Detection of SR-BI in rat H4IIE total cell lysates and plasma membrane proteins. (novusbio.com)
  • There are several endocytic pathways that utilize different mechanisms to internalize portions of the plasma membrane. (wormbook.org)
  • Many receptors then recycle to the plasma membrane either directly or indirectly via recycling endosomes. (wormbook.org)
  • Others are recycled back to the plasma membrane via the recycling pathway. (wormbook.org)
  • Cessation of the stimulus is followed by endocytosis of the AQP2 proteins exposed on the plasma membrane and their recycling to the original stores, in which they are retained. (uniba.it)
  • Transport of iron between tissues is mediated by transferrin, which carries up to 2 ferric ( 3 ) ions per molecule, and then delivers iron to the cell via transferrin receptors. (fujiorganics.com)
  • When the body is low on iron, hepcidin levels decrease and more ferroportin is available to transport iron into the bloodstream so it can be delivered to tissues throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gram-negative bacteria not only have different factors of virulence and generate products and sub-products that are toxic to apical and periapical tissues, but also contain endotoxin in the outer membrane of their cell wall. (bvsalud.org)
  • Syntaxin 2, also known as epimorphin, is a 35 kDa type II integral membrane that belongs to the t SNARE family, a group of proteins involved in protein transport. (novusbio.com)
  • One important model for mechanistic studies of endocytosis in C. elegans focuses on oocytes, which internalize huge quantities of yolk proteins and their associated lipids by clathrin-mediated endocytosis ( Grant and Hirsh, 1999 ). (wormbook.org)
  • The antigen is designated apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) by virtue of appearing to be located in the apical complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • An isoform of this protein is localized to the apical hepatocyte membrane, allowing transport of glucuronide and glutathione conjugates back into the blood. (aitzol.com)
  • Using the transporter profiling approach, Dr. McDonough and her colleagues have defined how stimuli such as dietary salts, Ang II, kidney injury, and immune cytokines increase renal sodium transport in a region specific manner along the nephron and how resultant hypertension provokes intrarenal responses to decrease sodium reabsorption (via pressure natriuresis), a response that defines the blood pressure set point in the kidney. (usc.edu)
  • Proteomic methodologies increasingly have been applied to the kidney to map the renal cortical proteome and to identify global changes in renal proteins induced by diseases such as diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While progress has been made in establishing a renal cortical proteome using 1-D or 2-DE and mass spectrometry, the number of proteins definitively identified by mass spectrometry has remained surprisingly small. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Low coverage of the renal cortical proteome as well as our interest in diabetes-induced changes in proteins found in the renal cortex prompted us to perform an in-depth proteomic analysis of mouse renal cortical tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a result of extracting all proteins from the renal cortex, we identified an exceptionally wide range of renal proteins in terms of pI, MW, hydrophobicity, abundance, and subcellular location. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given the importance of the kidney in normal and disease states, numerous proteomic methodologies increasingly have been applied to the kidney, and novel combinations of research tools are now available to identify global changes in renal protein expression patterns induced by diseases such as diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This reflects the non-invasive nature of the sample collection, its availability, and the observation that proteins found in urine under pathophysiological conditions will reflect altered glomerular and tubular pathology induced by renal disease [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We demonstrated that renal MCT1 membrane expression varies over the estrus cycle, with the lowest expression observed in proestrus females, which is consistent with the observed changes in GHB renal clearance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SMCTs are localized to the apical membrane of renal proximal tubules [ 13 ], with SMCT1 expressed in the S3 segment of proximal tubule, while SMCT2 is expressed on the entire length of the proximal tubule in kidney [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Variations in MCT/SMCT expression in the kidney lead to changes in transport capacity, which have the potential to impact GHB renal clearance through alterations in active renal reabsorption [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For usual absorption of drug it is soluble then it will reach intestinal wall in dissolved state and later absorbed in gut membranes combining all above transport mechanisms. (omicsonline.org)
  • The encoded protein is localized to the apical membrane and is involved in apical absorption of sodium. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Keywords: peptide transporter 1 PEPT1 diurnal rhythm rat small PF-2341066 intestine protein absorption short peptides INTRODUCTION Dietary proteins are digested in the lumen of the small intestine into a mixture of primarily short peptides and some free amino acids. (bioerc-iend.org)
  • Absorption of protein digestion products occurs predominantly as di- and tri-peptides rather than individual PF-2341066 amino acids (1 - 3). (bioerc-iend.org)
  • This protocol shows how to mathematically model turnover rates in an intervention-free manner given the ability to quantify mRNA and protein expression from initiation to homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Transporter mRNA and protein expression was quantified by qPCR and Western Blot. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ASL glucose concentrations are the net result of diffusion of glucose from blood and interstitial fluid across the respiratory epithelium into the ASL, and removal of glucose from ASL by epithelial glucose transport processes. (ersjournals.com)
  • BBB-impermeable fluorescent tracer injected transcardially to mice is selectively uptaken by DG NSCs within a minute, via the vessel-associated apical processes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Most thyroxine is bound to carrier proteins, such as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin, and albumin in circulation, with only a tiny fraction (approximately 0.03%) present as free thyroxine (FT4)[3]. (myendoconsult.com)
  • T3 circulates bound to carrier proteins (mainly TBG and albumin), with a small fraction (approximately 0.3%) existing as free triiodothyronine (FT3). (myendoconsult.com)
  • Different permeation assay techniques, cost efficient and less effortful are utilized where solvent simulating intestinal fluid with some membranes are used. (omicsonline.org)
  • To examine interactions between G proteins and the H + -ATPase, we performed immunocytochemical studies on perfusion-fixed sections of rat kidney using polyclonal anti-G protein antibodies and E11, a mouse monoclonal antibody to the 31-kDa subunit of the vacuolar H + -ATPase. (wustl.edu)
  • anti-human Caspase 3 rabbit polyclonal antibody purified from rabbit anti-serum by Protein A chromatography. (samatashkhis.com)
  • It contains a hydrophobic domain typical of an integral membrane protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Occludin, the putative tight junction integral membrane protein, is an attractive candidate for a protein that forms the actual sealing element of the tight junction. (rupress.org)
  • Guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (G proteins) are expressed in a heterogeneous manner in the mammalian kidney. (wustl.edu)
  • Immunoblot analysis of human kidney cortex demonstrated that hOAT1 is an 80- to 90-kilodalton heterogeneous protein modified by abundant N -glycosylation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Many membrane-associated proteins were found to stably integrate in the rafts, which is critical for their biological function. (typeset.io)
  • These proteins are highly conserved across all kingdoms of life and thus likely share a common transport mechanism. (nature.com)
  • Comparison of the most abundant proteins based on normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF) in this dataset versus a published glomerular proteome indicated enrichment of mitochondrial proteins in the former and cytoskeletal proteins in the latter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion factor attachment protein receptors ( SNARE) and actin cytoskeleton organization regulated by small GTPase of the Rho family were also proved to be essential for AQP2 trafficking. (uniba.it)
  • Protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of AQP2 has been proposed to be essential in regulating AQP2-containing vesicle exocytosis. (uniba.it)
  • Mutants of residues in the transition-metal ion-binding site severely affect transport, whereas a mutation of a conserved histidine located near this site results in metal ion transport that appears uncoupled to proton transport. (nature.com)
  • The junctional proteins ZO-1 and p120 redistribute in a dotted circle peripheral to the brush border, in the absence of cell-cell contacts. (nih.gov)
  • Proton transport was significantly increased in the presence of guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), and this held true in the absence of chloride. (wustl.edu)
  • We hypothesize that this residual level of anion transport is sufficient to eliminate or postpone the onset of goiter in individuals with DFNB4. (umn.edu)
  • Data for functional involvement of the SNARE vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 in AQP2 targeting has recently been provided. (uniba.it)
  • A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. (lookformedical.com)
  • Within neurons, multiple pathways are known to transport proteins and transmitters to the cell surface. (sdbonline.org)
  • Another distinction that has been drawn contrasts the constitutive and the regulated pathways to distinguish the ongoing transport of protein and lipid to the cell surface from the ability to secrete hormones and transmitters in response to specific stimuli. (sdbonline.org)
  • In both studies, mechanisms by which AQP5 altered these proteins were not further elucidated. (plos.org)
  • Extrapolating salivary acinar cell in vitro pesticide transport to whole animals using computational modeling. (cdc.gov)
  • A Transwell in vitro rat salivary acinar cell system was utilized, where protein levels in the basolateral (27.2 mg/ mL) and apical (1.3 mg/mL) culture chambers, which represent blood and saliva compartments respectively, were altered using bovine serum albumin to more closely mimic physiological levels. (cdc.gov)
  • This behavior, however, has never been reproduced in vitro in model bilayers with recombinant proteins, and therefore has been attributed to action of other proteins binding Ras at the membrane surface. (typeset.io)
  • T lymphocytes derived from the spleen of MAC-infected, but not uninfected, guinea pigs specifically responded to TDM in vitro by up-regulating IL-5 transcription, and this response was not blocked by Abs that reacted to the known guinea pig group 1 CD1 proteins. (pdgfrsignaling.com)
  • Iron is absorbed as ferrous ( 2 ) iron via a divalent metal transporter 1 located on the apical membrane of the enterocyte. (fujiorganics.com)