• Other heavy metals such as mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium have no known benefits, and their accumulation over time can cause serious Illness and even premature death. (directcurrentmusic.com)
  • These are cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg). (cannabisreports.org)
  • The 4 most common heavy metals concerning food consumption are lead, arsenic, mercury, and cadmium. (planetprotein.com)
  • Many of the heavy metals released in the mining and burning of coal are environmentally and biologically toxic elements, such as lead, mercury, nickel, tin, cadmium, antimony, and arsenic, as well as radio isotopes of thorium and strontium. (gem.wiki)
  • [9] The large quantities of toxic heavy metals in coal ash include lead, mercury, nickel, tin, cadmium, antimony, and arsenic, as well as radio isotopes of thorium and strontium. (gem.wiki)
  • Aetna considers laboratory testing medically necessary for heavy metal poisoning (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, copper, gold, iron, mercury) for members with specific signs and symptoms of heavy metal toxicity and/or a history of likely exposure to heavy metals. (aetna.com)
  • For example lead absorption is competitively inhibited by calcium [ 7 ] , and, while several toxic metals are in large part excreted via the kidneys (inorganic mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic), some undergo significant hepatic excretion (manganese, organic mercury, copper), with other routes possible too (for example elemental mercury can be exhaled). (medrxiv.org)
  • Succimer, sold under the brand name Chemet among others, is a medication used to treat lead, mercury, and arsenic poisoning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dimercaptosuccinic acid was first synthesized by V. L. Nirenburg in the Urals Polytechnic Institute, commissioned by one of the electrical enterprises of Sverdlovsk, Russia, which consumed many tons of mercury and was looking for a medicine to prevent poisoning of personnel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pronounced protective effect in animal poisoning with arsenic and mercury was first shown by I. E. Okonishnikova in 1962. (wikipedia.org)
  • Severe gastro-intestinal syndromes, such as those due to phosphorus, mercury or arsenic are manifested by vomiting, colic, and bloody mucus and stools and may be accompanied by liver damage (hepatomegalia, jaundice). (cloudaccess.net)
  • Would you knowingly inject dangerous heavy metals such as mercury, lead and arsenic into your body? (infinityhealthwellness.com)
  • Lastly, elemental mercury which is found in the atmosphere can find its way to the soil and be absorbed through the plants' root system. (cannabisreports.org)
  • While ionic mercury have been found in significant proportions in liquids. (researchgate.net)
  • It also explores the acute/chronic effects of mercury poisoning on the maintenance and inspection workers, who are more prone to the adverse effects of mercury poisoning during oil and gas operations. (researchgate.net)
  • Methods: The two-pronged approach of literature review and survey questionnaire was used to deduce the effects of mercury exposure and poisoning using 68 respondents with 1 - 6 years of working experience in the sector. (researchgate.net)
  • Results: Based on the questionnaire response rate of 72%, the results showed that over 90% of participants had experienced symptoms of elemental, organic, and methyl mercury poisoning. (researchgate.net)
  • The use of dimercaptosuccinic acid is not approved for prevention of lead poisoning in anticipation of exposure in known lead-contaminated environments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects III. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's a poison that accumulates in your body over time and can cause serious illness and ultimately brain or nerve damage with exposure over long periods of time. (topekaculligan.com)
  • Acute exposure to arsenic compounds can cause nausea, anorexia, throat. (directcurrentmusic.com)
  • Cancers of the skin, liver, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract are well documented in regards to arsenic exposure. (directcurrentmusic.com)
  • The main pathways to exposure to arsenic (As) are ingestion, inhalation and skin contact. (ijpsr.com)
  • Arsenic is a known carcinogen, and new studies have also found that exposure to higher levels of arsenic leads to genetic damage. (infinityhealthwellness.com)
  • Antimony exposure can cause irritation of the eyes, skin and lungs. (infinityhealthwellness.com)
  • At issue for the firefighters was whether urine tests, rather than hair samples, would reveal evidence of long-term antimony exposure. (firerescue1.com)
  • Unlike contact poisons which result in immediate toxicity, heavy metal poisoning is gauged in severity by concentration in the body, rather than the amount of initial exposure. (planetprotein.com)
  • Exposure may occur when arsine gas is generated while metals or crude ores containing arsenic impurities are treated with acid (HSDB 2007). (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure may result when arsenic containing metals (i.e., metal vats) undergo acid washes. (cdc.gov)
  • Repeated long-term exposure of some metals and their compounds may even cause cancer (Jarup, 2003 ). (hdcproductsinc.com)
  • Your practitioner will also help you to identify the root cause of the poisoning, along with the steps you can take to reduce your exposure to harmful metals daily. (insidehealthclinic.com)
  • If you have significant traces in your system, you may be asked to revisit the health clinic to see if you have managed to control your exposure to these substances and prevent further poisoning. (insidehealthclinic.com)
  • Aetna does not consider screening for heavy metal poisoning medically necessary for members with only vague, ill-defined symptoms (e.g., dysphoria, fatigue, malaise, and vague pain) and no history of likely heavy metal exposure. (aetna.com)
  • Occupational exposure limits with proteins such as topoisomerase inhibitors, and mitotic and meiotic spindle poisons. (cdc.gov)
  • The ecological risks of the 11 substances in the Antimony-containing Substances Group were characterized using the Ecological Risk Classification of Inorganic Substances (ERC-I). The ERC-I is a risk-based approach that employs multiple metrics considering both hazard and exposure in a weight of evidence. (canada.ca)
  • Exposure profiling considered two approaches: predictive modeling using a generic near-field exposure model for each substance, and an analysis of measured concentrations collected by federal and provincial water quality monitoring programs using antimony concentrations as a conservative indicator of exposure for the 11 substances. (canada.ca)
  • It is known that long term occupational exposure to benzidine can increase the risk of developing cancer in people. (williambay.com)
  • On the other hand inorganic arsenic (As) is associated with iron, cobalt or nickel coupled with sulphide minerals 3 . (ijpsr.com)
  • The widespread contamination and toxicity of inorganic arsenic (As) is an alarming issue as the metalloid does not degrade, nor can it be destroyed in the environment. (ijpsr.com)
  • The presence of any of these metals in your drinking water is hazardous to your health and can cause heavy metal toxicity, organ damage and increase your risk of various cancers. (topekaculligan.com)
  • Levels of arsenic (As) in the environment have become a global concern due to its toxicity and adverse effects on human health and other living beings. (ijpsr.com)
  • This paper reviews the natural and anthropogenic occurrence of arsenic in the environment, toxicity of arsenic and newly invented scientific low coast household and the other chemical processes to remove arsenic (As) and its compounds from arsenic-contaminated water and soils in the world as well as in Tripura. (ijpsr.com)
  • As a result arsenic (As) toxicity has received increasing international attention. (ijpsr.com)
  • Small amounts of heavy metals can be necessary for health, but too much may cause acute or chronic toxicity (poisoning). (gem.wiki)
  • Since toxicity is the cause of dozens of common symptoms from arthritis to cancer, coffee enemas help with many, if not most diseases and conditions. (hairanalysisuk.com)
  • Antimony has low toxicity compared to some other heavy metals and direct exposures are rare. (experttoxicologist.com)
  • In 1957, Chinese scientists found that dimercaptosuccinic acid can effectively treat antimony poisoning due to overdose of tartar emetic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arsenic compounds are also readily deposited in the hair and nails. (directcurrentmusic.com)
  • Garlic-like breath, malaise, and fatigue have also been seen while contact rheumatism, skin lesions, and skin irritation, are seen in individuals who come into direct tactile contact with arsenic compounds. (directcurrentmusic.com)
  • Several arsenic compounds have been classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a Class A - Human Carcinogen (ARC 1987). (directcurrentmusic.com)
  • And arsenic is right under phosphorus in the periodic table, and forms similar sorts of compounds (albeit with rather different behavior), so. (corante.com)
  • Heavy metal poisoning is the result of these compounds imitating an essential element in the body, disrupting natural metabolic processes. (planetprotein.com)
  • Succimer is indicated for the treatment of lead poisoning in children with blood level measured above 45 µg/dl. (wikipedia.org)
  • This product can expose you to chemicals including lead, which are known to State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. (ballisticproducts.com)
  • Chilled lead shot is slightly softer than magnum lead shot (i.e., shot that has been alloyed with higher concentrations of antimony). (ballisticproducts.com)
  • Because chilled lead shot contains lower concentrations of antimony, which is lighter than lead, the resulting chilled shot pellet is slightly denser than magnum shot. (ballisticproducts.com)
  • Lead is the most common metal found in well water. (topekaculligan.com)
  • In severe cases, lead poisoning symptoms can include seizures, coma and death. (infinityhealthwellness.com)
  • NO form of lead or arsenic may be used in our materials without specific clearance and training from the instructor. (goshen.edu)
  • Thus, the use of lead has been reduced over the environmental concern posed due to cumulative lead poisoning. (healthcareontime.com)
  • Lead poisoning is caused when the heavy metal lead enters the body. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • Lead poisoning is one of the oldest known work and environmental hazards, the modern understanding of the small amount of lead necessary to cause harm did not come about until the latter half of the 20th century. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • In the 2nd century BC the Greek botanist Nicander described the colic and paralysis seen in lead-poisoned people. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • About one fifth of the world's disease burden from lead poisoning occurs in the Western Pacific, and another fifth is in Southeast Asia. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • Lead poisoning creeps up on you. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • If left unchecked, repeated consumption of heavy metal contaminated foods and beverages can lead to heavy metal poisoning, and even death. (planetprotein.com)
  • Lead poisoning is the most notorious of metal intoxicants. (planetprotein.com)
  • Lead is at the heart of the Flint Water Crisis, found in outdated pipelines and in industrial runoff worldwide. (planetprotein.com)
  • Tetraethyl lead in gasoline was phased out during the 1970's and banned altogether in 1995, but soil beds found near roads built before this time are still dense in contaminants such as lead among others. (planetprotein.com)
  • Famously, Vincent Van Gogh has been speculated to have suffered from toxic psychosis, thanks to the lead in his paint and his noted attempts at suicide by poisoning. (planetprotein.com)
  • As a follow-up study to one led by the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted its own expanded, 400-lipstick study , which found lead in the vast majority of lipsticks tested. (cleangreentoxicantfree.com)
  • It is a dangerous but spectacular combination of thallium, leads, and arsenic that forms a deadly mineral cocktail. (kitchenqueries.com)
  • Zinc is an essential trace element commonly found in red meat, poultry, and fish. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Zinc is found throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Clinically poisoning is similar to arsenic poisoning, typically diagnosis was that of gastric fever as the symptoms include fever, nausea, vomiting, dehydration and bad diarrhoea often containing blood. (murderuk.com)
  • While deaths by heavy metal poisoning in developed countries are extremely rare, it's not uncommon for the presence of these elements to cause many bioaccumulation symptoms such as fatigue, abdominal cramping, digestive issues, and mood swings. (planetprotein.com)
  • Heavy metals are contaminants that can make their way into your well water through pipes and plumbing, service lines, manufacturing plants, mining operations, refineries, municipal waste disposal facilities, as well as natural mineral deposits found in the soil. (topekaculligan.com)
  • Many tattoo inks contain heavy metals that have been linked to a large number of health problems, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. (infinityhealthwellness.com)
  • There are several heavy metals that are found in cannabis, however, four are classified under the US Federal Drug Administration (FDA) under class 1 category. (cannabisreports.org)
  • On some occasions, heavy metals may also be found in low-quality packaging material. (cannabisreports.org)
  • These metals encompass a sizable portion of the periodic table, and include metalloids such as arsenic and antimony. (planetprotein.com)
  • If the average human being is exposed to heavy metals, think of diagnosed poisoning like a heat stroke compared to being uncomfortably hot on a summer day. (planetprotein.com)
  • Heavy metals are commonly found in the environment and diet. (hdcproductsinc.com)
  • Your body absorbs toxic elements from the atmosphere, and harmful metals can be found in your natural environment. (insidehealthclinic.com)
  • By testing yourself for heavy metals, you can determine your risk factor and begin taking steps to prevent poisoning. (insidehealthclinic.com)
  • Reaction time, Normally within half an hour of the ingestion, death will occur in as little as a few hours, or, in the case of slow poisoning over a prolonged period, can take several weeks. (murderuk.com)
  • Long-term ingestion of antimony-contaminated water (in excess of the U.S. EPA 6 PPB maximum contaminant level goal) may enhance the risk of a drop in blood glucose levels and an increase in blood cholesterol. (experttoxicologist.com)
  • In extreme & Chronic arsenic poisoning the victim can experience burring in the hands and feet, a numbing sensation through the whole body, hair loss, skin irritation nausea, vomiting cramps, weight loss, visual disturbance and finally cardiac failure. (murderuk.com)
  • Residual, chronic inflammation of the lungs by all these crystals causes pulmonary fibrosis, which can progress to mesothelioma, a fatal type of liver cancer. (kitchenqueries.com)
  • There has been a lot more publicity of late about what causes telomeres to shorten and the significance to ageing, risk of cancer, chronic illness, and telomere length. (genetesting.nz)
  • Radioactive water is not something anyone wants to be drinking as it increases cancer risk and is harmful to your kidneys. (topekaculligan.com)
  • Liver damage constitutes an important part of the pathology of exogenic poisons since the liver is the prime organ in metabolizing toxic agents and acts with the kidneys in detoxication processes. (cloudaccess.net)
  • Arsenic is believes to be a carcinogenic, thus possibly causing skin cancer. (murderuk.com)
  • As a gas Antimony can be called stibine, a colourless and odourless gas that is released when antimony comes into contact with acid. (murderuk.com)
  • Antimony is an element on the periodic table. (murderuk.com)
  • Arsenic (As) is a metalloid. (ijpsr.com)
  • Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring, mobilized toxic metalloid. (ijpsr.com)
  • Antimony is a metalloid that was once used as an emetic (that is, it makes you vomit). (advocatesaz.org)
  • There are four oxidation states of arsenic (As) such as arsines and methyl arsines (As 3- ), elemental arsenic (As 0 ), arsenite (As 3+ ) and arsenate (As 5+ ), the inorganic form (As 3+ or As 5+ ). (ijpsr.com)
  • These include surgical anesthetics, dental anesthetics such as Novocaine, vaccine preservatives and stray viruses, and many other poisons used routinely today in the medical profession. (hairanalysisuk.com)
  • Canadians may be exposed to the 11 antimony-containing substances, which include both trivalent and pentavalent forms of antimony, as they contribute to levels of antimony in environmental media, food, drinking water and/or products available to consumers. (canada.ca)
  • Cups formulated with antimony were sold as "puke chalices" that reacted with the acid in wine to release antimony molecules, which would cause vomiting. (advocatesaz.org)
  • Chemical fertilizers and human and animal waste contain these substances and they can find their way to your well water through groundwater movement, surface water seepage, and water run off. (topekaculligan.com)
  • Chances are that is exactly what you have done if you have a tattoo, because those substances are commonly found in the inks used for tattoos. (infinityhealthwellness.com)
  • When the poles of a voltaic apparatus are introduced into a mixture of the simple substances, it is found that four of them go to the positive, while the rest evince their state by passing to the negative pole. (todayinsci.com)
  • CEPA), the Minister of the Environment and the Minister of Health have conducted a screening assessment of 11 substances referred to collectively as the Antimony-containing Substances Group. (canada.ca)
  • Results from surveys under section 71 of CEPA indicate that the 11 antimony-containing substances in this group were manufactured or imported above reporting thresholds in either 2008 or 2011. (canada.ca)
  • The ERC-I identified these 11 antimony-containing substances as having low ecological concern. (canada.ca)
  • Considering all available lines of evidence presented in this screening assessment, there is a low risk of harm to the environment from the 11 antimony-containing substances. (canada.ca)
  • So: arsenic for phosphorus? (corante.com)
  • What this group was looking for were hypothetical organisms that have learned to use arsenic instead of phosphorus. (corante.com)
  • There are environments that are much richer in arsenic (and its corresponding arsenate salts) than they are in phosphorus. (corante.com)
  • Fluoride is naturally found in nature's own aquifers and naturally shows up in your well water. (topekaculligan.com)
  • It is also found that common ball clay contains naturally occurring dioxin and that firing releases the dioxin into the air. (goshen.edu)
  • This makes the arsenic-from-the-ground-up idea look a lot more plausible, too, and you can be sure that the search for such organisms (using arsenate naturally, without having to be forced in the lab) will intensify. (corante.com)
  • Antimony (Sb) is a naturally occurring semi-metal. (canada.ca)
  • The following paragraphs discuss three of the most common and dangerous heavy metal toxins: Arsenic The use of this toxic element in numerous industrial processes has resulted in its presence in many biological and ecological systems. (directcurrentmusic.com)
  • Arsenic is a highly toxic element that has been used historically for purposes of suicide and homicide. (directcurrentmusic.com)
  • Among them the inorganic form (As 3+ or As 5+) of arsenic (As) is highly toxic and mobile in the environment compared to the organic form (As 3- or As 5- ). (ijpsr.com)
  • After all, in higher organisms, it's that arsenate-for-phosphate switch that's responsible for arsenic's reputation as a poison. (corante.com)
  • Form, Antimony is a silvery-white, soft metal that will not dissolve in water. (murderuk.com)
  • Snow runoff and rainfall can also be a source of microorganisms finding their way to your well water. (topekaculligan.com)
  • These microorganisms are also found in human and animal waste and underground storage tanks and leach fields that malfunction and leak can also contaminate your well water. (topekaculligan.com)
  • These lurkers find their way into your well water from chemical spills, waste disposal plants, and surface water run off. (topekaculligan.com)
  • Arsenic (As) is widely distributed in water, soil, air and biota from natural and anthropogenic sources 1, 2 . (ijpsr.com)
  • The observed arsenic (As) levels in the drinking water often exceed the WHO standard guideline (10 μg/l) in more than 42 nations including China, Australia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Bangladesh and India. (ijpsr.com)
  • Approximately 150 million people have been affected by drinking water contaminated with arsenic (As). (ijpsr.com)
  • The levels of arsenic (As) in drinking water in several countries worldwide cause a major public health issue. (ijpsr.com)
  • According to the North Eastern Regional Institute of Water and Land Management (NERIWALM) report 2007, the arsenic (As) levels in Assam, Manipur, Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh were above 300 parts per billion (ppb). (ijpsr.com)
  • According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), uptake of water contaminated with arsenic (As) levels of over 50 ppb can cause skin lesions and even cancer. (ijpsr.com)
  • toxic elements have found their way into food, water, air and soil because of their deliberate uses for decades. (healthcareontime.com)
  • What Minerals are Commonly found in Tap water, Well water and City water? (kitchenqueries.com)
  • Arsine gas is formed when arsenic-containing materials react with freshly formed hydrogen in water or acids (NIOSH 2005). (cdc.gov)
  • An EPA environmental impact found that 724 miles (1,165 km) of Appalachian streams were buried by valley fills between 1985 to 2001, and that streams near valley fills from mountaintop removal contain high levels of minerals in the water and decreased aquatic biodiversity. (gem.wiki)
  • Pesticides and herbicides are another group of toxic chemicals that are found in our water supplies and in many foods. (hairanalysisuk.com)
  • Mice exposed to arsenic at 10 mg/kg body weight showed development of anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment compared to control mice in elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • Arsenic (As) poisoning has caused an environmental catastrophe in Bangladesh as millions of people are exposed to As-contaminated drinking water. (bvsalud.org)
  • As-exposed mice spent significantly reduced time in open arms and increased time spent in closed arms in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, whereas they took significantly longer time to find the hidden platform in the Morris water maze (MWM) test and spent significantly less time in the desired quadrant when compared to the control mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • The major sources of antimony in drinking water are discharge from petroleum refineries, fire retardants, ceramics, electronics and solder waste. (experttoxicologist.com)
  • And oh, by the way, not to poison our environment or our drinking water either. (sol.center)
  • Find out which contaminants are found above Legal and Health Guidelines. (qualitywatertreatment.com)
  • Each photo in this project was selected to represent one of the 28 contaminants found in the Border Patrol report. (williambay.com)
  • however, a poison that is ingested is filtered and, to some degree, metabolized by the liver before reaching the vascular bed. (cloudaccess.net)
  • In cases of slow poisoning the signs are jaundiced skin, weakness and restlessness, headache and dizzy spells, with occasional spells of paralysis. (murderuk.com)
  • Thirty of those tested showed "very elevated" antimony levels, Haimes and the union said. (firerescue1.com)
  • In addition, they may be exposed to higher levels than adults in the same location because of their short stature and the higher levels of arsine found nearer to the ground. (cdc.gov)
  • A significantly decreased acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were found in the brain of arsenic-exposed mice compared to control mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • Interestingly, supplementation of fenugreek seed powder to arsenic-treated mice significantly restored the activity of cholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase) as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the brain tissue of arsenic-exposed mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2 There is limited evidence of antimony carcinogenicity in humans and insufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (experttoxicologist.com)
  • The harmful effects of arsenic (As) on health are cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and cancer. (ijpsr.com)
  • Thus, this study suggests that fenugreek seed powder reduces arsenic-induced neurotoxicity in mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • Arsenopyrite is the result of a high dosage of arsenic. (kitchenqueries.com)
  • Dosage was difficult to control, however, which meant that sufferers could accidentally poison themselves to death. (advocatesaz.org)
  • Effects, Not completely agreed upon in the scientific community, but, it is believed that arsenic interferes with certain enzymes and chemicals in the body. (murderuk.com)
  • According to the list of comprehensive environment response, compensation, and liability (CERCLA) Act, in US, arsenic (As) is one of the top five toxic chemicals 4, 5 . (ijpsr.com)
  • Arsenic was formerly used in pesticides and can enter your well through runoff from nearby farms. (topekaculligan.com)
  • Aetna considers the use of chelation therapy experimental and investigational in the prevention and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease (e.g., atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease , coronary artery disease, individuals who had a myocardial infarction), neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. (aetna.com)
  • Silicosis and lung cancer in the U.S. metal miners. (cdc.gov)
  • Galena poisoning can be fatal for miners and personnel in extraction operations. (kitchenqueries.com)
  • Even so, the local firefighters union Wednesday was sticking to the conclusion it reached late last year - that department-issued FireWear uniform pants were poisoning them with antimony, a fire retardant and heavy metal related to arsenic. (firerescue1.com)
  • Children with heavy metal poisoning may have unusually formed or weakened bones. (hdcproductsinc.com)
  • Treatment, Similar to arsenic poisoning, the stomach needs to be pumped, and a formula called dimercaprol is given , this needs to be done within 1 - 2 hours so as to neutralize the poison. (murderuk.com)
  • Treatment , The first course of action, if the doctor knows that it is arsenic poisoning, is to pump the stomach. (murderuk.com)
  • Milk is often given to penitents as it acts a a binder in the stomach for arsenic and other metal derivatives. (murderuk.com)
  • Although, its natural sources are igneous and sedimentary rocks, the anthropogenic source of arsenic (As) plays an important role to maintain its concentration in our environment. (ijpsr.com)
  • The arsenic (As) concentration in the north-eastern states of India is greater than 0.05 mg/l, implying that millions of people are at serious risk of as poisoning 11 . (ijpsr.com)
  • found mainly in the bones, calcium also has a role in the transmission of nerve impulses, in muscle contraction, coagulation and oxygen delivery to tissues. (oligoscan.fr)