• NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3 and NOTCH4 are transmembrane receptors that transduce juxtacrine signals of the delta‑like canonical Notch ligand (DLL)1, DLL3, DLL4, jagged canonical Notch ligand (JAG)1 and JAG2. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Small‑molecule γ‑secretase inhibitors (AL101, MRK‑560, nirogacestat and others) and antibody‑based biologics targeting Notch ligands or receptors [ABT‑165, AMG 119, rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova‑T) and others] have been developed as investigational drugs. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This cytokine is a ligand for receptors TNFRSF13B /TACI, TNFRSF17 /BCMA, and TNFRSF13C /BAFF-R. This cytokine is expressed in B cell lineage cells, and acts as a potent B cell activator. (wikidoc.org)
  • [4] BAFF is the natural ligand of three unusual tumor necrosis factor receptors named BAFF-R (BR3), TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor), and BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen), all of which have differing binding affinities for it. (wikidoc.org)
  • All these ligands act as homotrimers (i.e. three of the same molecule) interacting with homotrimeric receptors, [6] although BAFF has been known to be active as either a hetero- or homotrimer (can aggregate into 60-mer depending on the primary structure of the protein). (wikidoc.org)
  • These breaks are necessary to create the vast diversity seen in lymphocyte antigen receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results also suggest constraining a ligand on the surface of a nanoparticle might as general strategy for selectively targeting clustered receptors. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • As a member of the TNF family , LT-α binds to various receptors and activates the NF-κB pathway , thus promoting immune regulation through the innate immune response. (wikidoc.org)
  • Activation of LT-β receptors is capable of inducing cell death of cancerous cells and suppressing tumor growth. (wikidoc.org)
  • Several antigens have been used as targets for CAR-T cell therapy against MM, including B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), CD19, CD138, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 7 (SLAM7), and immunoglobulin light chains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CD153 (cluster of differentiation 153) also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF8 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • B-cell activating factor ( BAFF ) also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF13B gene . (wikidoc.org)
  • CD153 is a cytokine ligand for the TNF receptor CD30. (wikipedia.org)
  • Detects human CD30 ligand/TNFSF8 in direct ELISAs. (rndsystems.com)
  • Mouse myeloma cell line NS0-derived human CD30 Ligand/TNFSF8. (rndsystems.com)
  • CD30 ligand (CD30L)/TNFSF8 is a type II membrane protein belonging to the TNF superfamily. (rndsystems.com)
  • The specific receptor for CD30L is CD30/TNFRSF8, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the TNF receptor superfamily. (rndsystems.com)
  • CD30 was originally identified as a cell surface antigen of Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg cells using the monoclonal antibody Ki-1. (rndsystems.com)
  • Human and mouse CD30 ligand cDNAs share 70% sequence homology. (rndsystems.com)
  • CD30 is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor super family 8 (TNFRSF8), mediating its effects through a number of signaling pathways that produce a survival advantage to the cells on which the protein is overexpressed. (aad.org)
  • Stimulation of CD30 leads signal mediation through tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated proteins (TRAF), thereby stimulating the nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkB) pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. (aad.org)
  • In reactive conditions, CD30 receptor and ligand (CD30L, CD153) expression is normally seen on activated T-immunoblasts and B-immunoblasts. (aad.org)
  • It is closely associated with B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) receptor, transmembrane activator, calcium modulator, and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Notch signaling cascades crosstalk with fibroblast growth factor and WNT signaling cascades in the tumor microenvironment to maintain cancer stem cells and remodel the tumor microenvironment. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Gene NT5E encodes the ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73), which facilitates the formation of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) permissive for tumor progression in various malignancies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tumors exhibit significant myeloid cell infiltrates, which are actively recruited to the tumor microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
  • Finally, we will comment on the mechanisms regulating myeloid cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment and on the potential of myeloid cells as new targets for cancer therapy. (hindawi.com)
  • CD70, also known as CD27L, is a 50 kD type II transmembrane glycoprotein and member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. (biolegend.com)
  • The mouse monoclonal antibody NGFR5 (originally C34C) recognizes an epitope within ammino acids 1 - 160 of CD271/NGFR, a 75 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein of the TNFR superfamily. (exbio.cz)
  • There is ample evidence that PD-1, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, regulates the magnitude and quality of T cell responses. (frontiersin.org)
  • The PD-1 gene is a CD28 family member that is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most common example of this type of fusion protein combines the hinge and Fc regions of an immunoglobulin (Ig) with domains of a cell-surface receptor that recognizes a specific ligand (Box 1). (coek.info)
  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a novel immunotherapy which modifies T cells with CAR, an artificial fusion protein that incorporates an extracellular antigen recognition domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain including costimulation and signaling components [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [5] TACI binds worst since its affinity is higher for a protein similar to BAFF, called a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). (wikidoc.org)
  • The shelf life is related to many factors, storage state, buffer ingredients, storage temperature and the stability of the protein itself. (cusabio.com)
  • A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds to CD27 ANTIGEN . (nih.gov)
  • Programmed cell death protein (PD-1) and its ligands play a fundamental role in the evasion of tumor cells from antitumor immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • For this purpose, WIN 55,212-2 was injected in pregnant wistar rats from gestation day 5 to 20 and a detailed analysis of the levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as of the signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) was carried out in adult offspring. (researchgate.net)
  • Lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-α) or tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTA gene . (wikidoc.org)
  • As a cytotoxic protein, LT-α causes the destruction of cancerous cell lines, activates signaling pathways, and effectively kills transformed tumor cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • BAFF is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. (wikidoc.org)
  • Lymphotoxin alpha, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family , is a cytokine produced by lymphocytes . (wikidoc.org)
  • Engagement of CD40 by CD40L results in the recruitment of TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs) to the cytoplasmic domain of CD40 [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene landscape and correlation between B-cell infiltration and programmed death ligand 1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. (cancer-genetics.org)
  • Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), a mediator of the PD-1 receptor, plays an inhibitory role in cancer immune responses. (cancer-genetics.org)
  • Small-molecule inhibitors, antagonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), bispecific antibodies or biologics (bsAbs) and chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-Ts) targeting Notch signaling components have been developed as investigational anti-cancer drugs ( 10 - 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This detection antibody binds to the antigen thus completing the sandwich. (biosensis.com)
  • Thompson SJ, Schatteman GC, Gown AM, Bothwell M: A monoclonal antibody against nerve growth factor receptor. (exbio.cz)
  • Some studies have found that high levels of antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are related to HT-related thyroid tumors. (medsci.org)
  • Antibodies of the IgG sub-class are bi-functional molecules, possessing a F(ab) domain, variable in sequence and responsible for the binding of antigen, and an Fc domain, constant in sequence and responsible for mediating a range of antibody effector functions [ 1 ]. (bmj.com)
  • Its ligand, CD154 or CD40L, has a more restricted expression pattern and is found primarily on activated T cells, B cells, and platelets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Myeloid cells promote tumor growth by stimulating tumor angiogenesis, suppressing tumor immunity, and promoting metastasis to distinct sites. (hindawi.com)
  • Many of the current efforts regarding anti-cancer drug development are focused on directing tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. (mdpi.com)
  • In a microarray approach, we found the suppression of tumorigenicity 5 (ST5) gene is upregulated by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), the OC differentiation factor. (molcells.org)
  • Specific growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), stimulate the proliferation and migration of naturally quiescent endothelial cells, resulting in the formation of new vessel structures during embryonic development and tumor growth [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This suggested that EPCs are able to differentiate into endothelial cells and that such cells are incorporated into sites of active angiogenesis including ischemia, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis in adult organisms [ 16 , 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • PDF) Kraan J, van den Broek P, Verhoef C, Grunhagen DJ, Taal W, Gratama JW, Sleijfer SEndothelial CD276 (B7-H3) expression is increased in human malignancies and distinguishes between normal and tumour-derived circulating endothelial cells. (researchgate.net)
  • Results: No difference in antigen expression between normal and malignant endothelial cells (ECs) was found for CD54, CD109, CD137, CD141, CD144 and CXCR7. (researchgate.net)
  • Unlike other members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily of transmembrane proteins, CD271 has unique intracellular domain structure (lacks catalytic activity) and downstream signaling partners. (exbio.cz)
  • The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
  • Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
  • The gut needs to produce a strong protective immune response to resist the invasion of pathogenic antigens, while similar reactions to harmless antigens such as dietary proteins or symbiotic microorganisms, may lead to chronic inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • For the quantification of CD40 ligand (CD40L) in Culture Supernatant, Serum, Plasma (EDTA), Plasma (Heparin). (biosensis.com)
  • Scientific Background CD40L is the ligand for CD40, a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. (biosensis.com)
  • Much of our understanding of CD40/CD40L biology comes from the interaction between antigen presenting cells [CD40 expression on either dendritic cells (DC) or B cells] and CD40L-expressing T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Physiologic dsDNA breaks are generated in a variety of normal cellular functions, including the RAG endonuclease-mediated rearrangement of antigen receptor genes during the normal development of lymphocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are related to positive clinical prognoses in numerous cancer types. (cancer-genetics.org)
  • To investigate the migraine locus around the C19p13 region through analysis of the NOTCH3 gene (C19p13.2-p13.1), previously shown to be a gene involved in CADASIL and the TNFSF7 gene (C19p13), homologous to the ligands of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta, genes that have previously been associated with migraine. (openneurologyjournal.com)
  • Phase III clinical trials of Rova‑T for patients with small‑cell lung cancer and a phase III clinical trial of nirogacestat for patients with desmoid tumors are ongoing. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The interaction of PRRSV with the immune system is believed to be of critical importance for defining immunological and clinical outcomes of the infection and, along with other factors, is associated with an inefficient development of the adaptive immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We studied the relationship between KIR-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) combinations and the clinical outcomes of patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). (cdc.gov)
  • There is an unmet need to develop novel therapies for refractory/relapsed MM. In the past few years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell therapy for MM has shown promising efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • absence/loss of pan B-cell and pan T-cell antigens), reactive cell population of other lineage, aberrant antigen expression, gene rearrangement studies, lineage infidelity, dual clones, and composite lymphomas. (aad.org)
  • NOTCH3 gene sequencing results for affected members of MF1 proved to be negative for all known sequence variants giving rise to mutations for CADASIL. (openneurologyjournal.com)
  • In other studies, mice with gene knockout of LT-α showed enhanced tumor growth, implicating possible protective role of LT-α in cancer. (wikidoc.org)
  • [15] The production of NF-kB1 and ReIA increases rates of gene transcription of cytokines and inflammatory-inducing molecules. (wikidoc.org)
  • All of the CD3 polypeptide chains (shown in green), except for the ζ (zeta) chains, have extracellular Ig-like domains and are therefore members of the Ig superfamily. (nih.gov)
  • BCMA, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, is exclusively expressed in a subpopulation of B cells, normal plasma cells, and malignant plasma cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Possible mechanisms for overcoming the resistance of HPV-infected tumor cells to anticancer drugs will be discussed. (mdpi.com)
  • Diversity of intraepithelial CD8aa T cells that recognize antigens from commensal flora. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Triggered by its ligands CD271 affects growth, differentiation, migration and death of the nervous system cells. (exbio.cz)
  • They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
  • The 4-1BB receptor (CDw137), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, has been shown to costimulate the activation of T cells. (rupress.org)
  • Myeloid cells are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that play a critical role during growth and metastasis of malignant tumors. (hindawi.com)
  • In this review, we discuss the role of myeloid cells in promoting tumor angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
  • Importantly, during tumor progression, myeloid cells are implicated in promoting tumor angiogenesis, causing resistance against antiangiogenic therapies in cancer, and suppressing the immune response during cancer [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In 1971, Dr. Judah Folkman observed that neovascularization occurs around tumors and proposed that new blood vessel growth is necessary to supply nutrients and oxygen to tumor cells during exponential tumor growth [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Although tumor cells were first thought to drive the cellular events underpinning tumor angiogenesis and growth, considerable evidence has now emerged for the central role of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in this phenomenon [ 8 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Subsequent studies described a VEGFR2 and AC133 expressing subpopulation of these CD34 positive circulating cells that could form endothelial colonies in vitro [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Remarkably, Clec4a4+ eosinophils were instructed by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that imprints many gut immune cells. (stanford.edu)
  • On the other hand, phagosomes are formed when the pathogen is engulfed by macrophages and fuse with lysosomes to release enzymes and toxic substances, resulting in killing or having cytotoxic effects on bacteria and tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cell-cell interactions between antigen presenting cells and T cells provide bidirectional signaling that is critical for the activation, maturation, and effector function of both cell types. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, increasing data have shown that peripheral T-cell tolerance is an essential property of the specific immune response to tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, it has been shown that the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) is highly expressed in leukemia cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 or CD20 is expressed on the surface of all B-cells beginning at the pro-B phase and progressively increasing in concentration until maturity. (wikimili.com)
  • Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • [6] Hence depending on the context, LT-α may function to prevent growth of cancer cells or facilitate the development of tumors. (wikidoc.org)
  • Finally, these signaling pathways induce expression of the nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), which is a key transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis. (molcells.org)
  • Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, occurs at different stages during embryonic development, physiological processes such as wound healing and reproduction, and numerous diseases, including inflammation, tumor progression, and metastasis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • [3] [6] However, mice with overexpression of LT-α or LT-β showed increased tumor growth and metastasis in several models of cancer. (wikidoc.org)
  • We are beginning to understand the power of co-inhibitors in the context of lymphocyte homeostasis and the pathogenesis of leukemia, which involves several newly described co-inhibitory pathways, including the programmed death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [15] Activation of signaling pathways such as NF-κB ultimately leads to various cellular fates, including cell proliferation and cell death. (wikidoc.org)
  • These observations stimulated an intensive search for the mechanisms regulating tumor angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
  • CD137 (4-1BB), or tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9), is a promising target for enhancing antitumor immune responses without the autoimmune side effects associated with immunotherapy approaches (1). (biocare.net)
  • Anti-CD137 or anti-CD137L (the ligand of CD137) targeted immunotherapy has been extensively studied, seeking to enhance anticancer immune responses (2). (biocare.net)
  • Two main advantages of BCMA as an antigen for CAR-T therapy are the potential reduction of on-target/off-tumor toxicity and the lack of antigen-dependent reduction in CAR-T cell expansion [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A potential disadvantage of BCMA is that soluble BCMA can be released or shed from tumors into the the surrounding tissues and into the circulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
  • This is one mechanism by which a T cell can become tolerant to self antigens. (nih.gov)
  • A) A mature antigen-presenting cell can deliver both signal 1 and 2 and thereby activate the T cell. (nih.gov)
  • [1] [2] Belonging to the hematopoietic cell line, LT-α exhibits anti-proliferative activity and causes the cellular destruction of tumor cell lines. (wikidoc.org)
  • [6] LT-α plays an important role in innate immune regulation and its presence has been shown to prevent tumor growth and destroy cancerous cell lines. (wikidoc.org)
  • Canonical Notch signaling activates the transcription of BMI1 proto‑oncogene polycomb ring finger, cyclin D1, CD44, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, hes family bHLH transcription factor 1, hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1, MYC, NOTCH3, RE1 silencing transcription factor and transcription factor 7 in a cellular context‑dependent manner, while non‑canonical Notch signaling activates NF‑κB and Rac family small GTPase 1. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Methods: Identification of tumour-associated endothelial markers (TEM) by comparing antigen expression on normal vs t-CEC and assess the presence of t-CEC in peripheral blood of cancer patients by incorporating TEM in our novel flow cytometry-based CEC detection assay. (researchgate.net)
  • Upregulation of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 is observed during acute virus infection and after infection with persistent viruses including important human pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV). (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, ST5 downregulation decreased expression of NFATc1, a key transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis. (molcells.org)
  • [7] In contrast, unregulated expression of LT-α can result in a constantly active signaling pathway, thus leading to uncontrolled cellular growth and creation of tumors . (wikidoc.org)