monoclonal antibody
- 1990) Intraperitoneal yttrium-90-labeled monoclonal antibody in ovarian cancer, J . (springer.com)
- Woo, D.V., Li, D., Mattis, J.A. and Steplewski, Z. (1989) Selective chromosomal damage and cytotoxicity of 125 I-labeled monoclonal antibody 17-la in human cancer cells. (springer.com)
- 1991) Three-step monoclonal antibody tumor targeting in carcinoembryonic antigen-positive patients. (springer.com)
- Characterization of mAb6-9-1 monoclonal antibody against hemagglutinin of avian influenza virus H5N1 and its engineered derivative, single-chain variable fragment antibody. (semanticscholar.org)
- The affinity of hCo4 was found to be the same as that of a single-chain antibody constructed from a monoclonal antibody to collagenase IV. (springer.com)
- Therapeutic monoclonal antibody (TMA) based therapies for cancer have advanced significantly over the past two decades both in their molecular sophistication and clinical efficacy. (biomedcentral.com)
- A bispecific monoclonal antibody (BsMAb, BsAb) is an artificial protein that can simultaneously bind to two different types of antigen. (wikipedia.org)
- This format retains the traditional monoclonal antibody (mAb) structure of two Fab arms and one Fc region, except the two Fab sites bind different antigens. (wikipedia.org)
- In the case of Ebola vaccines, this method allows the antibody to target intracellular targets not usually accessible by traditional monoclonal antibody treatments. (wikipedia.org)
- A trifunctional antibody is a monoclonal antibody with binding sites for two different antigens, typically CD3 and a tumor antigen, making it a type of bispecific monoclonal antibody. (wikipedia.org)
- Regions of high CEA levels in the body can be detected with the monoclonal antibody arcitumomab. (wikipedia.org)
- In 2002 he became a member of the SIOPEN group and got involved in the clinical development of a monoclonal antibody directed against ganglioside GD2 (ch14.18/CHO). (wikipedia.org)
- All monoclonal antibody names end with the stem -mab. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike most other pharmaceuticals, monoclonal antibody nomenclature uses different preceding word parts (morphemes) depending on structure and function. (wikipedia.org)
fragments
- Due to their lower production cost compared with monoclonal antibodies, single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) have potential for use in several applications, such as for diagnosis and treatment of a range of diseases, and as sensor elements. (mdpi.com)
- Recombinant immunotoxins, consisting of single-chain variable fragments (scFv) genetically fused to polypeptide toxins, represent potentially effective candidates for cancer therapeutics. (semanticscholar.org)
- Single chain variable domain (Fv) fragments ( scFv) are powerful tools in research and clinical settings, owing to better pharmacokinetic properties compared to the parent monoclonal antibodies and the relative ease of producing them in large quantities, at low cost. (mdpi.com)
- As an alternative approach we exploited recombinant antibody fragments to localize a costimulatory B7 molecule to the surface of tumor cells. (aacrjournals.org)
- Antibody fragments from a "single pot" phage display library as imrnunochemical reagents, EMBO J. , 1994, 13: 692. (springer.com)
- Single-chain variable fragments lack the constant Fc region found in complete antibody molecules, and, thus, the common binding sites (e.g., protein G) cannot be used to purify antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
- These fragments can often be purified or immobilized using protein L, since protein L interacts with the variable region of kappa light chains. (wikipedia.org)
- For unknown reasons, some scFv can also be captured by protein A. Divalent (or bivalent) single-chain variable fragments (di-scFvs, bi-scFvs) can be engineered by linking two scFvs. (wikipedia.org)
- All of these formats can be composed from variable fragments with specificity for two different antigens, in which case they are types of bispecific antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
- Icell Kealex Therapeutics is developing oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with T-cell-engaging antibody fragments that boost the virus's antitumor efficacy. (nature.com)
- In addition to using tumor cells to replicate and to infect other tumor cells via the standard oncolytic cycle, IKT's engineered VVs use their host cells to synthesize immunostimulating bispecific antibody fragments. (nature.com)
- IKT's VVs secrete a so-called T cell engager consisting of two single-chain variable antibody fragments: a tumor-specific fragment, and a CD3- specific fragment. (nature.com)
- BiTEs are fusion proteins consisting of two single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) of different antibodies, or amino acid sequences from four different genes, on a single peptide chain of about 55 kilodaltons. (wikipedia.org)
- These include chemically linked Fabs, consisting of only the Fab regions, and various types of bivalent and trivalent single-chain variable fragments (scFvs). (wikipedia.org)
- With a molecular weight of only 12-15 kDa, single-domain antibodies are much smaller than common antibodies (150-160 kDa) which are composed of two heavy protein chains and two light chains, and even smaller than Fab fragments (~50 kDa, one light chain and half a heavy chain) and single-chain variable fragments (~25 kDa, two variable domains, one from a light and one from a heavy chain). (wikipedia.org)
- Cartilaginous fishes also have heavy-chain antibodies (IgNAR, 'immunoglobulin new antigen receptor'), from which single-domain antibodies called VNAR fragments can be obtained. (wikipedia.org)
- This picomolar affinity binding results in the diseased cells becoming coated in CD3 co-receptor specific scFv antibody fragments that constitute the ImmTAC effector function. (wikipedia.org)
- The stem -mab is used for monoclonal antibodies as well as for their fragments, as long as at least one variable domain (the domain that contains the target binding structure) is included. (wikipedia.org)
- This is the case for antigen binding fragments and single-chain variable fragments, among other artificial proteins. (wikipedia.org)
irradiated tumor cells
- (b) T cells were co-cultured with PC3 tumor cell lines expressing CD19 and/or PSMA (arrows indicate re-stimulation of T cells using freshly irradiated tumor cells). (nih.gov)
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proteins
- The strategy of intracellular antibodies to neutralize the function of target proteins has been widely developed for cancer research. (aacrjournals.org)
- Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a sequence-specific transcription factor that belongs to the reticuloendotheliosis (Rel) family proteins ( 3 , 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Plant viral vectors delivered by Agrobacterium are the basis of several manufacturing processes that are currently in use for producing a wide range of proteins for multiple applications, including vaccine antigens, antibodies, protein nanoparticles such as virus-like particles (VLPs), and other protein and protein-RNA scaffolds. (springer.com)
- Although well established, this technology is laborious, and it is biased by the experimental animal immune system, which limits the ability to reach a high-affinity antibody against conserved mammal proteins. (mdpi.com)
- Additionally, the heterologous character of those proteins turn them often immunogenic to humans eliciting HAMA response (Human Anti-Mouse Antibodies), which restrict their therapeutic use [ 5 ]. (mdpi.com)
- (aacrjournals.org)
- Bacterially expressed CD86 111 -scFv fusion proteins specifically localized to the respective target antigens on the surface of tumor cells and markedly enhanced the proliferation of primary T cells when bound to immobilized tumor antigen. (aacrjournals.org)
- However, treatment with such antibodies and cytotoxic antibody fusion proteins does generally not result in the induction of specific antitumor immunity and cannot prevent possible tumor recurrence if disseminated tumor cells escape cytotoxic therapy. (aacrjournals.org)
- This causes T cells to exert cytotoxic activity on tumor cells by producing proteins like perforin and granzymes, independently of the presence of MHC I or co-stimulatory molecules. (wikipedia.org)
- These proteins enter tumor cells and initiate the cell's apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
- There are also fusion proteins mimicking the variable domains of two antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
- He demonstrated that treatment with immunocytokines, which are antibody-cytokine fusion proteins, is effective in this model and that this approach is synergistic with inhibition of angiogenesis as well as tumor vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
- Immunofluorescence is a widely used example of immunostaining (using antibodies to stain proteins) and is a specific example of immunohistochemistry (the use of the antibody-antigen relationship in tissues). (wikipedia.org)
- ImmTACs are fusion proteins that combine an engineered T Cell Receptor (TCR) based targeting system with a single chain antibody fragment (scFv) effector function. (wikipedia.org)
- but, whereas antibodies are restricted to targeting cell surface or secreted proteins TCRs can recognise peptides derived from intracellular targets presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA). (wikipedia.org)
Molecules
- Expression of B7 molecules on tumor cells can result in the activation of tumor specific T lymphocytes and induce protective antitumor immunity. (aacrjournals.org)
- The first signal is antigen-specific and is generated by interaction of the T-cell receptor with peptide-bearing MHC molecules. (aacrjournals.org)
- Although many tumor cells express MHC class I molecules and are able to present antigens, most do not provide costimulation, a possible mechanism for tumor cells to evade immune surveillance. (aacrjournals.org)
- Strategies to provide tumor cells with members of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules have led to promising results. (aacrjournals.org)
- Collagenase IV has been therefore considered as one of the novel indicative molecules for tumor diagnosis and treatment. (springer.com)
- These molecules were created to facilitate phage display, where it is highly convenient to express the antigen-binding domain as a single peptide. (wikipedia.org)
- Janda has also worked creating peptide and antibody molecules for the treatment of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- Oncomatryx is developing a new generation of biological anti-tumor drugs, combining cytotoxic molecules and monoclonal antibodies specifically directed towards tumor associated stroma. (wikipedia.org)
- Since the number of fluorescent molecules that can be bound to the primary antibody is limited, direct immunofluorescence is substantially less sensitive than indirect immunofluorescence and may result in false negatives. (wikipedia.org)
Protein
- 1985) Down-modulation of an oncogene protein product and reversion of the transformed phenotype by monoclonal antibodies. (springer.com)
- 1990) Mutation of the human neu protein facilitates down-modulation by monoclonal antibodies. (springer.com)
- EGF binding to its receptor triggers a rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the erbB-2 protein in the mammary tumor cell line SK-BR-3. (springer.com)
- Robust techniques combining an antibody library displayed on the phage surface and protein microarray allowed the identification of auto antibodies recognized by patient sera. (mdpi.com)
- The novel multispecies Fc-specific Pseudomonas exotoxin A fusion protein α-Fc-ETA' enables screening of antibodies for immunotoxin development. (semanticscholar.org)
- ScFvs have found applications as tools for in vivo loss-of-function studies and inactivation of specific protein domains, diagnostic imaging, tumor therapy and treatment for neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. (mdpi.com)
- (c) T cells (1.0 × 10 6 ) described in ( a,b) were injected intravenously into NSG mice bearing green fluorescent protein/firefly-luciferase fusion protein (GFP/Luc) expressing CD19 + PSMA + PC3 human prostate tumors. (nih.gov)
- To study the biochemical properties of the Deinococcus radiodurans bacteriophytochrome (DrBphP) protein, two anti-DrBphP mouse monoclonal antibodies (2B8 and 3H7) were generated. (koreascience.or.kr)
- These two antibodies with high reactivity for the short modified peptide sequences are valueble for developing new peptide tags for protein research. (koreascience.or.kr)
- A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) is not actually a fragment of an antibody, but instead is a fusion protein of the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) of immunoglobulins, connected with a short linker peptide of ten to about 25 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Initial development efforts focused mainly on humanizing the antibody protein to overcome problems of immunogenicity and on expanding of the target antigen repertoire. (biomedcentral.com)
- The trifunctional antibody is extracted chromatographically with protein A. Using two different species (mouse and rat) has the advantage that less mismatched antibodies are produced because rat light chains preferably pair with rat heavy chains, and mouse light chains with mouse heavy chains. (wikipedia.org)
- Synergy between an antiangiogenic integrin alphav antagonist and an antibody-cytokine fusion protein eradicates spontaneous tumor metastases. (wikipedia.org)
- To produce stable, soluble, high affinity TCRs capable of being used as diagnostics and therapeutics the two TCR protein chains are stabilised through the introduction of a novel disulphide bond between the 2 constant domains and the affinity increased 1-5 million fold to low picomolar values through phage display affinity maturation. (wikipedia.org)
- Although it is thought that virus protein has to be present to induce lymphomas in cats, newer evidence shows that a high percentage of FeLV-Antigen negative lymphomas contain FeLV-DNA, indicating a "hit-and-run" mechanism of virus-induced tumor development. (wikipedia.org)
- An antibody is a protein that is produced in B cells and used by the immune system of humans and other vertebrate animals to identify a specific foreign object like a bacterium or a virus. (wikipedia.org)
fragment
- A single-chain fragment of antibody variable region (scFv) against p65 was prepared using phage display technique. (aacrjournals.org)
- A single-domain antibody (sdAb, called Nanobody by Ablynx, the developer) is an antibody fragment consisting of a single monomeric variable antibody domain. (wikipedia.org)
- To provide the soluble, affinity enhanced TCR with a biological effector function the beta chain of the TCR is fused to an scFv antibody fragment specific for the CD3 T cell co-receptor, creating an ImmTAC. (wikipedia.org)
therapeutic
- Folkman J (1971) Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. (springer.com)
- Therapeutic use of antibodies is limited by methodological constraints in raising them. (mdpi.com)
- Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered NK-92 cells: An off-the-shelf cellular therapeutic for targeted elimination of cancer cells and induction of protective anti-tumor immunity. (georg-speyer-haus.de)
- Consequently, diabody drugs could be dosed much lower than other therapeutic antibodies and are capable of highly specific targeting of tumors in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
- Several potholes mark the winding road leading to the introduction of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (TMAs) into routine clinical practice. (biomedcentral.com)
- The company is entering phase 1 trials for solid tumors with its lead product and is looking to partner with companies interested in clinical codevelopment of its wide-ranging therapeutic pipeline. (nature.com)
- Catumaxomab, one of the first trifunctional antibodies approved for therapeutic use, binds both CD3 on cytotoxic T cells and EpCAM on human adenocarcinomas. (wikipedia.org)
molecule
- With greater understanding of these obstacles and the ability to engineer changes within the antibody molecule itself, there has been renewed enthusiasm for development and evaluation of immunoconjugates. (springer.com)
- One of the scFvs binds to T cells via the CD3 receptor, and the other to a tumor cell via a tumor specific molecule. (wikipedia.org)
- This technique uses the specificity of antibodies to their antigen to target fluorescent dyes to specific biomolecule targets within a cell, and therefore allows visualization of the distribution of the target molecule through the sample. (wikipedia.org)
- The primary antibody recognizes the target molecule (antigen) and binds to a specific region called the epitope. (wikipedia.org)
- the unlabeled first (primary) antibody specifically binds the target molecule, and the secondary antibody, which carries the fluorophore, recognizes the primary antibody and binds to it. (wikipedia.org)
scFv
- As an alternative, scFv can be created directly from subcloned heavy and light chains derived from a hybridoma. (wikipedia.org)
- The same heavy and light variable chains used for scFv construction can be used in the construction of Fab. (wikipedia.org)
metastasis
- The over-expression of collagenase IV in tumor tissues was found to be closely related to tumor metastasis. (springer.com)
- Since hCo4 is the smallest among all the antibodies specific for collagenase IV and it is of human origin, it has a potential to be applied for tumor irnmunotherapy and for the study of the relationship between collagenase IV and tumor metastasis. (springer.com)
- Oncomatryx and its collaborators and advisors have proved that peritumoral stroma, which is constituted by mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrix, plays a key role in tumor invasiveness and metastasis, at the same time being a physical barrier that prevents anti-cancer agents from reaching tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
- CEA is elevated more in tumors with lymph node and distant metastasis than in organ-confined tumors and, thus, varies directly with tumor stage. (wikipedia.org)
trifunctional antibodies
- The most common types are called trifunctional antibodies, as they have three unique binding sites on the antibody: the two Fab regions, and the Fc region. (wikipedia.org)
- Trifunctional antibodies were the first type of bispecific monoclonal antibodies to be produced. (wikipedia.org)
conventional antibodies
- Another avenue for novel anti-cancer therapies is re-engineering some of the currently used conventional antibodies like trastuzumab (targeting HER2/neu), cetuximab and panitumumab (both targeting the EGF receptor), using the BiTE approach. (wikipedia.org)
- For non-IgG-like bsMabs, their smaller size allows them to reach antigens usually unavailable to conventional antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
- At an equivalent dose a trifunctional antibody is more potent (more than 1,000-fold) in eliminating tumor cells than conventional antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
- These drugs evoke the removal of tumor cells by means of (i) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity, a process also described for conventional antibodies and more importantly by (ii) polyclonal cytotoxic T cell responses with emphasis on CD8 T cells. (wikipedia.org)
malignant
- Direct targeting of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) on malignant cells by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is regarded as a promising approach ( Simpson and Caballero, 2014 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Furthermore, despite the development of anti-drug antibody responses after the first catumaxomab application cycle a repeated cycle of catumaxomab also leads to a treatment success in recurrent malignant ascites. (wikipedia.org)
- In adults, CEA is primarily expressed in cells of tumors (some malignant, some benign)[citation needed] but they are particularly associated with the adenocarcinomas, such as those arising in the colon, lung, breast, stomach, or pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
specificity
- The concept of cancer targeting, which exploits the abundance of specific molecular epitopes on cancer cells, has been proposed as a strategy to enhance the efficacy and specificity of cancer therapy and diagnostics. (springer.com)
- Antibodies have been used for antigen detection and therapeutics, and their specificity combined with low toxicity make them a promising pharmaceutical commodity [ 1 ]. (mdpi.com)
- Despite advances in these areas, both TMAs and ADCs still carry limitations and we highlight the more important ones including cancer cell specificity, conjugation chemistry, tumor penetration, product heterogeneity and manufacturing issues. (biomedcentral.com)
- Even though some of these platforms are in advanced clinical testing, the generic nature of their immunomodulating activity has raised concerns about reduced efficacy and a lack of tumor specificity. (nature.com)
- This test, which is already being used in USA hospitals such as Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles, has 93.5% sensitivity and 94.2% specificity in detecting invasive breast tumors in biopsies. (wikipedia.org)
- Additionally, the binding of the fluorophore to the antibody itself cannot interfere with the immunological specificity of the antibody or the binding capacity of its antigen. (wikipedia.org)
binds
- Those derived from camelid and fish antibodies are less lipophilic and more soluble in water, owing to their complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3), which forms an extended loop (coloured orange in the ribbon diagram above) covering the lipophilic site that normally binds to a light chain. (wikipedia.org)
- After administration of the drug the picomolar affinity TCR portion of the ImmTAC binds to the cancerous or virally infected cell through specific recognition of target HLA-peptide complexes on their cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
cross reactivity
- Among the factors that have hindered development of antibody based therapy are the heterogeneity of tumor antigen expression, the Hmited penetration of bulk tumor masses by macromolecules, cross reactivity between tumor and normal host antigens and unfavourable patterns of antibody internalization . (springer.com)
- Because even monoclonal antibodies to CEA tend to have some degree of cross-reactivity, occasionally giving false positive results, it is commonly employed in combination with other immunohistochemistry tests, such as those for BerEp4, WT1, and calretinin. (wikipedia.org)
- This also limits the possibility of antibody cross-reactivity and possible mistakes throughout the process. (wikipedia.org)
bispecific monoclonal antibodies
- Bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) are a class of artificial bispecific monoclonal antibodies that are investigated for the use as anti-cancer drugs. (wikipedia.org)
cancer
- Ferrara N, Hillan KJ, Gerber HP, Novotny W (2004) Discovery and development of bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer. (springer.com)
- Phage display represents a high-throughput technique for screening billions of random fusion antibodies against virtually any target on the surface or inside cancer cells, or even soluble markers found in patient serum. (mdpi.com)
- Modulation of type-IV collagenase activity and invasion behavior of metastatic human melanoma (A20581 cells in vitro by monoclonal antibodies to type-IV collagenase, Int. J. Cancer , 1990, 46: 282. (springer.com)
- Cloning, expression and characterization of a single-chain antibody PS-9 targeted to pancreatic cancer, Science in China , Ser. (springer.com)
- TEM8/ANTXR1-specific CAR T cells as a targeted therapy for triple-negative breast cancer. (georg-speyer-haus.de)
- In parallel to naked TMAs, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have been developed for targeted delivery of potent anti-cancer drugs with the aim of bypassing the morbidity common to conventional chemotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
- These include selection of true cancer cell specific antigens, enhanced recruitment of bystander cell killing mechanisms, and development of more economic production technologies. (biomedcentral.com)
- In recent years, two of the most promising approaches to cancer therapy have been the use of oncolytic viruses to destroy tumors from within, and the development of cancer-specific immuno-stimulating strategies to engage the patient's own immune system to destroy tumor cells. (nature.com)
- Oncolytic viruses-viruses capable of preferential replication within tumor cells-have been under development as cancer therapeutics for the bet-ter part of the past two decades. (nature.com)
- IKT has developed a deep pipeline of TEA-VVs that express T cell engagers specific to a number of cancer-specific targets. (nature.com)
- In the medical area , current research addresses the need for patient-specific vaccines to treat cancer. (stanford.edu)
- Therapies that target primary tumors fail to eradicate distant dissemination of cancer. (stanford.edu)
- The most widely used application of this approach is in cancer immunotherapy, where bsMabs are engineered to simultaneously bind a cytotoxic cell and a target like a tumour cell to be destroyed. (wikipedia.org)
- Cancer immunotherapy with ordinary monoclonal antibodies does not activate T-lymphocytes because the Fab regions are already used for binding the tumour cells, and this type of cell does not have Fc receptors. (wikipedia.org)
- However, the serum levels are raised in some types of cancer, which means that it can be used as a tumor marker in clinical tests. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Serum from individuals with colorectal carcinoma often has higher levels of CEA than healthy individuals (above approximately 2.5 µg/L). CEA measurement is mainly used as a tumor marker to monitor colorectal carcinoma treatment, to identify recurrences after surgical resection, for staging or to localize cancer spread through measurement of biological fluids. (wikipedia.org)
- Single-domain antibodies are being researched for multiple pharmaceutical applications and have potential for use in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
- It is further implicated in breast cancer by increasing the metastatic potential of the original tumour by conferring the ability to promote vascularisation. (wikipedia.org)
- Increased levels of the IGF-IR are expressed in the majority of primary and metastatic prostate cancer patient tumors. (wikipedia.org)
- Their "GeneChip" products contain thousands of individual DNA sensors for use in sensing defects, or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in genes such as p53 (a tumor suppressor) and BRCA1 and BRCA2 (related to breast cancer). (wikipedia.org)
angiogenesis
- However, this may actually be advantageous for applications such as tumor perfusion and angiogenesis imaging. (wikipedia.org)
destroy tumors
- Using the prostate tumor antigens PSMA and PSCA, we show that co-transduced T cells destroy tumors that express both antigens but do not affect tumors expressing either antigen alone. (nih.gov)
brain tumors
- 60% of all primary brain tumors ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Early Treatment of HER2-amplified brain tumors with targeted NK-92 cells and focused ultrasound improves survival. (georg-speyer-haus.de)
solid tumors
- Delivery of molecular and cellular medicine to solid tumors. (semanticscholar.org)
- Figure 1: IKT's enhanced immuno-viral strategy for solid tumors. (nature.com)
lymphocytes
- Unlike treatment with traditional vaccinia virus (VV) therapeutics, which results in the survival of large numbers of uninfected 'bystander' cells (upper panel), IKT's T-cell-engager-armed VV (TEA-VV) enables the immune system to target uninfected cells (increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)) (lower panel). (nature.com)
- BiTE-Antikörper: Durch Bispezifität T-Lymphozyten gegen Tumorzellen richten" [BiTE antibodies: Directing T lymphocytes against tumor cells by bispecifity]. (wikipedia.org)
clinical
- These efforts have been successful as evidenced by the fact that several antibodies and vaccine antigens produced by magnifection are currently in clinical development. (springer.com)
- Examples of such antibodies will be discussed here with emphasis on those used as probes for molecular imaging and other clinical trials. (mdpi.com)
- For over twenty years, no such antibody was approved for clinical use, mainly because of manufacturing difficulties. (wikipedia.org)
- After application, the patient's immune system usually produces anti-drug antibodies, which represent early indicators for a beneficial clinical outcome. (wikipedia.org)
- It was the first, and as of May 2011 the only approved one of these antibodies in clinical use. (wikipedia.org)
- He investigated for the first time a novel delivery method of this antibody (patent) and he is currently leading two international clinical trials with this antibody. (wikipedia.org)
filamentous phage
- Since the advent of phage display technology, dating back to 1985, antibody libraries displayed on filamentous phage surfaces have been used to identify specific binders for many different purposes, including the recognition of tumors. (mdpi.com)
- Phage antibodies: filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains, Nature (London), 1990, 348: 552. (springer.com)
cytotoxic
- Bispecific antibodies also have a higher cytotoxic potential, and bind to antigens that are expressed relatively weakly. (wikipedia.org)
anti-tumor immunity
- First, the company has enlisted the Western Reserve strain to maximize oncolytic potential, and second, the targeted sensitization of bystander cells by TEA-VVs specifically induces anti-tumor immunity without activating other innate immunity mechanisms that might enhance viral clearance. (nature.com)
immunity
- Approximately 0.5% of pet cats are persistently infected with FeLV, but many more pet cats (>35%) have specific IgG antibodies which indicate prior exposure and subsequent development of immunity instead of infection. (wikipedia.org)
conjugates
- 1991) Adriamycin(hydrazone)-antibody conjugates require internalization and intracellular acid hydrolysis for antitumor activity. (springer.com)
- Indeed it is predicted that within the field of TMAs, the development of more effective Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) will be the focus of many biotech and pharmaceutical R&D programs over the near term. (biomedcentral.com)
ordinary monoclonal
- Like other bispecific antibodies, and unlike ordinary monoclonal antibodies, BiTEs form a link between T cells and tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
chimeric antibody
- Successful examples include rituximab, approved by the FDA since 1997, an anti-CD20 chimeric antibody that become an integral component of many treatment strategies for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [ 2 ], and OKT3, an anti-CD3 that is used to reduce graft rejection [ 3 ]. (mdpi.com)
- Thus, the human/mouse chimeric antibody basiliximab ends in -ximab just as does the human/macaque antibody gomiliximab. (wikipedia.org)
engagers
- The furthest developed of these are bispecific tandem di-scFvs, known as bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTE antibody constructs). (wikipedia.org)
- The furthest developed of these newer formats are the bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs). (wikipedia.org)
- Another way of immunotherapeutic intervention strategies is the exploration of bispecific antibodies with different structures, of which bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) have been produced since the mid-2000s. (wikipedia.org)
cells
- After the injection of pFv/nu-transfected glioma cells, preestablished tumors were almost completely regressed when compared with mock, pCMV/nu, and pGFP/nu. (aacrjournals.org)
- Intracellular expression of antibodies provides a novel approach for the manipulation of biochemical processes in intact cells. (springer.com)
- Genes encoding single-chain Fv domains (scFvs) directed to the extracellular portion of these receptors were derived from hybridoma cells producing the corresponding monoclonal antibodies. (springer.com)
- Combinatorial antigen recognition with balanced signaling promotes selective tumor eradication by engineered T cells. (nih.gov)
- Current T-cell engineering approaches redirect patient T cells to tumors by transducing them with antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that target a single antigen. (nih.gov)
- Here we present a strategy to render T cells specific for a tumor in the absence of a truly tumor-restricted antigen. (nih.gov)
- (a,b) T cells were mock transduced or were transduced with retroviruses encoding a CD19-specific CAR (19z1) and/or a PSMA-specific CCR (P28BB). (nih.gov)
- Because of their aberrant expression on tumor cells and their accessibility from the extracellular space, these receptors are suitable targets for directed tumor therapy. (aacrjournals.org)
- HER2 chimeric antigen receptor-modified virus-specific T cells for progressive glioblastoma: a phase I dose-escalation trial. (georg-speyer-haus.de)
- Tandem CAR T cells targeting HER2 and IL13Rα2 mitigate tumor antigen escape. (georg-speyer-haus.de)
- Icell Kealex Therapeutics (IKT), an oncology biotech startup based at the JLABS in Houston, Texas, is developing a novel oncolytic virus platform con-sisting of vaccinia viruses (VVs) that attack tumor cells by means of two distinct but complementary mechanisms 1-3 . (nature.com)
- Once secreted into the tumor microenvironment, these antibody frag-ments bind to uninfected 'bystander' tumor cells, turning them into targets for specific attack by the immune system. (nature.com)
- The mechanism of action of VV is a combination of the direct destruction of cells via virus-induced cell lysis and of immunostimulation in the tumor environment. (nature.com)
- Although cell lysis represents VV's main mechanism of action, its efficiency is vari-able, and large numbers of tumor cells-the so-called bystander cells-end up evading it. (nature.com)
- The purpose of this study is to characterize the molecular and cell biology of the tumor cells in lymphoma. (stanford.edu)
- This action mimics physiological processes observed during T cell attacks against tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The company bases its R&D on the recent discovery that tumor cells generate changes in the cells that surround them as well as in the extracellular matrix, facilitating invasion metastases. (wikipedia.org)
- IgG-like antibodies can be immunogenic, which means the Fc region could cause detrimental downstream immune responses caused by cells that are activated by Fc receptors. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, its intact Fc-part can bind to an Fc receptor on accessory cells like conventional monospecific antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
- The net effect is that this type of drug links T cells (via CD3) and monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells or other Fc receptor expressing cells to the tumor cells, leading to their destruction. (wikipedia.org)
- i.e. autologous antibodies as well as CD4 and CD8 T cells directed against the tumor were detected. (wikipedia.org)
- At first, mouse hybridoma cells whose monoclonal antibodies target one of the desired antigens are produced. (wikipedia.org)
- clarification needed] Antibodies to CEA are also commonly used in immunohistochemistry to identify cells expressing the glycoprotein in tissue samples. (wikipedia.org)
- Anti-neuroblastoma effect of ch14.18 antibody produced in CHO cells is mediated by NK-cells in mice. (wikipedia.org)
- The smaller size and single domain make these antibodies easier to transform into bacterial cells for bulk production, making them ideal for research purposes. (wikipedia.org)
- Naturally occurring TCRs are low affinity (0.18-387 micromolar range) 2-chain membrane receptors expressed on the surface of T cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Stage Three: The lymphoid system (which produces antibodies to attack infected and cancerous cells) becomes infected, with further distribution throughout the body. (wikipedia.org)
- Monoclonal antibodies are those that were produced in identical cells, often artificially, and so share the same target object. (wikipedia.org)
receptors
- We have downregulated cell surface expression of individual erbB receptors via intracellular antibody expression prior to analyzing ligand induced signaling. (springer.com)
- CD86 111 produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris and CD86 111 expressed in bacteria was functionally active and displayed specific binding to B7 counter receptors. (aacrjournals.org)
peptide chain
- This can be done by producing a single peptide chain with two VH and two VL regions, yielding tandem scFvs. (wikipedia.org)
- A single-domain antibody is a peptide chain of about 110 amino acids long, comprising one variable domain (VH) of a heavy-chain antibody, or of a common IgG. (wikipedia.org)
Affinity
- Single-chain antibody-based immunotoxins targeting Her2/neu: design optimization and impact of affinity on antitumor efficacy and off-target toxicity. (semanticscholar.org)
- Affinity and avidity in antibody-based tumor targeting. (semanticscholar.org)
- These peptides have similar affinity to antigens as whole antibodies, but are more heat-resistant and stable towards detergents and high concentrations of urea. (wikipedia.org)
- Such naïve libraries usually contain only antibodies with low affinity to the desired antigen, making it necessary to apply affinity maturation by random mutagenesis as an additional step. (wikipedia.org)
molecular
- Improved molecular and functional characterization of tumor antigens has influenced the design of targeting strategies and contributed to the analysis of normal tissue distribution and potential for host toxicity. (springer.com)
- This antibody, referred to as hCo4, was mainly composed of variable regions from heavy and liiht chains, with its molecular weight of 27 ku. (springer.com)
- Oncomatryx has developed molecular diagnostic tests to predict the invasiveness of breast tumors (DMTXbreastScan) and pancreas, colon, lung, and head and neck tumors (DMTXinvaScan). (wikipedia.org)
- Techniques such as high-frequency micro-ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are usually used for anatomical imaging, while optical imaging (fluorescence and bioluminescence), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are usually used for molecular visualizations. (wikipedia.org)
- Contrast agents can be injected into the animal to perform real-time tumor perfusion and targeted molecular imaging and quantification of biomarkers. (wikipedia.org)
characterization
- 2008). "Characterization in primates of MCSP- and CD33-specific human BiTE antibodies for treatment of Melanoma and AML" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
polymerase chain re
- By reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction, a gene library of single-domain antibodies containing several million clones is produced. (wikipedia.org)
- First, in 1983 Kary Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, a method for amplifying DNA concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
amino acid sequences
- To avoid this, parts of the antibody can be replaced with human amino acid sequences, or pure human antibodies can be engineered. (wikipedia.org)
mammary
- Members of the IGF receptor family and their ligands also seem to be involved in the carcinogenesis of mammary tumors of dogs. (wikipedia.org)
targets
- Examples of targets are tumors, organ systems like the circulatory system, or infectious agents like bacteria or viruses. (wikipedia.org)
bind
- There have been efforts in epitope mapping since many antibodies can bind the same epitope and levels of binding between antibodies that recognize the same epitope can vary. (wikipedia.org)
- Multiple secondary antibodies can bind a single primary antibody. (wikipedia.org)
- Like a whole antibody, it is able to bind selectively to a specific antigen. (wikipedia.org)
- Although most research into single-domain antibodies is currently based on heavy chain variable domains, Nanobodies derived from light chains have also been shown to bind specifically to target epitopes. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast to common antibodies, two out of six single-domain antibodies survived a temperature of 90 °C (194 °F) without losing their ability to bind antigens in a 1999 study. (wikipedia.org)
- Camelid and fish derived sdAbs are able to bind to hidden antigens that are not accessible to whole antibodies, for example to the active sites of enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
immunogenicity
- Human antibodies are of particular interest due to a lower immunogenicity response [ 1 ]. (mdpi.com)
- Immunogenicity results from the fact that appropriate parental antibodies are obtained from rat and mice. (wikipedia.org)
vivo
- They can be expressed in vivo through viral vectors in instances where large infection rates and sustenance of high levels of the antibody is required. (mdpi.com)
novel
- 2008). "Conversion of cetuximab, panitumumab, trastuzumab and omalizumab into T-cell-engaging BiTE antibodies creates novel drug candidates of high potency" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
necrosis
- The autocrine activity of tumor necrosis factor-α seems likely to sustain NF-κB activation in human gliomas. (aacrjournals.org)
- Once activated by tumor necrosis factor-α, NF-κB initiates a cascade of signaling events that trigger phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and subsequent proteasomal degradation of IκB. (aacrjournals.org)
- Moreover, EspH selectively inhibits the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced Erk signaling pathway. (stanford.edu)
peptides
- We present here fine epitope mapping of these two antibodies by using truncation and substitution of original epitope sequences in order to identify minimized epitope peptides. (koreascience.or.kr)
- We further characterized these peptides in order to investigate their reactivity after single deletion and single substitution of the original peptides. (koreascience.or.kr)
- These overviews set the background to highlighting several limitations in the use of antibodies as drug carriers, which leads us to consider alternatives to antibodies, focusing on peptides, and to show how PDCs can overcome some of the limitations of ADCs. (biomedcentral.com)
human
- Antibody humanization bypasses this bottleneck, minimizing the HAMA response by replacing murine sequences with human framework homologous sequences [ 6 ]. (mdpi.com)
- Human tumors of epithelial origin often overexpress members of the ErbB/EGFR 2 related family of receptor tyrosine kinases. (aacrjournals.org)
- Isolation of monoclonal antibodies specific for human c-myc protooncogene product. (koreascience.or.kr)
- Another goal is humanization to prevent immunological reactions of the human organism against the antibody. (wikipedia.org)
- Alternatively, single-domain antibodies can be made from common murine or human IgG with four chains. (wikipedia.org)
- These non-human antibodies are recognized as foreign by the human immune system and may be rapidly cleared from the body, provoke an allergic reaction, or both. (wikipedia.org)
Genes
- ALL emerges when a single lymphoblast gains many mutations to genes that affect blood cell development and proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
different antigens
- Rat/mouse hybrid antibodies can be engineered with binding sites for two different antigens. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike
- Unlike monoclonal antibodies, which are often produced in mammalian cell cultures, scFvs are more often produced in bacteria cell cultures such as E. coli. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike whole antibodies, they do not show complement system triggered cytotoxicity because they lack an Fc region. (wikipedia.org)
epitopes
- Their specific epitopes were identified in our previous report. (koreascience.or.kr)
Efficacy
- In particular combinations of DNA vaccines with tumor specific delivery of immunocytokine lead to important step forward to optimize efficacy of DNA vaccination. (wikipedia.org)
immune
- First, the presence of the oncolytic virus itself triggers the innate immune response, and second, tumor cell destruction results in the release of a number of factors such as cytokines that can have a strong but nonspecific immunostimulatory effect. (nature.com)
- Janda demonstrated that one could manipulate the immune system to generate antibodies against cocaine. (wikipedia.org)
- Since the Fc region is still intact, this allows for the bsMab to trigger common immune responses when recognized by an Fc receptor, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity or complement-dependent cytotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
- Tumor-targeted IL-2 amplifies T cell-mediated immune response induced by gene therapy with single-chain IL-12. (wikipedia.org)
target
- This allows the target heavy chains (and their corresponding light chains) to fit together better, and makes bsMab production more reliable. (wikipedia.org)
- The substem preceding the source of the antibody refers to the medicine's target. (wikipedia.org)
- The term target does not imply what sort of action the antibody exerts. (wikipedia.org)