• monoclonal antibody
• Therapeutic monoclonal antibody (TMA) based therapies for cancer have advanced significantly over the past two decades both in their molecular sophistication and clinical efficacy. (biomedcentral.com)
• For example, the majority of patients who initially respond to monoclonal antibody treatment, which works through blocking signaling pathways and the induction of apoptosis, eventually relapse due to extensive cross-talk among some signaling pathways [ 2 ]. (mdpi.com)
• Thus, in an attempt to overcome the shortcomings of monoclonal antibody therapy and improve the treatment effectiveness, monoclonal antibody-based bispecific antibodies have been raised. (mdpi.com)
• A bispecific monoclonal antibody (BsMAb, BsAb) is an artificial protein that can simultaneously bind to two different types of antigen. (wikipedia.org)
• This format retains the traditional monoclonal antibody (mAb) structure of two Fab arms and one Fc region, except the two Fab sites bind different antigens. (wikipedia.org)
• In the case of Ebola vaccines, this method allows the antibody to target intracellular targets not usually accessible by traditional monoclonal antibody treatments. (wikipedia.org)
• A trifunctional antibody is a monoclonal antibody with binding sites for two different antigens, typically CD3 and a tumor antigen, making it a type of bispecific monoclonal antibody. (wikipedia.org)
• Regions of high CEA levels in the body can be detected with the monoclonal antibody arcitumomab. (wikipedia.org)
• In 2002 he became a member of the SIOPEN group and got involved in the clinical development of a monoclonal antibody directed against ganglioside GD2 (ch14.18/CHO). (wikipedia.org)
• All monoclonal antibody names end with the stem -mab. (wikipedia.org)
• Unlike most other pharmaceuticals, monoclonal antibody nomenclature uses different preceding word parts (morphemes) depending on structure and function. (wikipedia.org)

• irradiated tumor cells
• (b) T cells were co-cultured with PC3 tumor cell lines expressing CD19 and/or PSMA (arrows indicate re-stimulation of T cells using freshly irradiated tumor cells). (nih.gov)

• fragments
• Due to their lower production cost compared with monoclonal antibodies, single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) have potential for use in several applications, such as for diagnosis and treatment of a range of diseases, and as sensor elements. (mdpi.com)
• Single chain variable domain (Fv) fragments ( scFv) are powerful tools in research and clinical settings, owing to better pharmacokinetic properties compared to the parent monoclonal antibodies and the relative ease of producing them in large quantities, at low cost. (mdpi.com)
• As an alternative approach we exploited recombinant antibody fragments to localize a costimulatory B7 molecule to the surface of tumor cells. (aacrjournals.org)
• Single-chain variable fragments lack the constant Fc region found in complete antibody molecules, and, thus, the common binding sites (e.g., protein G) cannot be used to purify antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
• These fragments can often be purified or immobilized using protein L, since protein L interacts with the variable region of kappa light chains. (wikipedia.org)
• For unknown reasons, some scFv can also be captured by protein A. Divalent (or bivalent) single-chain variable fragments (di-scFvs, bi-scFvs) can be engineered by linking two scFvs. (wikipedia.org)
• All of these formats can be composed from variable fragments with specificity for two different antigens, in which case they are types of bispecific antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
• Icell Kealex Therapeutics is developing oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with T-cell-engaging antibody fragments that boost the virus's antitumor efficacy. (nature.com)
• In addition to using tumor cells to replicate and to infect other tumor cells via the standard oncolytic cycle, IKT's engineered VVs use their host cells to synthesize immunostimulating bispecific antibody fragments. (nature.com)
• IKT's VVs secrete a so-called T cell engager consisting of two single-chain variable antibody fragments: a tumor-specific fragment, and a CD3- specific fragment. (nature.com)
• BiTEs are fusion proteins consisting of two single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) of different antibodies, or amino acid sequences from four different genes, on a single peptide chain of about 55 kilodaltons. (wikipedia.org)
• These include chemically linked Fabs, consisting of only the Fab regions, and various types of bivalent and trivalent single-chain variable fragments (scFvs). (wikipedia.org)
• With a molecular weight of only 12-15 kDa, single-domain antibodies are much smaller than common antibodies (150-160 kDa) which are composed of two heavy protein chains and two light chains, and even smaller than Fab fragments (~50 kDa, one light chain and half a heavy chain) and single-chain variable fragments (~25 kDa, two variable domains, one from a light and one from a heavy chain). (wikipedia.org)
• Cartilaginous fishes also have heavy-chain antibodies (IgNAR, 'immunoglobulin new antigen receptor'), from which single-domain antibodies called VNAR fragments can be obtained. (wikipedia.org)
• This picomolar affinity binding results in the diseased cells becoming coated in CD3 co-receptor specific scFv antibody fragments that constitute the ImmTAC effector function. (wikipedia.org)
• The stem -mab is used for monoclonal antibodies as well as for their fragments, as long as at least one variable domain (the domain that contains the target binding structure) is included. (wikipedia.org)
• This is the case for antigen binding fragments and single-chain variable fragments, among other artificial proteins. (wikipedia.org)

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• antigens
• Direct targeting of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) on malignant cells by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is regarded as a promising approach ( Simpson and Caballero, 2014 ). (frontiersin.org)
• However, few truly tumor-specific antigens have been identified, and healthy tissues that express the targeted antigen may undergo T cell-mediated damage. (nih.gov)
• Using the prostate tumor antigens PSMA and PSCA, we show that co-transduced T cells destroy tumors that express both antigens but do not affect tumors expressing either antigen alone. (nih.gov)
• (aacrjournals.org)
• Bacterially expressed CD86 111 -scFv fusion proteins specifically localized to the respective target antigens on the surface of tumor cells and markedly enhanced the proliferation of primary T cells when bound to immobilized tumor antigen. (aacrjournals.org)
• Although many tumor cells express MHC class I molecules and are able to present antigens, most do not provide costimulation, a possible mechanism for tumor cells to evade immune surveillance. (aacrjournals.org)
• These include selection of true cancer cell specific antigens, enhanced recruitment of bystander cell killing mechanisms, and development of more economic production technologies. (biomedcentral.com)
• Bispecific antibodies that can simultaneously bind to cell surface antigens and payloads are a very ideal delivery system for therapeutic use. (mdpi.com)
• The key point of bispecific antibodies is that they can bind two antigens simultaneously. (mdpi.com)
• Bispecific antibodies also have a higher cytotoxic potential, and bind to antigens that are expressed relatively weakly. (wikipedia.org)
• For non-IgG-like bsMabs, their smaller size allows them to reach antigens usually unavailable to conventional antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
• At first, mouse hybridoma cells whose monoclonal antibodies target one of the desired antigens are produced. (wikipedia.org)
• These peptides have similar affinity to antigens as whole antibodies, but are more heat-resistant and stable towards detergents and high concentrations of urea. (wikipedia.org)
• In contrast to common antibodies, two out of six single-domain antibodies survived a temperature of 90 °C (194 °F) without losing their ability to bind antigens in a 1999 study. (wikipedia.org)
• Camelid and fish derived sdAbs are able to bind to hidden antigens that are not accessible to whole antibodies, for example to the active sites of enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
• The process is similar, comprising gene libraries from immunized or naïve donors and display techniques for identification of the most specific antigens. (wikipedia.org)
• Rat/mouse hybrid antibodies can be engineered with binding sites for two different antigens. (wikipedia.org)

• Molecules
• Expression of B7 molecules on tumor cells can result in the activation of tumor specific T lymphocytes and induce protective antitumor immunity. (aacrjournals.org)
• The first signal is antigen-specific and is generated by interaction of the T-cell receptor with peptide-bearing MHC molecules. (aacrjournals.org)
• Strategies to provide tumor cells with members of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules have led to promising results. (aacrjournals.org)
• These molecules were created to facilitate phage display, where it is highly convenient to express the antigen-binding domain as a single peptide. (wikipedia.org)
• Janda has also worked creating peptide and antibody molecules for the treatment of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
• 2016). Alternatively, recruitment and activation of immunological cellular effectors can be delivered by multi-specifics (mAbs and mAb-like molecules that can simultaneously bind two or more epitopes [intra or inter antigen], one per Fab arm) (Kontermann and Brinkmann 2015). (deepdyve.com)
• Bispecific antibodies that can inhibit two correlated signaling molecules at the same time can be developed to overcome inherent or acquired resistance and to be more efficient angiogenesis inhibitors. (mdpi.com)
• This causes T cells to exert cytotoxic activity on tumor cells by producing proteins like perforin and granzymes, independently of the presence of MHC I or co-stimulatory molecules. (wikipedia.org)
• Oncomatryx is developing a new generation of biological anti-tumor drugs, combining cytotoxic molecules and monoclonal antibodies specifically directed towards tumor associated stroma. (wikipedia.org)
• Since the number of fluorescent molecules that can be bound to the primary antibody is limited, direct immunofluorescence is substantially less sensitive than indirect immunofluorescence and may result in false negatives. (wikipedia.org)

• proteins
• The strategy of intracellular antibodies to neutralize the function of target proteins has been widely developed for cancer research. (aacrjournals.org)
• Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a sequence-specific transcription factor that belongs to the reticuloendotheliosis (Rel) family proteins ( 3 , 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
• Although well established, this technology is laborious, and it is biased by the experimental animal immune system, which limits the ability to reach a high-affinity antibody against conserved mammal proteins. (mdpi.com)
• Additionally, the heterologous character of those proteins turn them often immunogenic to humans eliciting HAMA response (Human Anti-Mouse Antibodies), which restrict their therapeutic use [ 5 ]. (mdpi.com)
• However, treatment with such antibodies and cytotoxic antibody fusion proteins does generally not result in the induction of specific antitumor immunity and cannot prevent possible tumor recurrence if disseminated tumor cells escape cytotoxic therapy. (aacrjournals.org)
• These diverse biological roles are due to the tendency of CD81 to associate with other tetraspanins and with cell-specific partner proteins, which provide the cells with a signaling platform. (stanford.edu)
• These proteins enter tumor cells and initiate the cell's apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
• There are also fusion proteins mimicking the variable domains of two antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
• He demonstrated that treatment with immunocytokines, which are antibody-cytokine fusion proteins, is effective in this model and that this approach is synergistic with inhibition of angiogenesis as well as tumor vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
• Immunofluorescence is a widely used example of immunostaining (using antibodies to stain proteins) and is a specific example of immunohistochemistry (the use of the antibody-antigen relationship in tissues). (wikipedia.org)
• ImmTACs are fusion proteins that combine an engineered T Cell Receptor (TCR) based targeting system with a single chain antibody fragment (scFv) effector function. (wikipedia.org)
• but, whereas antibodies are restricted to targeting cell surface or secreted proteins TCRs can recognise peptides derived from intracellular targets presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA). (wikipedia.org)

• anti-tumor
• First, the company has enlisted the Western Reserve strain to maximize oncolytic potential, and second, the targeted sensitization of bystander cells by TEA-VVs specifically induces anti-tumor immunity without activating other innate immunity mechanisms that might enhance viral clearance. (nature.com)
• Furthermore, micro-ultrasound can be used to detect and quantify cardiotoxicity in response to anti-tumor therapy, since it is the only imaging modality that has instantaneous image acquisition. (wikipedia.org)

• fragment
• A single-chain fragment of antibody variable region (scFv) against p65 was prepared using phage display technique. (aacrjournals.org)
• A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) is not actually a fragment of an antibody, but instead is a fusion protein of the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) of immunoglobulins, connected with a short linker peptide of ten to about 25 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
• Due to several advantages of single-chain antibodies (scFvs) compared to monoclonal antibodies in cancer immunotherapy, specific anti-CTLA-4 scFvs (single-chain variable fragment) were selected in this study. (rbmb.net)
• Bispecific antibodies in the IgG format include asymmetric bispecific antibodies and homodimerized bispecific antibodies, all of which have an extended blood half-life and their own crystalline fragment (Fc)-mediated functions. (mdpi.com)
• A single-domain antibody (sdAb, called Nanobody by Ablynx, the developer) is an antibody fragment consisting of a single monomeric variable antibody domain. (wikipedia.org)
• To provide the soluble, affinity enhanced TCR with a biological effector function the beta chain of the TCR is fused to an scFv antibody fragment specific for the CD3 T cell co-receptor, creating an ImmTAC. (wikipedia.org)

• specificity
• The concept of cancer targeting, which exploits the abundance of specific molecular epitopes on cancer cells, has been proposed as a strategy to enhance the efficacy and specificity of cancer therapy and diagnostics. (springer.com)
• Antibodies have been used for antigen detection and therapeutics, and their specificity combined with low toxicity make them a promising pharmaceutical commodity [ 1 ]. (mdpi.com)
• Despite advances in these areas, both TMAs and ADCs still carry limitations and we highlight the more important ones including cancer cell specificity, conjugation chemistry, tumor penetration, product heterogeneity and manufacturing issues. (biomedcentral.com)
• Even though some of these platforms are in advanced clinical testing, the generic nature of their immunomodulating activity has raised concerns about reduced efficacy and a lack of tumor specificity. (nature.com)
• X-ray computed tomography (CT) permits clinical imaging of pulmonary nodules as small as 1 to 2 mm but lacks the specificity to distinguish benign lesions from cancerous tumors (4, 5). (focusontoxpath.com)
• This test, which is already being used in USA hospitals such as Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles, has 93.5% sensitivity and 94.2% specificity in detecting invasive breast tumors in biopsies. (wikipedia.org)
• This technique uses the specificity of antibodies to their antigen to target fluorescent dyes to specific biomolecule targets within a cell, and therefore allows visualization of the distribution of the target molecule through the sample. (wikipedia.org)
• Additionally, the binding of the fluorophore to the antibody itself cannot interfere with the immunological specificity of the antibody or the binding capacity of its antigen. (wikipedia.org)

• malignant
• Blocking of CTLA-4 inhibits the growth of malignant tumor cells. (rbmb.net)
• Furthermore, despite the development of anti-drug antibody responses after the first catumaxomab application cycle a repeated cycle of catumaxomab also leads to a treatment success in recurrent malignant ascites. (wikipedia.org)
• In adults, CEA is primarily expressed in cells of tumors (some malignant, some benign)[citation needed] but they are particularly associated with the adenocarcinomas, such as those arising in the colon, lung, breast, stomach, or pancreas. (wikipedia.org)

• trifunctional antibodies
• The most common types are called trifunctional antibodies, as they have three unique binding sites on the antibody: the two Fab regions, and the Fc region. (wikipedia.org)
• Catumaxomab, one of the first trifunctional antibodies approved for therapeutic use, binds both CD3 on cytotoxic T cells and EpCAM on human adenocarcinomas. (wikipedia.org)
• Trifunctional antibodies were the first type of bispecific monoclonal antibodies to be produced. (wikipedia.org)

• scFvs
• Genes encoding single-chain Fv domains (scFvs) directed to the extracellular portion of these receptors were derived from hybridoma cells producing the corresponding monoclonal antibodies. (springer.com)
• ScFvs have found applications as tools for in vivo loss-of-function studies and inactivation of specific protein domains, diagnostic imaging, tumor therapy and treatment for neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. (mdpi.com)
• Unlike monoclonal antibodies, which are often produced in mammalian cell cultures, scFvs are more often produced in bacteria cell cultures such as E. coli. (wikipedia.org)
• This can be done by producing a single peptide chain with two VH and two VL regions, yielding tandem scFvs. (wikipedia.org)
• The furthest developed of these are bispecific tandem di-scFvs, known as bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTE antibody constructs). (wikipedia.org)
• A phage antibody display library of scFvs was analyzed and a panning process was performed against an immunodominant epitope of CTLA-4. (rbmb.net)
• The study suggests further evaluation of the selected scFvs to reveal the effects of the selected antibodies. (rbmb.net)
• One of the scFvs binds to T cells via the CD3 receptor, and the other to a tumor cell via a tumor specific molecule. (wikipedia.org)

• protein
• EGF binding to its receptor triggers a rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the erbB-2 protein in the mammary tumor cell line SK-BR-3. (springer.com)
• Robust techniques combining an antibody library displayed on the phage surface and protein microarray allowed the identification of auto antibodies recognized by patient sera. (mdpi.com)
• (c) T cells (1.0 × 10 6 ) described in ( a,b) were injected intravenously into NSG mice bearing green fluorescent protein/firefly-luciferase fusion protein (GFP/Luc) expressing CD19 + PSMA + PC3 human prostate tumors. (nih.gov)
• To study the biochemical properties of the Deinococcus radiodurans bacteriophytochrome (DrBphP) protein, two anti-DrBphP mouse monoclonal antibodies (2B8 and 3H7) were generated. (koreascience.or.kr)
• These two antibodies with high reactivity for the short modified peptide sequences are valueble for developing new peptide tags for protein research. (koreascience.or.kr)
• Initial development efforts focused mainly on humanizing the antibody protein to overcome problems of immunogenicity and on expanding of the target antigen repertoire. (biomedcentral.com)
• The trifunctional antibody is extracted chromatographically with protein A. Using two different species (mouse and rat) has the advantage that less mismatched antibodies are produced because rat light chains preferably pair with rat heavy chains, and mouse light chains with mouse heavy chains. (wikipedia.org)
• Synergy between an antiangiogenic integrin alphav antagonist and an antibody-cytokine fusion protein eradicates spontaneous tumor metastases. (wikipedia.org)
• To produce stable, soluble, high affinity TCRs capable of being used as diagnostics and therapeutics the two TCR protein chains are stabilised through the introduction of a novel disulphide bond between the 2 constant domains and the affinity increased 1-5 million fold to low picomolar values through phage display affinity maturation. (wikipedia.org)
• An antibody is a protein that is produced in B cells and used by the immune system of humans and other vertebrate animals to identify a specific foreign object like a bacterium or a virus. (wikipedia.org)
• Although it is thought that virus protein has to be present to induce lymphomas in cats, newer evidence shows that a high percentage of FeLV-Antigen negative lymphomas contain FeLV-DNA, indicating a "hit-and-run" mechanism of virus-induced tumor development. (wikipedia.org)
• B-Raf is a 766-amino acid, regulated signal transduction serine/threonine-specific protein kinase. (wikipedia.org)
• B-Raf is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase. (wikipedia.org)

• scFv
• As an alternative, scFv can be created directly from subcloned heavy and light chains derived from a hybridoma. (wikipedia.org)
• The same heavy and light variable chains used for scFv construction can be used in the construction of Fab. (wikipedia.org)

• angiogenesis
• Folkman J (1971) Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. (springer.com)
• However, this may actually be advantageous for applications such as tumor perfusion and angiogenesis imaging. (wikipedia.org)

• revival of bispecific antibodies
• A revival of bispecific antibodies" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)

• molecule
• The primary antibody recognizes the target molecule (antigen) and binds to a specific region called the epitope. (wikipedia.org)
• the unlabeled first (primary) antibody specifically binds the target molecule, and the secondary antibody, which carries the fluorophore, recognizes the primary antibody and binds to it. (wikipedia.org)

• metastasis
• Indeed, we have recently shown that CD81 contributes to tumor growth and metastasis. (stanford.edu)
• Oncomatryx and its collaborators and advisors have proved that peritumoral stroma, which is constituted by mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrix, plays a key role in tumor invasiveness and metastasis, at the same time being a physical barrier that prevents anti-cancer agents from reaching tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
• CEA is elevated more in tumors with lymph node and distant metastasis than in organ-confined tumors and, thus, varies directly with tumor stage. (wikipedia.org)

• conventional antibodies
• Another avenue for novel anti-cancer therapies is re-engineering some of the currently used conventional antibodies like trastuzumab (targeting HER2/neu), cetuximab and panitumumab (both targeting the EGF receptor), using the BiTE approach. (wikipedia.org)
• At an equivalent dose a trifunctional antibody is more potent (more than 1,000-fold) in eliminating tumor cells than conventional antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
• These drugs evoke the removal of tumor cells by means of (i) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity, a process also described for conventional antibodies and more importantly by (ii) polyclonal cytotoxic T cell responses with emphasis on CD8 T cells. (wikipedia.org)

• binds
• Those derived from camelid and fish antibodies are less lipophilic and more soluble in water, owing to their complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3), which forms an extended loop (coloured orange in the ribbon diagram above) covering the lipophilic site that normally binds to a light chain. (wikipedia.org)
• After administration of the drug the picomolar affinity TCR portion of the ImmTAC binds to the cancerous or virally infected cell through specific recognition of target HLA-peptide complexes on their cell surface. (wikipedia.org)

• bispecific monoclonal antibodies
• Bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) are a class of artificial bispecific monoclonal antibodies that are investigated for the use as anti-cancer drugs. (wikipedia.org)

• cell-mediated
• Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) are the major effector functions of many therapeutic antibodies, while these effects vary for different antibodies, and the treatment effectiveness is not certain. (mdpi.com)
• Since the Fc region is still intact, this allows for the bsMab to trigger common immune responses when recognized by an Fc receptor, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity or complement-dependent cytotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
• Tumor-targeted IL-2 amplifies T cell-mediated immune response induced by gene therapy with single-chain IL-12. (wikipedia.org)
• Discoveries in the chicken ultimately divided the adaptive immune response into antibody (B-cell) and cell-mediated (T-cell) responses. (wikipedia.org)

• engagers
• IKT has developed a deep pipeline of TEA-VVs that express T cell engagers specific to a number of cancer-specific targets. (nature.com)
• The furthest developed of these newer formats are the bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs). (wikipedia.org)
• Another way of immunotherapeutic intervention strategies is the exploration of bispecific antibodies with different structures, of which bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) have been produced since the mid-2000s. (wikipedia.org)

• destroy tumors
• In recent years, two of the most promising approaches to cancer therapy have been the use of oncolytic viruses to destroy tumors from within, and the development of cancer-specific immuno-stimulating strategies to engage the patient's own immune system to destroy tumor cells. (nature.com)

• lymphocytes
• Unlike treatment with traditional vaccinia virus (VV) therapeutics, which results in the survival of large numbers of uninfected 'bystander' cells (upper panel), IKT's T-cell-engager-armed VV (TEA-VV) enables the immune system to target uninfected cells (increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)) (lower panel). (nature.com)
• BiTE-Antikörper: Durch Bispezifität T-Lymphozyten gegen Tumorzellen richten" [BiTE antibodies: Directing T lymphocytes against tumor cells by bispecifity]. (wikipedia.org)
• Cancer immunotherapy with ordinary monoclonal antibodies does not activate T-lymphocytes because the Fab regions are already used for binding the tumour cells, and this type of cell does not have Fc receptors. (wikipedia.org)

• cells
• After the injection of pFv/nu-transfected glioma cells, preestablished tumors were almost completely regressed when compared with mock, pCMV/nu, and pGFP/nu. (aacrjournals.org)
• Intracellular expression of antibodies provides a novel approach for the manipulation of biochemical processes in intact cells. (springer.com)
• Phage display represents a high-throughput technique for screening billions of random fusion antibodies against virtually any target on the surface or inside cancer cells, or even soluble markers found in patient serum. (mdpi.com)
• Combinatorial antigen recognition with balanced signaling promotes selective tumor eradication by engineered T cells. (nih.gov)
• Current T-cell engineering approaches redirect patient T cells to tumors by transducing them with antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that target a single antigen. (nih.gov)
• Here we present a strategy to render T cells specific for a tumor in the absence of a truly tumor-restricted antigen. (nih.gov)
• (a,b) T cells were mock transduced or were transduced with retroviruses encoding a CD19-specific CAR (19z1) and/or a PSMA-specific CCR (P28BB). (nih.gov)
• Because of their aberrant expression on tumor cells and their accessibility from the extracellular space, these receptors are suitable targets for directed tumor therapy. (aacrjournals.org)
• Icell Kealex Therapeutics (IKT), an oncology biotech startup based at the JLABS in Houston, Texas, is developing a novel oncolytic virus platform con-sisting of vaccinia viruses (VVs) that attack tumor cells by means of two distinct but complementary mechanisms 1-3 . (nature.com)
• Once secreted into the tumor microenvironment, these antibody frag-ments bind to uninfected 'bystander' tumor cells, turning them into targets for specific attack by the immune system. (nature.com)
• Oncolytic viruses-viruses capable of preferential replication within tumor cells-have been under development as cancer therapeutics for the bet-ter part of the past two decades. (nature.com)
• The mechanism of action of VV is a combination of the direct destruction of cells via virus-induced cell lysis and of immunostimulation in the tumor environment. (nature.com)
• Although cell lysis represents VV's main mechanism of action, its efficiency is vari-able, and large numbers of tumor cells-the so-called bystander cells-end up evading it. (nature.com)
• The purpose of this study is to characterize the molecular and cell biology of the tumor cells in lymphoma. (stanford.edu)
• Autoimmune disease can arise from single-gene mutations affecting PCD, and defective PCD has been observed in some tissues and cells from patients with rheumatic disease. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Apoptotic cells also display specific surface markers such as phosphatidylserine that are recognized by phagocytic cells and usually rapidly removed from the circulation. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Finally, a third potential mode of operation is through the delivery of toxic payloads (chemical or radioactive) directly to tumor cells (McCombs and Owen 2015). (deepdyve.com)
• Early and specific detection of metastatic cancer cells in the lung (the most common organ targeted by metastases) could significantly improve cancer treatment outcomes. (focusontoxpath.com)
• Their effect is so strong that a small number of SPION particles can dephase a large number of surrounding spins, allowing even single cells to be detected (13, 14). (focusontoxpath.com)
• The single-chain-based bispecific antibodies usually bridge tumor cells with immune cells and form an immunological synapse because of their relatively small size. (mdpi.com)
• Besides retargeting effector cells to the site of cancer, new applications were established for bispecific antibodies. (mdpi.com)
• Like other bispecific antibodies, and unlike ordinary monoclonal antibodies, BiTEs form a link between T cells and tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
• This action mimics physiological processes observed during T cell attacks against tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
• IgG-like antibodies can be immunogenic, which means the Fc region could cause detrimental downstream immune responses caused by cells that are activated by Fc receptors. (wikipedia.org)
• The company bases its R&D on the recent discovery that tumor cells generate changes in the cells that surround them as well as in the extracellular matrix, facilitating invasion metastases. (wikipedia.org)
• In addition, its intact Fc-part can bind to an Fc receptor on accessory cells like conventional monospecific antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
• The net effect is that this type of drug links T cells (via CD3) and monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells or other Fc receptor expressing cells to the tumor cells, leading to their destruction. (wikipedia.org)
• i.e. autologous antibodies as well as CD4 and CD8 T cells directed against the tumor were detected. (wikipedia.org)
• clarification needed] Antibodies to CEA are also commonly used in immunohistochemistry to identify cells expressing the glycoprotein in tissue samples. (wikipedia.org)
• Anti-neuroblastoma effect of ch14.18 antibody produced in CHO cells is mediated by NK-cells in mice. (wikipedia.org)
• The smaller size and single domain make these antibodies easier to transform into bacterial cells for bulk production, making them ideal for research purposes. (wikipedia.org)
• Naturally occurring TCRs are low affinity (0.18-387 micromolar range) 2-chain membrane receptors expressed on the surface of T cells. (wikipedia.org)
• Monoclonal antibodies are those that were produced in identical cells, often artificially, and so share the same target object. (wikipedia.org)
• Stage Three: The lymphoid system (which produces antibodies to attack infected and cancerous cells) becomes infected, with further distribution throughout the body. (wikipedia.org)
• Through these experiments, Bruce Glick, correctly deduced that bursa was responsible for making the cells that produced antibodies. (wikipedia.org)

• metastatic
• It is further implicated in breast cancer by increasing the metastatic potential of the original tumour by conferring the ability to promote vascularisation. (wikipedia.org)
• Increased levels of the IGF-IR are expressed in the majority of primary and metastatic prostate cancer patient tumors. (wikipedia.org)

• cytotoxic
• The most widely used application of this approach is in cancer immunotherapy, where bsMabs are engineered to simultaneously bind a cytotoxic cell and a target like a tumour cell to be destroyed. (wikipedia.org)

• clinical
• Examples of such antibodies will be discussed here with emphasis on those used as probes for molecular imaging and other clinical trials. (mdpi.com)
• Several potholes mark the winding road leading to the introduction of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (TMAs) into routine clinical practice. (biomedcentral.com)
• The company is entering phase 1 trials for solid tumors with its lead product and is looking to partner with companies interested in clinical codevelopment of its wide-ranging therapeutic pipeline. (nature.com)
• Here, we discuss the principal barriers that act to constrain the tumor-killing activity of antibody-based therapeutics, particularly those involving antibody glycans, using illustrative examples from both pre-clinical and market approved mAbs. (deepdyve.com)
• With the development of molecular cloning technology and the deep understanding of antibody engineering, there are diverse bispecific antibody formats from which to choose to pursue the optimal biological activity and clinical purpose. (mdpi.com)
• An increasing number of monoclonal antibodies have obtained approval and entered clinical applications [ 1 ]. (mdpi.com)
• For over twenty years, no such antibody was approved for clinical use, mainly because of manufacturing difficulties. (wikipedia.org)
• After application, the patient's immune system usually produces anti-drug antibodies, which represent early indicators for a beneficial clinical outcome. (wikipedia.org)
• It was the first, and as of May 2011 the only approved one of these antibodies in clinical use. (wikipedia.org)
• However, the serum levels are raised in some types of cancer, which means that it can be used as a tumor marker in clinical tests. (wikipedia.org)
• He investigated for the first time a novel delivery method of this antibody (patent) and he is currently leading two international clinical trials with this antibody. (wikipedia.org)

• chimeric antibody
• Successful examples include rituximab, approved by the FDA since 1997, an anti-CD20 chimeric antibody that become an integral component of many treatment strategies for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [ 2 ], and OKT3, an anti-CD3 that is used to reduce graft rejection [ 3 ]. (mdpi.com)
• Thus, the human/mouse chimeric antibody basiliximab ends in -ximab just as does the human/macaque antibody gomiliximab. (wikipedia.org)

• bind
• Like a whole antibody, it is able to bind selectively to a specific antigen. (wikipedia.org)
• Although most research into single-domain antibodies is currently based on heavy chain variable domains, Nanobodies derived from light chains have also been shown to bind specifically to target epitopes. (wikipedia.org)
• There have been efforts in epitope mapping since many antibodies can bind the same epitope and levels of binding between antibodies that recognize the same epitope can vary. (wikipedia.org)
• Multiple secondary antibodies can bind a single primary antibody. (wikipedia.org)

• receptors
• We have downregulated cell surface expression of individual erbB receptors via intracellular antibody expression prior to analyzing ligand induced signaling. (springer.com)
• CD86 111 produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris and CD86 111 expressed in bacteria was functionally active and displayed specific binding to B7 counter receptors. (aacrjournals.org)

• peptide chain
• A single-domain antibody is a peptide chain of about 110 amino acids long, comprising one variable domain (VH) of a heavy-chain antibody, or of a common IgG. (wikipedia.org)

• therapeutic antibodies
• Consequently, diabody drugs could be dosed much lower than other therapeutic antibodies and are capable of highly specific targeting of tumors in vivo. (wikipedia.org)

• mouse tumor
• We have already demonstrated feasibility in mouse tumor challenge studies and are now expanding the range of applications and working to improve the relevant technologies. (stanford.edu)
• The ability of chicken embryonic nerves to infiltrate a mouse tumor suggested to Rita Levi-Montalcini that the tumor must produce a diffusible growth factor (1952). (wikipedia.org)

• immune system
• Janda demonstrated that one could manipulate the immune system to generate antibodies against cocaine. (wikipedia.org)
• Anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies activate the immune system against cancer. (rbmb.net)
• These non-human antibodies are recognized as foreign by the human immune system and may be rapidly cleared from the body, provoke an allergic reaction, or both. (wikipedia.org)

• microenvironment
• Despite these successes, there is a growing awareness that in many cases mAb therapy remains suboptimal, primarily due to inherent limitations imposed by the immune system's own homeostatic controls and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. (deepdyve.com)

• immunological
• Another goal is humanization to prevent immunological reactions of the human organism against the antibody. (wikipedia.org)

• epitope
• We present here fine epitope mapping of these two antibodies by using truncation and substitution of original epitope sequences in order to identify minimized epitope peptides. (koreascience.or.kr)
• We found that single-substituted 2B8 epitope (RDPLPAFPP) and dual-substituted 3H7 epitope (PGEIAD) showed significantly increased reactivity. (koreascience.or.kr)
• The specific region an antibody recognizes on an antigen is called an epitope. (wikipedia.org)

• cross-reactivity
• Because even monoclonal antibodies to CEA tend to have some degree of cross-reactivity, occasionally giving false positive results, it is commonly employed in combination with other immunohistochemistry tests, such as those for BerEp4, WT1, and calretinin. (wikipedia.org)
• This also limits the possibility of antibody cross-reactivity and possible mistakes throughout the process. (wikipedia.org)

• amino acid sequences
• To avoid this, parts of the antibody can be replaced with human amino acid sequences, or pure human antibodies can be engineered. (wikipedia.org)

• therapeutics
• Through the barricades: overcoming the barriers to effective antibody-based cancer therapeutics 2018-09-01 00:00:00 Abstract Since the turn of the century, cancer therapy has undergone a transformation in terms of new treatment modalities and renewed optimism in achieving long-lived tumor control and even cure. (deepdyve.com)

• mammary
• Members of the IGF receptor family and their ligands also seem to be involved in the carcinogenesis of mammary tumors of dogs. (wikipedia.org)

• targets
• Examples of targets are tumors, organ systems like the circulatory system, or infectious agents like bacteria or viruses. (wikipedia.org)

• metastases
• Because the presence of lung metastases will alter cancer management, their early and specific identification could provide a timely and powerful tool for improving patient outcomes. (focusontoxpath.com)
• Specifically, DMTXbreastScan helps to determine, at the moment of first diagnosis, if a breast tumor has the capacity to develop metastases. (wikipedia.org)

• immunogenicity
• Human antibodies are of particular interest due to a lower immunogenicity response [ 1 ]. (mdpi.com)
• Immunogenicity results from the fact that appropriate parental antibodies are obtained from rat and mice. (wikipedia.org)

• phage display technology
• Since the advent of phage display technology, dating back to 1985, antibody libraries displayed on filamentous phage surfaces have been used to identify specific binders for many different purposes, including the recognition of tumors. (mdpi.com)

• immunity
• Approximately 0.5% of pet cats are persistently infected with FeLV, but many more pet cats (>35%) have specific IgG antibodies which indicate prior exposure and subsequent development of immunity instead of infection. (wikipedia.org)

• peptides
• We further characterized these peptides in order to investigate their reactivity after single deletion and single substitution of the original peptides. (koreascience.or.kr)
• These overviews set the background to highlighting several limitations in the use of antibodies as drug carriers, which leads us to consider alternatives to antibodies, focusing on peptides, and to show how PDCs can overcome some of the limitations of ADCs. (biomedcentral.com)

• Unlike
• Unlike whole antibodies, they do not show complement system triggered cytotoxicity because they lack an Fc region. (wikipedia.org)

• Diagnostic
• Oncomatryx has developed molecular diagnostic tests to predict the invasiveness of breast tumors (DMTXbreastScan) and pancreas, colon, lung, and head and neck tumors (DMTXinvaScan). (wikipedia.org)

• human
• The autocrine activity of tumor necrosis factor-α seems likely to sustain NF-κB activation in human gliomas. (aacrjournals.org)
• Antibody humanization bypasses this bottleneck, minimizing the HAMA response by replacing murine sequences with human framework homologous sequences [ 6 ]. (mdpi.com)
• Human tumors of epithelial origin often overexpress members of the ErbB/EGFR 2 related family of receptor tyrosine kinases. (aacrjournals.org)
• Isolation of monoclonal antibodies specific for human c-myc protooncogene product. (koreascience.or.kr)
• Specific human anti-CTLA-4scFvs were selected in this study. (rbmb.net)
• 2008). "Characterization in primates of MCSP- and CD33-specific human BiTE antibodies for treatment of Melanoma and AML" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
• Alternatively, single-domain antibodies can be made from common murine or human IgG with four chains. (wikipedia.org)

• humanization
• Creative Biolabs, Inc. is a life-science company which produces and supplies biotech products and services for early drug discovery and development, including various phage display libraries such as pre-made libraries, phage display services, antibody sequencing, and antibody humanization. (wikipedia.org)

• immunotherapeutic
• In 1999 he became a junior faculty member at Scripps, where he developed a tumor model to study immunotherapeutic approaches in a deadly malignancy in childhood called neuroblastoma. (wikipedia.org)

• molecular
• Techniques such as high-frequency micro-ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are usually used for anatomical imaging, while optical imaging (fluorescence and bioluminescence), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are usually used for molecular visualizations. (wikipedia.org)
• Contrast agents can be injected into the animal to perform real-time tumor perfusion and targeted molecular imaging and quantification of biomarkers. (wikipedia.org)

• vaccines
• In the medical area , current research addresses the need for patient-specific vaccines to treat cancer. (stanford.edu)
• In work with Ebolavirus vaccines, a study has shown that a DVD-Ig antibody can be used to prevent viral escape from the endosome. (wikipedia.org)
• In particular combinations of DNA vaccines with tumor specific delivery of immunocytokine lead to important step forward to optimize efficacy of DNA vaccination. (wikipedia.org)

• ligand
• The α chains are located extracellularly, while the β subunit spans the membrane and is responsible for intracellular signal transduction upon ligand stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
• In response to ligand binding, the α chains induce the tyrosine autophosphorylation of the β chains. (wikipedia.org)

• target
• CD81 as a tumor target. (stanford.edu)
• This allows the target heavy chains (and their corresponding light chains) to fit together better, and makes bsMab production more reliable. (wikipedia.org)
• The substem preceding the source of the antibody refers to the medicine's target. (wikipedia.org)
• The term target does not imply what sort of action the antibody exerts. (wikipedia.org)