Antibiotic resistance molecule plasmids. Medical search. Frequent questions

Plasmids are one of the primary sources for extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria and are capable of self-transmission. (frontiersin.org)
Plasmids can also provide bacteria with the ability to fix nitrogen. (wikipedia.org)
Probiotic drinks could be a new weapon in battling antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (newstarget.com)
These molecules, called plasmids, carry genes that give resistance to antibiotics, which the bacteria can use. (newstarget.com)
The plasmids shall then replicate independently spreading between bacteria while carrying resistance genes with them. (newstarget.com)
By preventing the target plasmids from replicating, the probiotics can displace the resistance genes available to the bacteria, making them sensitive to the antibiotics. (newstarget.com)
We were able to show that if you can stop the plasmid from replicating, then most of the bacteria lose the plasmid as the bacteria grow and divide. (newstarget.com)
PCure plasmids are contained in bacteria in the form of a drink (similar to probiotic drinks such as Yakult) and work in two ways: they prevent the resistance plasmids from replicating and they block "addiction systems" which the plasmids use to kill bacteria. (newstarget.com)
They found that the plasmids were effective, but that it needed to be "primed" by giving the mice an initial dose of antibiotic to reduce the number of competing bacteria. (newstarget.com)
The con-existence of ARGs on the plasmid may be responsible for the development of resistance to multiple antibiotics in similar Salmonella since plasmids or genes from plasmids are often transferred among bacteria. (usda.gov)
Bacteria with a transmissible gene that bestows resistance to antibiotics of last resort have been found for the first time in livestock in the US. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Researchers from The Ohio State University found bacteria resistant to the carbapenem class of antibiotics in the piglet nurseries of a pig farm. (cosmosmagazine.com)
This recombinant DNA plasmid was then inserted into bacteria. (pressbooks.pub)
This recombinant plasmid can then be used to transform bacteria, which gain the ability to produce the insulin protein. (pressbooks.pub)
In recombinant DNA technology, DNA molecules are manipulated using naturally occurring enzymes derived mainly from bacteria and viruses. (pressbooks.pub)
In addition, many plasmids can transfer from one bacterium to another, the most sophisticated mechanism being by conjugation in which the plasmid carries genes that can create a bridge between bacteria through which a copy of the plasmid can move (Fig 1a). (resistancecontrol.info)
Plasmids can also pick up a variable cargo of other genes that can help their host bacterium grow or survive in different environments - the plasmid spreads them between bacteria and if a survival advantage is gained due to the carried genes on the plasmid there will be positive selection for its carriage. (resistancecontrol.info)
Genetically identical plasmids were identified globally in different, completely unrelated strains of bacteria. (resistancecontrol.info)
A probiotic drink could become a promising new weapon in the battle against antibiotic resistant bacteria, after a team of scientists at the University of Birmingham engineered and patented a key genetic element that can tackle the genetic basis of resistance. (vaccar.biz)
By preventing the target plasmids from replicating, the team were able to displace the resistance genes available to the bacteria, effectively 're-sensitising' them to antibiotics. (vaccar.biz)
The drink will contain bacteria (in a similar way to drinks like Yakult) carrying a new type of plasmid, which the researchers call pCURE plasmids. (vaccar.biz)
These work in two ways: they prevent the resistance plasmids from replicating and they also block a so-called 'addiction system' which the plasmids use to kill any bacteria that lose them. (vaccar.biz)
Plasmids also provide the bacteria, a property of using certain unusual substances as source of energy. (gkchronicle.com)
Plasmids are extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and other organisms, that differ significantly from genomic DNA in both form and function. (keydifference.info)
Plasmids can replicate themselves and transfer themselves horizontally via horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. (keydifference.info)
Plasmids are circular DNA molecules most frequently found in bacteria but sometimes in other organisms as well. (keydifference.info)
when bacteria acquire these plasmids through horizontal gene transfer, their acquisition could spread the resistance posing a significant threat to public health. (keydifference.info)
For example, different species of bacteria obtain antibiotic resistance genes by exchanging small chromosomes called plasmids. (cshl.edu)
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer transform bacteria with a recombinant plasmid, and Doug Hanahan studies induced transformation. (cshl.edu)
Genes that make bacteria resistant to antibiotics can persist longer than it was previously believed. (microbiometimes.com)
Antibiotic resistance is a race between us humans, who strive to find new antibiotics that can treat infectious diseases - and bacteria, which are becoming increasingly resistant. (microbiometimes.com)
For now, bacteria are way ahead, which is why it is important for us to learn more about antibiotic resistance. (microbiometimes.com)
University of Copenhagen researchers have shown that the prevailing assumption that resistant bacteria lose their resistance capability when antibiotics are not present is a truth requiring significant modifications. (microbiometimes.com)
The belief is that resistant bacteria will lose their resistance genes or be outcompeted during the break, after which the antibiotics will work again. (microbiometimes.com)
Our study demonstrates that resistance genes are able to hide in inactive bacteria, where they form a hidden reserve of resistance that bacteria can rely on. (microbiometimes.com)
The mucus and hibernation of inactive bacteria make biofilms a fortress able to withstand large amounts of antibiotics. (microbiometimes.com)
We can see that the active bacteria living nearest the outer edge of the biofilm lose resistance genes when antibiotics aren't present. (microbiometimes.com)
Resistance genes are typically spread by small DNA molecules that transfer between the bacteria they use as hosts. (microbiometimes.com)
Until now, it was thought that bacteria only keep plasmids for as long as they can benefit from them, e.g., by the resistance genes plasmids carry, or else lose them. (microbiometimes.com)
And since active bacteria are in constant competition with each other, it has been a mystery as to why many bacteria carry around plasmids without doing them much good - known as selection. (microbiometimes.com)
The researchers estimate that resistance stocks in biofilms are primarily built up in environmental bacteria, found in soil, air and wastewater among other places. (microbiometimes.com)
However, it is well established that different species of bacteria can transmit resistance to each other. (microbiometimes.com)
For example, resistance in environmental bacteria can be transmitted to the types of bacteria that make people sick. (microbiometimes.com)
An enormous number of bacteria with antibiotic-resistant genes derived from humans and livestock end up in sewage and may spread along that path into the environment. (microbiometimes.com)
In the bigger picture, this means that if there are a lot of inactive bacteria in the environment, in soil for example, then resistant genes don't just gradually disappear when antibiotics aren't present. (microbiometimes.com)
Plasmids are small circular DNA fragments that are found in many microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotes. (stemcelldaily.com)
The term plasmid was coined by Joshua Lederberg in 1952, who discovered that some bacteria can exchange genetic material through a process called conjugation. (stemcelldaily.com)
For example, plasmids can be used to produce recombinant proteins, such as insulin or human growth hormone, in bacteria or yeast cells. (stemcelldaily.com)
Exceptions are the linear plasmids in bacteria Streptomyces spp and Borrelia spp. (stemcelldaily.com)
The cholera outbreak in Yemen, which began in 2016, is the largest in modern history and antibiotic resistance has become widespread among V. cholerae bacteria since 2018. (crackias.com)
Drug resistance in bacteria may develop and spread via spontaneous mutations or by the acquisition of resistance-conferring genes. (crackias.com)
Although they can be found in archaea and eukaryotes, they play the most significant biological role in bacteria where they can be passed from one bacterium to another by a type of horizontal gene transfer (conjugation), usually providing a benefit to the host, such as antibiotic resistance. (addgene.org)
Origin and evolution of plasmids: Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotic organisms, such as yeast. (theinternet.io)
Plasmids play a significant role in bacterial adaptation and evolution by allowing for horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. (theinternet.io)
3. Horizontal gene transfer: Plasmids can be transferred between bacteria through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. (theinternet.io)
4. Selection: Plasmids that confer advantageous traits to their host bacteria are more likely to persist and spread within bacterial populations. (theinternet.io)
Gene electrotransfer mediated delivery of IL-12 gene has reached clinical evaluation in the USA using a plasmid that in addition to IL- 12 gene also carry an antibiotic resistance gene needed for its production in bacteria. (openscience.si)
Plasmid maintenance was evaluated by determining plasmid yields and topologies after subculturing transformed bacteria. (openscience.si)
If the situation continues to develop along the current trend, antibiotics against certain clinically important bacteria may become unavailable. (bats.ch)
How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? (bats.ch)
Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance either by mutational modification of their genome or by incorporating genes originating from other micro-organisms by gene transfer. (bats.ch)
Once the bacterium has acquired resistance genes, it wins a selection advantage compared to bacteria susceptible for antibiotics in an environment containing antibiotics ('environment' also includes humans and animals that are submitted to antibiotic therapy). (bats.ch)
Antibiotics are, as expressed in the original meaning of the term, antimicrobial substances produced by micro-organisms (bacteria or fungi). (bats.ch)
The resistant bacteria are therefore often present in nature even before the use of antibiotics takes place. (bats.ch)
Antimicrobial resistance - the ability of bacteria to evolve resistance to drug treatments, including antibiotics - poses a major threat to health interventions ( McEwen and Collignon, 2018 ). (elifesciences.org)
Bacteria - including the ones carrying antimicrobial resistance genes - also enter the wastewater system. (elifesciences.org)
One of these was a gene called YojI, which encodes resistance to microcin, a common toxin that is widely produced by bacteria and other prokaryotic species. (elifesciences.org)
next focused on two relevant types of mobile genetic elements that convey antimicrobial resistance genes: plasmids (small, circular DNA molecules) and bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria). (elifesciences.org)
All bacterial plasmids replicate on their own and contain an origin of replication (which controls the plasmid's host range and copy number) and genes that contribute to the survival of bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance genes. (excedr.com)
An illustrative diagram of bacteria showing bacterial chromosomal DNA and Plasmids. (excedr.com)
In the process of transferring a plasmid, the bacteria that receive the plasmid are known as F+ bacteria and the bacteria that do not are known as F- bacteria. (excedr.com)
However, the fusion between these two bacteria results in the production of two F+ plasmids. (excedr.com)
They contain the genes that help bacteria to protect themselves in unfavorable environments, such as in the presence of antibiotics or poison. (excedr.com)
An increase in the frequency of antibiotic resistance in bacteria since the 1950s has been observed for all major classes of antibiotics used to treat a wide variety of respiratory illnesses, skin disorders, and sexually transmitted diseases. (icr.org)
Is this resistance the result of bacteria evolving new genes in response to the presence of antibiotics, or are antibiotic-resistant bacteria selected for in the environment by possessing antibiotic resistance genes beforehand? (icr.org)
To answer these questions a discussion of several factors involved in antibiotic resistance will show that resistance is a designed feature of pre-existing genes enabling bacteria to compete with the antibiotic producers in their environment. (icr.org)
2] Kanamycin, an antibiotic used in the 1950s, has become clinically useless as a result of the prevalence of kanamycin-resistant bacteria. (icr.org)
Since World War II many more antibiotics isolated from fungi (molds) and bacteria have been used to treat a wide range of human and animal infections. (icr.org)
One group of bacteria, the Streptomyces, produces most of the medically important antibiotics. (icr.org)
7] Penicillin is an effective antibiotic for human diseases because it interferes with a biological component in bacteria (cell wall) not found in human cells. (icr.org)
The production of antibiotics by these organisms provides them with a competitive advantage over non-resistant bacteria in their environment. (icr.org)
However, not all bacteria are defenseless against the antibiotic producers. (icr.org)
Efflux pumps, located in the cell membrane, are one method of protection that many bacteria use against the influx of antibiotics. (icr.org)
To illustrate the significance of this topic, consider a hypothetical case study involving a hospital outbreak caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (echase.org)
In this process, bacteria take up free DNA molecules from their surroundings and incorporate them into their own genome. (echase.org)
This ability to uptake foreign DNA allows bacteria to adapt to changing environments or acquire antibiotic resistance genes from other bacteria. (echase.org)
Few studies have investigated occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) among bacteria including Aminoglycoside Modifying Genes (AMGs) from Drinking Water Distribution Systems (DWDS) in Nigeria. (bvsalud.org)
METHODS: One hundred and eighty one (181) MDR bacteria that had been previously characterized using 16S rDNA and showed resistance to at least one aminoglycoside antibiotic were selected from treated and untreated six water distribution systems in southwestern Nigeria. (bvsalud.org)

A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. (wikipedia.org)
The term plasmid was introduced in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. (wikipedia.org)
Later in 1968, it was decided that the term plasmid should be adopted as the term for extrachromosomal genetic element, and to distinguish it from viruses, the definition was narrowed to genetic elements that exist exclusively or predominantly outside of the chromosome and can replicate autonomously. (wikipedia.org)
The bacterial cytoplasm has extrachromosomal self replicating autonomous circular DNA molecules known as Plasmids. (gkchronicle.com)
They are extrachromosomal and not essential for the survival of the cell, but they may confer some advantages such as antibiotic resistance or virulence. (stemcelldaily.com)
In 1952, Joshua Lederberg coined the term plasmid, in reference to any extrachromosomal heritable determinant. (addgene.org)
Prokaryotic organisms normally contain small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules called plasmids that can serve as vectors. (pharmacy180.com)
2. Extrachromosomal existence: Plasmids might have arisen from selfish genetic elements, like bacteriophages or transposons, that took on a stable extrachromosomal existence. (theinternet.io)

Some plasmids were also void of par genes and intriguingly, repA gene was also not discovered in these plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
This host-to-host transfer of genetic material is one mechanism of horizontal gene transfer, and plasmids are considered part of the mobilome. (wikipedia.org)
A typical bacterial replicon may consist of a number of elements, such as the gene for plasmid-specific replication initiation protein (Rep), repeating units called iterons, DnaA boxes, and an adjacent AT-rich region. (wikipedia.org)
Plasmids almost always carry at least one gene. (wikipedia.org)
The qnrS2 gene was located on IncU-type plasmids in both isolates, which resulted in increased MIC values of quinolones and fluoroquinolones, once they were transferred into Escherichia coli . (cdc.gov)
The resistance comes from a mobile gene called bla IMP-27 . (cosmosmagazine.com)
The insulin gene from humans was inserted into a plasmid. (pressbooks.pub)
In this example, the human insulin gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmid. (pressbooks.pub)
Joshua Lederberg first coined the term "plasmid" in 1952 (3) , and since their discovery as "extra-chromosomal hereditary determinants", studies have highlighted their role in horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and usefulness as tools in molecular biology. (resistancecontrol.info)
However, in the early 1970s, Stanley Falkow, Stanley Cohen, Herbert Boyer, Donald Helinski, Charles Brinton and several others developed the concept of using plasmids as tools for gene cloning. (resistancecontrol.info)
A cloning plasmid for the RBM41 gene. (wuhanuscn.com)
Plasmid DNA plays an integral part in genetic engineering and biotechnology, serving as vectors to introduce specific genes into cells for therapeutic production, gene function research studies, or to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs). (keydifference.info)
Genomic DNA is essential to human development, inheritance, and gene regulation while plasmid DNA - while not found naturally within humans - may play an essential role in antibiotic resistance as well as genetic engineering and bacterial adaptation. (keydifference.info)
Most of these plasmids were detected to carry both TEM- and SHV-derived genes by PCR, and confirmed by localizing each gene by hybridization assay. (scielo.br)
In the early 1970s, researchers in California used this type of gene exchange to move a "recombinant" DNA molecule between two different species. (cshl.edu)
Plasmids can also be used to study gene expression and regulation, gene function and interaction, and gene therapy. (stemcelldaily.com)
This is a gene that confers resistance to a certain antibiotic or toxin, which helps in identifying and selecting the cells that contain the plasmid. (stemcelldaily.com)
Typically plasmids contain the minimum essential DNA sequences for this purpose, which includes a DNA replication origin, an antibiotic-resistance gene, and a region in which exogenous DNA fragments can be inserted. (addgene.org)
Name an eukaryotic organism that has plasmids, and can be used as a host in gene cloning experiments. (mcqexams.com)
Vectors must be capable of autonomous replication within the host cell, must contain at least one specific nucleotide sequence recognized by a restriction endonuclease, and must carry at least one gene that confers the ability to select for the vector such as an antibiotic resistance gene. (pharmacy180.com)
In summary, the origin and evolution of plasmids are complex and multifaceted processes, shaped by mutation, recombination, horizontal gene transfer, and selection. (theinternet.io)
The aim of our study was to determine the effects of gene electrotransfer with two plasmids encoding IL-2 and IL-12 in vitro and in vivo. (openscience.si)
We have prepared several antibiotic resistance gene-free plasmids using an antibiotic-free selection strategy called operator-repressor titration, including plasmids encoding mouse, canine and human IL-12 orthologues. (openscience.si)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the maintenance of these plasmids in bacterial culture and test their transfection efficiency using gene electrotransfer. (openscience.si)
Transfection efficiency was evaluated by determining the plasmid copy number, expression and cytotoxicity after gene electrotransfer to mouse, canine and human melanoma cells. (openscience.si)
We identified a new plasmid molecule carrying the nimE metronidazole resistance genes and investigated the structure of the cefoxitin resistance mobilizable transposon, MTn4555, with special attention to the regulatory region of the cfxA resistance gene. (otka-palyazat.hu)
Conjugation: Gene transfer of plasmids which are small round strands of dsDNA. (abcmedicalnotes.com)
Furthermore, plasmids are also regarded as mobile genetic elements and the process of their transmission of genetic material, through conjugation, is a type of mechanism of horizontal gene transfer. (excedr.com)
The common components present in all man-designed plasmids are the origin of replication, selection marker, antibiotic resistance gene, promoter region, primer binding sites, and cloning site. (excedr.com)
Conclusion: Galangin can interfere with the binding of transcription factors to inflammatory gene promoters through the methylation modification induced by PPAR/DNMT3A pathway, so as to inhibit the synthesis of inflammatory molecules and reverse inflammatory lung injury. (bvsalud.org)

These names reflect their ability to transfer from one cell to another through a process called conjugation, which involves the formation of a pilus (a thin tube-like structure) between two cells and the transfer of a copy of the plasmid. (stemcelldaily.com)
Like the bacterial chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA is replicated upon cell division, and each daughter cell receives at least one copy of the plasmid. (addgene.org)

Most of the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) for Salmonella Indiana isolate (SJTUF87912v2) were found to be located on a large plasmid (circular DNA molecule that replicates independent of the bacterial chromosome). (usda.gov)
He proposed that this transfer was due to a circular DNA molecule that could move from one cell to another. (stemcelldaily.com)
The authors report the presence of a new plasmid - a small, circular DNA molecule - in V. cholerae from late 2018 to the bacterial strains behind the epidemic. (crackias.com)

A variety of 27 acquired antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) was located on the IncHI2-IncHI2A-type plasmid p87912 with 236, 217 bp in size, including blaCTX-M-65, fosA3, mphA, qepA and rmtB interspersed with different insertion sequences and transposons (IS26, IS903, IS6100, ISCR3 and 'Tn2). (usda.gov)
identified 29 different major types of antimicrobial resistance genes. (elifesciences.org)

Many globally successful strains of pathogens have been able to become widely disseminated as a result of resistance genes acquired on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) (1) . (resistancecontrol.info)
Twenty ESBL producing strains (15%) including Escherichia coli (n = 9), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 7), Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 2) and Enterobacter aerogenes (n = 2) were detected and further analyzed for their resistance transfer features, plasmid profile and nature of the resistance genes. (scielo.br)
He observed that some strains of Escherichia coli could transfer antibiotic resistance to other strains through a physical contact mediated by a hair-like structure called pilus. (stemcelldaily.com)
Genes imparting resistance to multiple antibiotics emerged in the Vibrio cholerae bacterial strains responsible for the ongoing Yemen cholera epidemic around 2018, following changes in antibiotic treatment, according to a study published in Nature Microbiology . (crackias.com)
The authors also found the multidrug-resistance plasmid in less pathogenic, endemic cholera strains, suggesting that epidemic and endemic V.cholerae strains might exchange plasmids and antibiotic-resistance capabilities. (crackias.com)
We investigated the cefoxitin, carbapenem and metronidazole resistance of Bacteroides strains with regard to their prevalence, genetic expression and the carrying genetic elements. (otka-palyazat.hu)
After examination of a great number of strains, we proved the roles of both described and newly described insertion sequence elements (IS943, IS944, ISBf6, IS614B and IS614C) in activation of antibiotic resistance genes of Bacteroides strain, in addition to the implication of a new activation mechanism in the imipenem resistance. (otka-palyazat.hu)
For example, certain Escherichia coli (or E.coli ) strains present in the human gut and other animals when containing virulence plasmids, cause vomiting and diarrhea. (excedr.com)

Hence, the spread of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance properties caused by plasmids is possible, leading to a threat in public health. (frontiersin.org)
Some of these genes encode traits for antibiotic resistance or resistance to heavy metal, while others may produce virulence factors that enable a bacterium to colonize a host and overcome its defences or have specific metabolic functions that allow the bacterium to utilize a particular nutrient, including the ability to degrade recalcitrant or toxic organic compounds. (wikipedia.org)
Plasmids often carry genes that confer some advantage to the host cell, such as antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, or metabolic capabilities. (stemcelldaily.com)

however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. (wikipedia.org)
Antibiotics are chemicals released by one group of organisms against the other. (gkchronicle.com)
While plasmid DNA cannot be passed between organisms directly, both types play important roles in biological processes with potential implications in fields like biotechnology, genetics, and medicine. (keydifference.info)
This process can result in the adaptation of plasmids to changing environmental conditions or host organisms. (theinternet.io)
Interestingly, the most highly expressed genes were related to resistance against antimicrobial peptides, which are part of the innate immune system in multicellular organisms. (elifesciences.org)
Other organisms having virulence plasmid include Agrobacterium tumefaciens (contain Ti plasmid) and Salmonella enterica . (excedr.com)
A brief look at an example of penicillin resistance reveals the increase in the frequency of antibiotic-resistant organisms since the time when antibiotic use became common. (icr.org)
1] In 1980 it was estimated that 3-5% of S. pneumoniae were penicillin-resistant and by 1998, 34% of the S. pneumoniae sampled were resistant to penicillin.1 Antibiotic resistance by other organisms reflects the same trend observed between S. pneumoniae and penicillin. (icr.org)
The increase in resistance among these organisms clearly indicates a change in the frequency of antibiotic resistance genes. (icr.org)
3] Streptomyces release antibiotics into the soil in a sort of 'biochemical warfare' scenario to eliminate competing organisms from their environment. (icr.org)
Just as large organisms such as plants and animals must compete for living space, food, and water, these microbes use antibiotics to eliminate competition with other microbes for these same resources. (icr.org)

While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful in certain situations or conditions. (wikipedia.org)
While the chromosomes are big and contain all the essential information for living, plasmids usually are very small and contain only additional information. (gentaur-shop.com)
Degradation of bacterial chromosomes: Plasmids might have originated from the degradation and rearrangement of bacterial chromosomes, leading to the formation of smaller, autonomously replicating DNA elements. (theinternet.io)
In this scenario, plasmids and chromosomes share a common ancestor and gradually evolved distinct features over time. (theinternet.io)
An element that favours the dissemination of resistance genes is the fact that they are often plasmid-borne, i.e. a type of mini-chromosomes which are 1/100 to 1/1000 the size of a normal chromosome. (bats.ch)

Replication genes were not identified in some plasmids, a situation that has led to the possibility of host interaction involvement. (frontiersin.org)
The identification of genes involved in replication, segregation, toxin-antitoxin systems and conjugation, would aid the design of drugs to prevent the survival or transmission of plasmids carrying pathogenic properties. (frontiersin.org)
The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time to comprise genetic elements that reproduce autonomously. (wikipedia.org)
In order for plasmids to replicate independently within a cell, they must possess a stretch of DNA that can act as an origin of replication. (wikipedia.org)
Smaller plasmids make use of the host replicative enzymes to make copies of themselves, while larger plasmids may carry genes specific for the replication of those plasmids. (wikipedia.org)
The normal number of copies of plasmid that may be found in a single cell is called the plasmid copy number, and is determined by how the replication initiation is regulated and the size of the molecule. (wikipedia.org)
Thomas explained further, "We manipulated our pCURE plasmids to incorporate genes that block the replication of the resistance plasmid. (newstarget.com)
The copy number is regulated by various factors, such as the size of the plasmid, the origin of replication, and the availability of nutrients and energy. (stemcelldaily.com)
Some plasmids are compatible with each other and can be maintained together in a stable state, while others are incompatible and compete for resources or interfere with each other`s replication or expression. (stemcelldaily.com)
This is a specific sequence of DNA where the replication of the plasmid begins. (stemcelldaily.com)
Streptomyces-produced quinolone and coumarin antibiotics, such as novobiocin, interfere with a protein called gyrase that assists in the normal separation of double-stranded DNA during replication of DNA or transcription of messenger RNA. (icr.org)
Plasmids can be distinguished by their incompatibility features (reflecting replication) and can therefore be grouped into several replicon (Inc) types [12]. (cdc.gov)

Conjugation genes were identified portraying the conjugation ability amongst Pandoraea plasmids. (frontiersin.org)
Additionally, we found a shared region amongst some of the plasmids that consists of conjugation genes. (frontiersin.org)
Plasmids are transmitted from one bacterium to another (even of another species) mostly through conjugation. (wikipedia.org)
During cell division, the plasmid in bacterial cells is copied and one plasmid is transferred to each daughter cell through a process called bacterial conjugation. (excedr.com)
For example, based on their ability to transfer genes through conjugation, they are grouped as conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids. (excedr.com)
Also known as F-plasmid, fertility plasmids contain TRA genes that help in the transfer of genes to other bacterial species through conjugation. (excedr.com)
Often, they can be transferred to other bacterial species through conjugation, providing that species is resistant to specific antibiotics. (excedr.com)
During conjugation, plasmids or other mobile genetic elements containing beneficial genes can be transferred from one bacterium to another, contributing to genetic diversity and potentially enhancing survival capabilities. (echase.org)

Taken together, these results revealed the genomic characterization of an XDR chicken isolates in S. Indiana, and that the co-existence of numbers of ARGs on plasmid played an important role in XDR profile in S. Indiana isolates. (usda.gov)
More analysis of human, retail meat, and food animal isolates is necessary to broaden our understanding of the antimicrobial resistance determinants of ESC resistance among E. coli O157. (cdc.gov)

A team of scientists from the University of Birmingham engineered and patented a genetic element they hope could mitigate antibiotic resistance in humans. (newstarget.com)
Our approach, which tackles one of the causes of antimicrobial resistance at a genetic level, could be an important new weapon in this battle. (newstarget.com)
Genetic engineering involves the use of recombinant DNA technology, the process by which a DNA sequence is manipulated in vitro, thus creating recombinant DNA molecule s that have new combinations of genetic material. (pressbooks.pub)
Contrasting genomic DNA, plasmid DNA functions independently from it to act as its own genetic component - usually providing antibiotic resistance or enzyme production capabilities to its host. (keydifference.info)
Plasmid DNA serves as a second small DNA molecule with additional genetic data. (keydifference.info)
Genetic engineering: inserting new DNA into a plasmid vector. (cshl.edu)
Plasmids are also known as extra-chromosomal elements or genetic tools. (stemcelldaily.com)
Plasmids have been widely used in biotechnology and genetic engineering, as they can be manipulated to introduce, modify, or delete specific genes in the host cell. (stemcelldaily.com)
The authors conclude that clinical macrolide use and genetic exchange may have contributed to multidrug-resistance spread among Yemeni V.cholerae lineages. (crackias.com)
2. Recombination: Plasmids can undergo genetic recombination, which involves the exchange of DNA sequences between different plasmids within a single cell or between a plasmid and the host chromosome. (theinternet.io)
This process allows for the rapid spread of beneficial genes, such as antibiotic resistance, among bacterial populations and contributes to the overall genetic diversity of plasmids. (theinternet.io)
In this project our main aims were to examine the genetic background of significant antibiotic resistance mechanisms of important aerobic and anaerobic pathogens. (otka-palyazat.hu)
We observed that the cfiA and the metronidazole resistance, nimA-E genes display an association if they are chromosomal implicating their common localization on a distinct genetic element. (otka-palyazat.hu)
Plasmids are genetic elements that mobilize antimicrobial resistance determinants including bla CMY -lactamases that confer resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC). (cdc.gov)

In nature, plasmids often carry genes that benefit the survival of the organism and confer selective advantage such as antibiotic resistance. (wikipedia.org)
In nature, plasmids often carry genes that may benefit the survival of the organism, for example antibiotic resistance. (gentaur-shop.com)
Plasmids often carry genes that confer selective advantages to their host, such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to metabolize specific compounds. (theinternet.io)

Plasmids are typically circular (but also less commonly linear) double-stranded DNA molecules that are able to independently control their multiplication and stable inheritance from generation to generation in their bacterial h osts (2) . (resistancecontrol.info)
Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that are distinct from the chromosomal DNA of the host cell. (stemcelldaily.com)

An amino acid is the fundamental molecule that serves as the building block for proteins. (genome.gov)
Although all plasmids basically function in similar ways, what makes targeting plasmids difficult is that the genes and proteins they need for multiplication and stable inheritance are highly diverse making it unlikely to find a single compound that will block them all. (resistancecontrol.info)
It carries proteins' coding sequences, regulatory elements, and non-coding RNA molecules essential for various biological processes. (keydifference.info)
A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule and its associated proteins. (biotopics.co.uk)
MarR household proteins regulate the transcription of a number of antibiotic-resistance genes and are broadly present in micro organism and archaea. (biomol-informatics.com)
Many possess genes that encode proteins to neutralize the affects of antibiotics and prevent attacks on their cell machinery. (icr.org)

Can very rarely transfer bacterial or plasmid DNA from one bacterium to another. (abcmedicalnotes.com)

QnrA confers resistance to quinolones such as nalidixic acid and increases MICs of fluoroquinolones up to 32-fold in Escherichia coli ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
The bacterium Escherichia coli has a DNA molecule 4.6 million base pairs in length. (biotopics.co.uk)

however, some classes of plasmids encode the conjugative "sex" pilus necessary for their own transfer. (wikipedia.org)
The role of plasmids, particularly those able to transfer autonomously (conjugative), in the spread of antibiotic resistance was quickly established. (resistancecontrol.info)
They fall in the category of conjugative plasmids. (excedr.com)
Degradative plasmids belong to the group of conjugative plasmids. (excedr.com)

Antibiotic resistant infections have been recognized as a major global health problem that is intensifying due to the lack of concrete novel approaches to fight them. (resistancecontrol.info)
Amongst the favourable traits carried on plasmids, genes conferring antibiotic resistance are of particular concern in the spread of drug-resistant infections (6) . (resistancecontrol.info)
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus ) has emerged as an antibiotic-resistant bacterial strain. (biotopics.co.uk)
Antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens have become a growing problem worldwide and pose a serious threat to vulnerable populations, including mothers. (bvsalud.org)

Plasmids contain genes that provide survival benefits to host cells under specific environmental conditions, including nutrient metabolic genes or stress response genes that aid the survival of host cells in certain environments. (keydifference.info)
Col plasmids contain genes that produce bacteriocin, helping one bacterial species to kill other bacterial species. (excedr.com)

Another major concern of our times is the seemingly unstoppable increase of antibiotic resistance by pathogens. (seva-plasmids.com)
The use of antibiotics is the key factor for the selection of genes that code for resistance not only in pathogens, but also in other habitats (commensals, environment). (bats.ch)

For example, Macrococcus caseolyticus has a large plasmid pMCCL2 consisting of 80,545 base pairs. (biotopics.co.uk)

Copy number - the copy number refers to the number of copies of plasmid present in the bacterial cell. (stemcelldaily.com)

A few types of plasmids can also insert into the host chromosome, and these integrative plasmids are sometimes referred to as episomes in prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
In this article, we will review the types of plasmids, how they are artificially designed in labs for laboratory assays, and their applications. (excedr.com)
To broaden our understanding of reservoirs of bla CMY, we determined the types of plasmids carrying bla CMY among E. coli O157. (cdc.gov)

The pCure plasmids, however, carry the antidote to ensure that the cells that lose resistance plasmids survive and can thrive in the gut. (newstarget.com)
We also target the plasmid's addiction system by designing our pCURE plasmids to ensure the antidote is still available to the host. (newstarget.com)
The team also collaborated with colleagues from the University of Sydney in Australia to test the pCure plasmids in mice. (newstarget.com)
We aim to make modifications to further improve the efficacy of our pCURE plasmids before moving towards a first clinical trial," Thomas said. (newstarget.com)
pCURE plasmids also carry the antidote, ensuring that cells that lose the resistance plasmid survive and take over the gut. (vaccar.biz)

One widespread strategy to combat antibiotic resistance has been to use antibiotics for a period of time and then take a break. (microbiometimes.com)

Toxin-antitoxin systems MazEF, VapBC, RelBE, YgiT-MqsR, HigBA, and ParDE were identified across the plasmids and their presence would improve plasmid maintenance. (frontiersin.org)
In this "addiction system," the resistance plasmid carries a stable toxin and an unstable antidote in the host cell. (newstarget.com)
Our work is developing ways to displace plasmids from their hosts using incompatibility functions without disrupting cell viability by neutralizing plasmid-encoded toxin/anti-toxin systems. (resistancecontrol.info)
If the plasmid is lost from the cell, the antidote breaks down, leaving the harmful toxin to attack its host. (vaccar.biz)

Compatibility of plasmids - this refers to the ability of two different plasmids to coexist in the same bacterial cell. (stemcelldaily.com)

In addition, it enhances selection of associated chromosome-encoded quinolone resistance determinants that confer additional resistance to fluoroquinolones ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)

However, few strategies that specifically target plasmids are currently being pursued. (resistancecontrol.info)

Plasmids vary in size from 1 to over 400 kbp, and the number of identical plasmids in a single cell can range anywhere from one to thousands under some circumstances. (wikipedia.org)

This shift suggests either a change in plasmid type among animal reservoirs or that the organism has expanded into avian reservoirs. (cdc.gov)

Although antimicrobial resistance occurs naturally, the widespread and often uncontrolled use of antibiotics in both humans and livestock have exacerbated this ability. (elifesciences.org)
IncA/C plasmids are found among diverse sources, including cattle, the principal source of E. coli O157 infections in humans. (cdc.gov)

Plasmids are generally circular, but examples of linear plasmids are also known. (wikipedia.org)
These linear plasmids require specialized mechanisms to replicate their ends. (wikipedia.org)

Plasmid mini made and maxi DNA purification kits can be silica gel or anion exchange, endotoxin free and are used to produce pure plasmids that are small DNA molecules within a cell separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. (gentaur-shop.com)
Plasmids are also known as sex factors , conjugants , extra chromosomal replicons , or transfer factors . (stemcelldaily.com)
Plasmids are fragments of double-stranded DNA that typically carry genes and can replicate independently from chromosomal DNA. (addgene.org)
Plasmids are physically different from chromosomal DNA. (excedr.com)

These findings highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance for the prevalence and transmission of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella and provide information to develop strategies to control the alarming increase in development of antibiotic resistance. (usda.gov)
IncI1 plasmids are common among E. coli and Salmonella from poultry and other avian sources. (cdc.gov)

3. Ancient origin: Another possibility is that plasmids have an ancient origin, predating the divergence of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (theinternet.io)

It hops between species via a plasmid - a small molecule of DNA that can transfer from one bacterial cell to another and slot into its new host's genome. (cosmosmagazine.com)
These systems may speed up the process of discovering potential antibiotic-applicable genes and they are capable of producing antimicrobial compounds, including antimicrobial peptides and small molecule drugs [7]. (seva-plasmids.com)

To address the gap of knowledge on this, the complete sequences of eight plasmids from Pandoraea spp. (frontiersin.org)
The information on plasmid sequences in Pandoraea spp. (frontiersin.org)
is useful as the sequences did not match any known plasmid sequence deposited in public databases. (frontiersin.org)
In contrast, complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries contain only those DNA sequences that are complementary to messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules present in a cell and differ from one cell type to another. (pharmacy180.com)
Currently, plasmids are constructed by first digesting DNA sequences using restriction enzymes and then ligating the ends of the DNA fragments using the enzyme DNA ligase. (excedr.com)

Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance was first identified in a Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate from the United States ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
In Europe however, Eu- ropean Medicines Agency recommends against the use of antibiotics during the production of clinical grade plasmids. (openscience.si)

Genomic and Plasmid DNA are two distinct varieties of DNA found in living species. (keydifference.info)

Thus it is very difficult to map the microbial hosts of plasmids, ARGs, and phages without culturing. (niamrre.org)

Unexpected Occurrence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants in Environmental Aeromonas spp. (cdc.gov)
We searched for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants of the Qnr type in several water samples collected at diverse locations from the Seine River (Paris, France). (cdc.gov)
This identification of plasmid-mediated qnr genes outside Enterobacteriaceae underlines a possible diffusion of those resistance determinants within gram-negative rods. (cdc.gov)
Other plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants, QnrB (QnrB1 to QnrB10) and QnrS (QnrS1 and QnrS2), have been identified in enterobacterial species, sharing 41% and 60% amino acid identity with QnrA, respectively ( 8 - 10 ). (cdc.gov)
To further evaluate the spread of plasmid-mediated resistance determinants in the environment, we have searched for those genes in water samples drawn from the Seine River in Paris, France. (cdc.gov)
One of the factors that heavily contributes to the problem is how rapidly novel and existing resistance determinants move among bacterial hosts. (resistancecontrol.info)

Streptomyces - Many antibiotics are produced from the several species of genus Streptomyces, for example anti-biotic Streptomycin. (gkchronicle.com)
Plasmids can vary in size from 1 kb to 200 kb, and they can exist in different species and get transferred from one cell to another. (stemcelldaily.com)
Several genes for antibiotic resistance have been identified on plasmids which can be passed between related species. (biotopics.co.uk)
It was found in about 90% of all expressed transcripts attributed to this type of antimicrobial resistance, suggesting that many species in the community produce microcin as a survival strategy, and thus also require resistance to toxins produced by other species. (elifesciences.org)

The discovery that plasmids could be efficiently used as cloning vectors led to an increased interest in understanding plasmid biology, as well as stimulating new types of biotechnology. (resistancecontrol.info)
Tracking Insecticide Resistance in Mosquito Vectors of Arboviruses: The Worldwide Insecticide resistance Network (WIN). (cdc.gov)

Ribosomes, the structures where protein synthesis is catalyzed, are the targets of many other Streptomyces antibiotics such as spectinomycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin. (icr.org)

3. DNA Attachment The two DNA molecules each attach to a different part of the cell membrane. (cheatography.com)
a) The cell must be made competent in biotechnology experiments because DNA being a hydrophilic molecule, cannot pass through cell membrane. (mcqexams.com)

Plasmid replicates separa-tely. (cheatography.com)

Prokaryotic cells, which lack nuclei, have a single chromosome, but may also contain nonchromosomal DNA in the form of plasmids. (slideshare.net)
By the 1970s the combined discoveries of restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, and gel electrophoresis allowed for the ability to move specific fragments of DNA from one context to another, such as from a chromosome to a plasmid. (addgene.org)

The creation of recombinant DNA molecules is possible due to the use of naturally occurring restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes), bacterial enzymes produced as a protection mechanism to cut and destroy foreign cytoplasmic DNA that is most commonly a result of bacteriophage infection. (pressbooks.pub)

The cells consist of a thick cytoplasm that contains all the compounds and molecules required for metabolism and nutrition. (biologywise.com)
Some biological compounds with the same empirical formula exist in different forms (isomers), as parts of their molecules can be arranged differently. (biotopics.co.uk)

Anatomy5

Organisms35

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs78

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Phenomena and Processes85

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care9

Bacteria88

Extrachromosomal8

Gene30

Copy of the plasmid2

Circular DNA molecule3

Antimicrobial resistance genes2

Strains8

Virulence factors3

Organisms12

Chromosomes5

Replication12

Conjugation8

Isolates2

Genetic14

Often carry genes3

Double-stranded DNA molecules2

Proteins6

Bacterium to another1

Escherichia2

Conjugative4

Resistant4

Contain genes2

Pathogens2

Large plasmid1

Copies of plasmid1

Types of plasmids3

PCure plasmids5

Combat antibiotic resistance1

Toxin4

Different plasmids1

Confer1

Target plasmids1

Identical plasmids1

Organism1

Humans2

Linear plasmids2

Chromosomal4

Salmonella2

Prokaryotes1

Small molecule2

Sequences5

Clinical2

Genomic1

ARGs1

Determinants6

Species4

Vectors2

Streptomyces1

Cell membrane2

Replicates1

Chromosome2

Occurring restriction1

Compounds2