• Bacterial toxins damage the host at the site of bacterial infection or distant from the site. (springer.com)
  • Bacterial toxins can be single proteins or oligomeric protein complexes that are organized with distinct AB structure-function properties. (springer.com)
  • Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
  • Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)
  • This review summarizes the major families of bacterial toxins and also describes the specific structure-function properties of the botulinum neurotoxins. (springer.com)
  • During World War I, the Germans developed anthrax, glanders, cholera, and a wheat fungus for use as biological weapons. (medscape.com)
  • Pathogenic strains often promote infections by producing virulence factors such as potent protein toxins , and the expression of a cell-surface protein that binds and inactivates antibodies . (mdwiki.org)
  • Before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: (1) deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious or toxic material, (2) use of microorganisms or toxins in some form of weapon system, and (3) use of biologically inoculated fabrics. (medscape.com)
  • While herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is generally associated with oral lesions like cold sores or fever blisters (see Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes ), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is usually associated with genital herpes. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The two-phase mechanism of action of AB toxins is of particular interest in cancer therapy research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Examples of the "A" component of an AB toxin include C. perfringens iota toxin Ia, C. botulinum C2 toxin CI, and Clostridium difficile ADP-ribosyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biological weapons include any organism or toxin found in nature that can be used to incapacitate, kill, or otherwise impede an adversary. (medscape.com)
  • The AB toxins are two-component protein complexes secreted by a number of pathogenic bacteria, though there is a pore-forming AB toxin found in the eggs of a snail. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are named AB toxins due to their components: the "A" component is usually the "active" portion, and the "B" component is usually the "binding" portion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Less commonly, the term "AB toxin" is used to emphasize the monomeric character of the B component. (wikipedia.org)
  • The general idea is to modify the B component of existing toxins to selectively bind to malignant cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • We confirmed that the most critical component for investigation from 1988 to 1999. (cdc.gov)
  • They can be classified as Type III toxins because they interfere with internal cell function. (wikipedia.org)
  • The B domain includes two functional domains: a receptor-binding domain, which defines the tropism of a toxin for a cell and a translocation domain that delivers the A domain across a lipid bilayer, either on the plasma membrane or the endosome. (springer.com)
  • The German-American physician Anton Dilger established a secret biological laboratory in Chevy Chase, Maryland, with the intent to grow the causative agents of anthrax and glanders. (medscape.com)
  • In September 2005, 124 samples of 62 unique strains of causative agents of plague, anthrax, cholera, and other dangerous diseases were transported from Baku to the U.S. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in Washington, DC, where the strains will be studied jointly by U.S. Department of Defense and Azerbaijan medical researchers. (nationmaster.com)
  • When they lysogenized five different strains of staphylococci changes in typing pattern were produced. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Also the development of " battle strains " of anthrax, bubonic plague, smallpox, Ebola virus, and of a microbe-based " double agent " has been reported ( Thompson, 1999 ). (ucv.cl)
  • A formalin-inactivated toxoid against botulinum toxin type B is licensed for use in horses in the United States. (veteriankey.com)
  • Adherence to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention reinforced by confidence-building measures sustained by use of monitoring and verification protocols, is indeed, an important and necessary step in reducing and eliminating the threats of biological warfare and bioterrorism. (ucv.cl)
  • The heavy chain navigates the toxin into target cells and is responsible for transfers through several membranes. (listlabs.com)
  • We confirmed that the most critical component for investigation from 1988 to 1999. (cdc.gov)
  • We defined the source of recognition and reporting as reviewed characteristics and trends of EIS investigations the person, persons, or institution that originally brought conducted from 1988 to 1999 (3). (cdc.gov)
  • Anthrax and botulinum toxin initially were investigated for use as weapons, and sufficient quantities of botulinum toxin and anthrax cattle cakes were stockpiled by June 1944 to allow limited retaliation if the Germans first used biological agents. (medscape.com)
  • The AB toxins are two-component protein complexes secreted by a number of pathogenic bacteria, though there is a pore-forming AB toxin found in the eggs of a snail. (wikipedia.org)
  • PA protein forms the central part of the complete anthrax toxin, and translocates the A moiety into host cells after assembling as a heptamer in the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • This approach combines results from cancer immunotherapy with the high toxicity of AB toxins, giving raise to a new class of chimeric protein drugs, called immunotoxins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tetanus toxin (TeNT) and botulinum toxin (BoNT) appear quite different at first glance, however, when we take a closer look at how these toxins function, they are more similar than suggested by the diseases they cause. (listlabs.com)
  • Currently, no small-molecule drugs are available that prevent disease following exposure to preformed toxins. (cdc.gov)
  • one polyclonal raised against the heavy chain is an effective capture antibody for ELISAs and other detection strategies and the other antibody, a mouse monoclonal will specifically bind to type A light chain. (listlabs.com)
  • Our toxoids are made from purified neurotoxin types A and B to give you the most specific antibody production. (listlabs.com)
  • This antibody pair will capture and identify small amounts of toxin. (listlabs.com)
  • Both diseases can be attributed to toxins created by Clostridia . (listlabs.com)
  • Types A, B, and C are associated with botulism outbreaks in horses, but type B accounts for more than 85% of equine botulism cases in the United States. (veteriankey.com)
  • The general idea is to modify the B component of existing toxins to selectively bind to malignant cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biological warfare is the intentional use of micro-organisms, and toxins, generally of microbial, plant or animal origin to produce disease and death in humans, livestock and crops. (ucv.cl)
  • however, in contrast to TeNT, botulinum is usually encountered when bacteria multiply and produce toxin in contaminated foods and the toxin is swallowed with the contaminated food. (listlabs.com)
  • It is a state party of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC), having ratified it in November 1979. (nationmaster.com)
  • Armenia acceded to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention on June 7, 1994. (nationmaster.com)
  • Azerbaijan acceded to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention in February 2004. (nationmaster.com)
  • Although Belarus was a Soviet republic in 1972, it is a signatory of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC), which it ratified in 1975. (nationmaster.com)
  • It ratified the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) in 1973 and signed the Mendoza Declaration in 1991, which prohibits biological as well as chemical agents. (nationmaster.com)
  • The country acceded to the Geneva Protocol on December 6, 1928 and the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) on April 10, 1972. (nationmaster.com)
  • and non-compliance with the 1972 Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention ( Table 1 ). (ucv.cl)
  • There are no toxoids available for types A or C. Vaccination is warranted for all horses because they may move into recognized endemic areas. (veteriankey.com)
  • They can be classified as Type III toxins because they interfere with internal cell function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Main Outcomes and Measures: Trends in acute stroke hospitalization rates by stroke type, age, sex, and race/ethnicity, as well as the prevalence of associated risk factors by stroke type, age, and sex. (cdc.gov)