AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Mast CellsAngiotensin IIReceptor, Angiotensin, Type 1Receptors, AngiotensinReceptor, Angiotensin, Type 2Angiotensin IAngiotensin Receptor AntagonistsAngiotensin II Type 1 Receptor BlockersAngiotensin IIICell DegranulationChymasesHistamine ReleaseLosartanTetrazolesAngiotensin II Type 2 Receptor BlockersTryptasesReceptors, IgEp-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylaminePeptidyl-Dipeptidase AAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme InhibitorsRenin-Angiotensin SystemAngiotensinsImmunoglobulin EMastocytosis1-Sarcosine-8-Isoleucine Angiotensin IIReninBiphenyl CompoundsSaralasinImidazolesBlood PressureCells, CulturedBenzimidazolesVasoconstrictor AgentsCromolyn SodiumSerine EndopeptidasesHistamineProto-Oncogene Proteins c-kitAnaphylaxisRats, Sprague-DawleyMastocytosis, SystemicHypertensionAntihypertensive AgentsStem Cell FactorAngiotensinogenKidneyAldosteronePeritoneal CavityPassive Cutaneous AnaphylaxisMice, Inbred C57BLLeukemia, Mast-CellCarboxypeptidases Abeta-N-AcetylhexosaminidasesRNA, MessengerEnalaprilBasophilsCell CountDose-Response Relationship, DrugKetotifenCytoplasmic GranulesAngiotensin AmidePyridinesRats, WistarSignal TransductionMice, KnockoutMuscle, Smooth, VascularRats, Inbred SHRThioxanthenesRats, Inbred WKYSkinTeprotideEnalaprilatBradykininCalciumDisease Models, AnimalMast-Cell SarcomaTolonium ChlorideHypertension, RenalLisinoprilVasoconstrictionRats, Inbred StrainsHypersensitivityTime FactorsMyocardiumMastocytomaMice, Mutant StrainsUrticaria PigmentosaValineRenal CirculationNorepinephrineAortaAnti-Allergic AgentsConnective Tissue CellsFibrosisCardiomegalyBenzoatesLeukemia, Basophilic, AcuteProstaglandin D2Interleukin-3ImmunohistochemistryLung
EnzymeMediatorsReninDegranulationCutaneous mastReceptor BlockersHistamine releaseVascularNeutrophilReceptorsNeutrophilsMacrophagesChymaseEnzymesSystemicBradykininCardiovascularSecretionInflammationDisordersFibrosisInhibitProteinBiologyCardiacReaction causedActivatesTissueNeuronsSynthesisHomeostasisCascadeHumanTypeMononuclearHematopoieticHypertensionCytokinesLymphoidTumorsReleaseRoleSerumCoronaryIntestinal
Enzyme10
  • In the heart and blood vessels, this protein, rather than angiotensin converting enzyme, is largely responsible for converting angiotensin I to the vasoactive peptide angiotensin II. (wikipedia.org)
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts Ang I into angiotensin II (Ang II) which acts on an angiotensin type 1 (AT1) and angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptor. (hindawi.com)
  • Intrinsic brain RAS is an enzyme-neuropeptide system having functional components (angiotensinogen, peptidases, angiotensin, and specific receptor proteins) with important biological and neurobiological activities in the brain. (hindawi.com)
  • Hypovolaemia leads to increased production of renin in the kidney, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted to active angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the endothelium, especially in the pulmonary circulation. (wikilectures.eu)
  • SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via its spike (S) protein binding to its surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and results in the production of multiple proinflammatory cytokines, especially in the lungs, leading to what is known as COVID-19. (bvsalud.org)
  • The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection relies on its spike protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells to initiate cellular entry. (bvsalud.org)
  • The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 is able to bind to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor with a much higher affinity compared to other coronaviruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Benazepril is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, also called an ACE inhibitor or simply an ACEI. (vin.com)
  • As previously mentioned, it should be emphasised that the SARS virus enters human cells by blocking the cell receptor ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) on its surface. (bisaf.pl)
  • If it has more than one mechanism of action (for example, it blocks an enzyme and also prevents entry of nucleotides into the cell), discuss the ones that are relevant to your main biochemical effect. (studyproessay.com)
Mediators9
  • Moreover, MRGPRs have been identified as mediators in the renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular biology. (uantwerpen.be)
  • Two mast cell mediators were identified as fibrogenic: histamine and renin, via angiotensin (ANG II). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially fatal, multiorgan system reaction caused by the release of chemical mediators from mast cells and basophils. (medscape.com)
  • The inflammatory process implies release of numerous of these chemical mediators, from injured tissues or originating of the own inflammatory cells. (vin.com)
  • Many mast cell mediators directly act upon the cardiovascular system and the heart. (mastattack.org)
  • Mast cell mediators directly impact blood pressure. (mastattack.org)
  • In particular, the inflammatory response leads to injury of epithelial/endothelial cells and enhances the release of inflammatory mediators, including chemokines, cytokines and inflammatory cells (mainly neutrophils and macrophages , but also eosinophils , basophils, mast cells). (omicsonline.org)
  • In a recent study [ 9 ] it was indicated for the first time that among various mediators involved in the inflammation-driven differentiation of fibroblast to an activated myofibroblast, a main architect is the neutrophil, a cell whose role in fibrosis was obscure up to now. (omicsonline.org)
  • In particular, Owen is studying the ability of B cells to activate natural killer cells, complement system, and other inflammatory mediators during pregnancy. (portlandpress.com)
Renin14
Degranulation2
Cutaneous mast1
  • It is an indirect measure of cutaneous mast cell reactivity due to the presence of specific IgE. (medscape.com)
Receptor Blockers1
  • Yang D, Yuan J, Liu G, Ling Z, Zeng H, Chen Y, Zhang Y, She Q, Zhou X. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Statins Could Alleviate Atrial Fibrosis via Regulating Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/Rac1 /Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Axis. (medsci.org)
Histamine release3
Vascular4
  • 2013). Mast cells and vascular diseases. (mastattack.org)
  • The atherosclerotic process is accelerated by a myriad of factors, such as the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), growth factors, and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. (hindawi.com)
  • It is primarily characterized by abnormal activation of the innate immune system and vascular cells, significantly increasing the risk of thrombosis in blood vessels of varying sizes. (debuglies.com)
  • Intravenously administered adenosine is rapidly cleared from the circulation via cellular uptake, primarily by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. (nih.gov)
Neutrophil2
  • Biological Function Although its physiological function is unclear, it can inhibit neutrophil cathepsin G and mast cell chymase, both of which can convert angiotensin-1 to the active angiotensin-2. (qedbio.com)
  • This exploratory study found that mast cell and neutrophil inflammatory markers in PCF 4 hours after cardiac surgery were related to both ICU and total hospital length of stay. (brittanybutts.com)
Receptors3
  • The brain has shown the presence of various components of brain RAS such as angiotensinogen (AGT), converting enzymes, angiotensin (Ang), and specific receptors (ATR). (hindawi.com)
  • These results provide evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 S protein contributes to inflammation by stimulating mast cells through different receptors and could lead to new targeted treatment approaches. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, mast cells and H1 receptors have not been the primary sites of antipruritic action of this extract. (researchgate.net)
Neutrophils2
  • MRGPRs are expressed by small non-myelinated sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia, mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages and are known to play a role in itch, pain, and pseudo-allergic drug reactions. (uantwerpen.be)
  • Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by an inflammatory response that includes macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Macrophages1
  • Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)
Chymase3
  • 1993). "Cellular localization and regional distribution of an angiotensin II-forming chymase in the heart" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • Radiolabeled (125I) angiotensin-1-12 was used as a substrate for the determination of chymase activity. (brittanybutts.com)
  • In this study, we used human cultured mast cells that are plentiful in the lungs and showed that recombinant SARS-CoV-2 full-length S protein (1-10 ng/mL), but not its receptor-binding domain (RBD), stimulates the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) as well as the proteolytic enzymes chymase and tryptase. (bvsalud.org)
Enzymes2
  • While it is still susceptible to destruction by Staphylococcal enzymes, it does have a much broader spectrum against the Gram negative cell wall and is able to last a bit longer. (vin.com)
  • Belova LA, (2000): "Angiotensin II-generating enzymes. (antikoerper-online.de)
Systemic2
  • 2016). Cardiovascular symptoms in patients with systemic mast cell activation disease. (mastattack.org)
  • Angiotensin II causes generalized vasoconstriction in the systemic and pulmonary circulation, but locally stimulates the release of vasodilators prostaglandins in the kidneys and lungs. (wikilectures.eu)
Bradykinin1
Cardiovascular3
  • It is present centrally in the brain with about 90% being expressed in astroglial cells and in some neurons present in regions of the brain controlling cardiovascular and other metabolic functions [ 18 , 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It is difficult to overstate the role mast cells play in the various functions of the cardiovascular system. (mastattack.org)
  • Author's note: the effects of mast cell disease and COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system is extremely complicated and requires multiple posts to cover everything. (mastattack.org)
Secretion3
  • It is expressed in mast cells and thought to function in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, the regulation of submucosal gland secretion, and the generation of vasoactive peptides. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the cell source and the mechanism of secretion of such cytokines have not been adequately characterized. (bvsalud.org)
  • Clearance of small intestinal crypts involves goblet cell mucus secretion by intracellular granule rupture and enterocyte ion transport. (gu.se)
Inflammation1
  • Data on the rapid enhancement of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity in ESW-treated cells suggest that increased NO levels and the subsequent suppression of NF-κB activation may account, at least in part, for the clinically beneficial action on tissue inflammation. (eurekaselect.com)
Disorders1
  • mast cell secretory activity to the development of these disorders. (123dok.org)
Fibrosis4
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether mast cells play a role in initiating pulmonary fibrosis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Mast cell deficiency protected against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, but protection was reversed with the re-introduction of mast cells to the lungs of MCD mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Mast cells appear to be critical to pulmonary fibrosis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Among the mechanisms involved in fibrosis, a cornerstone for the progression of the fibrotic process is the differentiation of fibroblasts towards activated cells, namely myofibroblasts, which contribute in the production of abundant amount of extracellular matrix [ 2 ]. (omicsonline.org)
Inhibit1
Protein1
  • She later continued to study MRes in Cell Biology at UCL, during which she investigated how attenuated mutations in the envelope protein of pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus affect virological synapse formation and envelope sorting during infection, under the supervision of Prof. Mark Marsh and Dr. Scott Lawrence. (portlandpress.com)
Biology3
  • DNA and Cell Biology , 32 (4), 206-218. (elsevierpure.com)
  • s. 121-131 (Methods in Cell Biology, Bind 173). (sdu.dk)
  • Prior to starting her Ph.D, she studied BSc Biomedical Sciences at University College London (UCL), where she first became interested in cell biology. (portlandpress.com)
Cardiac3
Reaction caused1
  • It is usually an acute but sometimes a chronic mast cell-mediated reaction caused by exposure to a drug (eg, angiotensin-converting. (msdmanuals.com)
Activates1
  • This inflammatory environment activates effector cells (such as fibroblasts and myofibroblasts) resulting in the production of matrix proteins and subsequent fibrotic process (second and third phases) [ 2 ]. (omicsonline.org)
Tissue4
  • Recently, the endocrine activity of adipose tissue cells has been intensively studied. (123dok.org)
  • We also point out a possible contribution of adipose tissue-associated mast cell secre- tory activity to the development of these diseases. (123dok.org)
  • Histamine it is released from mast cells also in response to tissue damage. (wikilectures.eu)
  • On the contrary, melatonin is currently considered a universal cell protector with signaling actions in a myriad of biochemical processes essential for cell and tissue homeostasis [ 13 ] [ 14 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Neurons2
  • These RAS peptides are present in astrocytes, glial cells, oligodendrocytes, and neurons of various areas of the brain [ 14 , 15 ] such as the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Enriched monolayer precursor cell cultures from micro-dissected adult mouse dentate gyrus yield functional granule cell-like neurons. (mdc-berlin.de)
Synthesis1
  • Glial cells are identified as the site of synthesis of AGT [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Homeostasis1
Cascade1
  • When the inflammatory cascade is active, cells begin to convert their arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. (vin.com)
Human1
  • We demonstrate that displaying this sequence on the surface of supramolecular assemblies preserves its α-helical conformation and blocks the entry of a pseudovirus and its two variants into human host cells. (bvsalud.org)
Type4
Mononuclear1
Hematopoietic1
  • For example, antimetabolites prevent tumor growth and the reproduction of certain body tissues with fast division rates such as gastrointestinal lining, hematopoietic cells and hair follicles. (studyproessay.com)
Hypertension2
  • Despite the well known association between allergic reactions and low blood pressure, hypertension is not uncommon in mast cell patients. (mastattack.org)
  • His dissertation research investigates how B cells and autoantibodies contribute to hypertension and immune activation in women with preeclampsia or COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. (portlandpress.com)
Cytokines1
  • It is important to stress that, similarly to sex hormones, the levels of vitamin D and the expression of its receptor in the cells of the immune system have a significant impact on the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines by reducing their concentrations while stimulating anti-inflammatory cytokines, which is of great importance in the observed cytokine storm during COVID-19. (bisaf.pl)
Lymphoid1
  • All experiments performed on red cell lysed rat blood gated on lymphoid cells in the presence of 10% rat serum. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
Tumors1
  • T cell homing to tumors detected by 3D-coordinated positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. (mdc-berlin.de)
Release1
Role1
Serum1
  • Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Alpha 1 Antichymotrypsin,AACT in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. (tissue-cell-culture.com)
Coronary1
Intestinal1
  • As a vermicidal, albendazole causes degenerative alterations in the tegument and intestinal cells of the worm by binding to the colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin, thus inhibiting its polymerization or assembly into microtubules. (parasitetesting.co.uk)