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AndrogensOvarian FollicleReceptors, AndrogenFollicle Stimulating HormoneHair FollicleAndrogen AntagonistsHormonesLuteinizing HormoneTestosteroneDihydrotestosteroneOvaryAndrogen Receptor AntagonistsThyroid HormonesEstradiolGonadal Steroid HormonesGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneGranulosa CellsOvulationProgesteroneProstatic NeoplasmsFollicular FluidTheca CellsAndrostenedioneParathyroid HormoneTestosterone CongenersFlutamideMetriboloneAnti-Mullerian HormoneReceptors, Thyroid HormoneAdrenocorticotropic HormoneAndrogen-Insensitivity SyndromeHuman Growth HormoneChorionic GonadotropinOocytesHairAromataseInhibinsPituitary HormonesRNA, MessengerProstateReceptors, FSHEstrogensDehydroepiandrosteroneOogenesisCattleSteroidsEstrusHormone Replacement TherapyTriiodothyroninePregnancyPituitary GlandJuvenile HormonesNeoplasms, Hormone-DependentTestisOvulation InductionImmunohistochemistryGonadal HormonesTesticular HormonesAlopeciaSexual MaturationProlactinGonadotropins, EquineEstrous CycleNandroloneOvariectomyCorpus LuteumAndrostane-3,17-diolGonadotropinsHormone AntagonistsSignal TransductionSheep3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-DehydrogenaseTime FactorsGonadotropins, PituitaryFollicle Stimulating Hormone, HumanGrowth Hormone-Releasing HormonePolycystic Ovary SyndromeCells, CulturedTissue Culture TechniquesThyroxine3-Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenasesInsulin-Like Growth Factor IHypophysectomyFollicle Stimulating Hormone, beta SubunitReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionFertilization in VitroCorticotropin-Releasing HormoneRadioimmunoassayThyrotropinMolecular Sequence DataHypothalamic HormonesPeptide HormonesGene Expression RegulationOrgan SizePituitary Hormones, AnteriorCyproterone AcetateSebaceous GlandsLeuprolideFertilitySteroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase
TestosteroneLuteinizing HormoneSpermatogenesisProgesteroneEstrogenIncreasing follicle growthHuman chorionic goInsensitivity syndromeHigh levels of androgensReceptorsIncreased androgen productionGonadotropin-releasiMale hormonePCOSOvulationDeficiencyMutationsStimulationPituitary hormonesAdrenalThyroid hormoneEtiologyOvaries produceSynthesisGranulosaProlactinExcessDeprivation therapyAbnormalSecretionSteroid hormoneCystsHypogonadismAcneCorpus luteumTestesExogenousFemalesDihydrotestosteroneProduce hormonesMaturationRegulateAbnormalitiesInsulinIrregularGraafianReceptor geneGeneOvaryProductionEndocrineAtresiaReproductive hormones
Testosterone35
Luteinizing Hormone14
  • A related condition is luteinizing hormone (LH) insensitivity (termed Leydig cell hypoplasia when it occurs in males), which presents with similar symptoms to those of FSH insensitivity but with the symptoms in the respective sexes reversed (i.e., hypogonadism and sexual infantilism in males and merely problems with fertility in females). (wikipedia.org)
  • The objective of this study was to determine the gene expression profiles of the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)/ Sry-related high-mobility group box 9 (SOX9) pathways in granulosa-luteal cells from patients undergoing standard in vitro fertilization (IVF) with or without recombinant luteinizing hormone (rLH) therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Levels of reproductive hormones in the pre-ovulatory follicular fluid and the expression levels of LHR (luteinizing hormone receptor), AR, SOX9, AMH, AR-associated protein 54(ARA54)and ARA70 were determined in granulosa-luteal cells by real-time reverse-transcription PCR. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Options forandrogen blockade primarily include orchiectomy, luteinizing hormone-releasing agonists and antagonists, and nonsteroidal antiandrogens.There is some controversy regarding combined androgen blockade,intermittent androgen blockade, and the question of whether earlyandrogen blockade is superior to delayed therapy. (cancernetwork.com)
  • The predomination of an androgen-independent phenotype canoccur approximately 1 to 2 years afterthe initiation of androgen deprivation.Multiple strategies have been usedto induce serum levels of testosteronesimilar to those following castration.Traditional treatment options for androgenblockade include orchiectomy,luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone(LHRH) agonists and antagonists,nonsteroidal antiandrogens, andestrogens. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH),which are produced in the pituitary gland,control ovulation.FSH stimulates the ovary to produce a follicle - a sac that contains an egg - and then LH triggers the ovary to release a mature egg. (risingkashmir.com)
  • These models produce periodic in-silico representation of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), inhibin A (InhA), and inhibin B (InhB). (duke.edu)
  • Danazol also depresses the preovulatory surge in output of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), thereby reducing ovarian estrogen production. (drugbank.com)
  • Specialized hypothalamic neurons secrete pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into the portal blood vessels, which acts on the gonadotrophs to cause a pulsatile release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which act on ovarian follicle cells to control folliculogenesis. (glowm.com)
  • It was shown that the increase in lysosomal activity and the decrease in receptor activity seen at 96 h after PMSG (or PMSG plus PMSG a/s) could be arrested both by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). (iisc.ac.in)
  • Increased production of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone occurs as a consequence. (ozonefactory.net)
  • In terms of its mechanism of action, triptorelin initially stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. (usapeptides.info)
  • Also lowering the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). (usapeptides.info)
  • Laboratory data are significant for low estradiol , elevated luteinizing hormone , and elevated follicle-stimulating hormone . (medscape.com)
Spermatogenesis5
  • This results in an inability of the granulosa cells in ovarian follicles to respond to FSH in females, in turn resulting in diminished estrogen production by the ovaries and loss of menstrual cycles, and an inability of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles to respond to FSH in males, which in turn results in impaired spermatogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Piperine stimulates pubertal Leydig cell development by increasing Leydig cell number and promoting its maturation while it inhibits spermatogenesis in the rat. (frontiersin.org)
  • Steroid hormones being essential for the progression of spermatogenesis, the aim of this study was to investigate steroidogenesis and steroid signaling in organotypic cultures. (elifesciences.org)
  • At large doses of exogenous androgens, spermatogenesis may also be suppressed through feedback inhibition of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). (nih.gov)
  • In males, FSH and androgens regulate spermatogenesis. (excellup.com)
Progesterone4
Estrogen8
  • It is characterized by a resistance or complete insensitivity to the effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a gonadotropin which is normally responsible for the stimulation of estrogen production by the ovaries in females and maintenance of fertility in both sexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hence, in females, FSH insensitivity may not only result in deficiencies in estrogen production by granulosa cells, but in diminished androgen synthesis by both theca and granulosa cells as well, which could potentially explain why hyperandrogenism does not occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen may be used to treat symptoms of hypoestrogenism in females with the condition. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Hypogonadism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism Gonadal dysgenesis and premature ovarian failure Leydig cell hypoplasia (or LH insensitivity) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone insensitivity Inborn errors of steroid metabolism Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency Combined 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency Aromatase deficiency and estrogen insensitivity syndrome Mark A. Sperling (25 April 2008). (wikipedia.org)
  • Determination of androgen: estrogen content of the granulosa cells and an analysis of the individual profile of androgen and estrogen revealed that the increase in cathepsin-D activity could be correlated only with the decrease in GC estrogen content. (iisc.ac.in)
  • This along with the observation that GC showed a loss of estrogen synthesis well before the increase in cathepsin-D activity strongly points out that the lack of estrogen rather than an increase in androgen is the principle factor responsible for the atresia of preovulatory follicles in the rat. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Cathepsin-D;Estrogen;Androgen. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Skeletal maturation is regulated by genetic, nutritional, and hormonal factors 7) and hormones including growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), cortisol, estrogen, and androgens are known to influence the process 7 8 9) . (e-apem.org)
Increasing follicle growth1
  • Androgens are increasing follicle growth and ensuring follicles don't die - exactly what you want when providing fertility treatment," said Hammes. (conceivingconcepts.com)
Human chorionic go1
Insensitivity syndrome11
  • We have recently reported the results of these investigations in cases of confirmed androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). (bmj.com)
  • Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), formerly known as testicular feminization, is an X-linked recessive condition resulting in a failure of normal masculinization of the external genitalia in chromosomally male individuals. (medscape.com)
  • This failure of virilization can be either complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) or partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), depending on the amount of residual receptor function. (medscape.com)
  • Both individuals with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome and individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome have 46,XY karyotypes. (medscape.com)
  • Individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome have female external genitalia with normal labia, clitoris, and vaginal introitus. (medscape.com)
  • It detects upwards of 95% of the mutations for complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Medical care for a patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) has 2 aspects: hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and psychological support. (medscape.com)
  • The basic etiology of androgen insensitivity syndrome is a loss-of-function mutation in the androgen receptor ( AR ) gene. (medscape.com)
  • While the genotypes causing complete androgen insensitivity syndrome are fairly consistent in phenotypic presentation, the genotype/phenotype relationships for the mutations causing partial androgen insensitivity syndrome remain unclear. (medscape.com)
  • Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is when a person who is genetically male (who has one X and one Y chromosome) is resistant to hormones that produce a male appearance (called androgens). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Androgen insensitivity syndrome is one of the conditions that are described as differences of sex development (DSD). (medlineplus.gov)
High levels of androgens3
Receptors4
  • Androgens also make ovarian cells more sensitive to follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) by creating more FSH receptors. (conceivingconcepts.com)
  • Hormones are recognised by either cell surface receptors (modified amino acids, peptides, proteins) or cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors (steroids). (edu.au)
  • Selective androgen receptor modulators (sarms) act on the androgen receptors (ars) in a tissue-selective manner and provide an opportunity to promote the. (storiesforzena.com)
  • However, with continuous administration, it leads to downregulation of these hormone receptors, effectively suppressing the production of LH and FSH. (usapeptides.info)
Increased androgen production2
  • Piperine in vitro also increased androgen production and stimulated cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme and 17α-hydroxylase/20-lyase activities in immature Leydig cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Pubic hair growth that occurs without penis and testicular enlargement and other signs of increased androgen production indicate a condition such as premature adrenarche or a mild, nonclassic form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia rather than true puberty. (medscape.com)
Gonadotropin-releasi4
Male hormone4
  • A new study suggests that androgens, a male hormone, help develop follicles that release the eggs for fertilization. (conceivingconcepts.com)
  • It's often thought of as a "male" hormone. (healthline.com)
  • It is characterized by the presence of multiple cysts on the ovaries, as well as a range of other symptoms such as irregular menstrual periods, excess androgen (male hormone) levels, and difficulty getting pregnant. (patientsmedical.com)
  • It may be confusing that increasing a male hormone would also increase a. (clornasal.com)
PCOS17
  • Although the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, insulin resistance - the body's inability to effectively use insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar - is thought to play a prominent role. (livescience.com)
  • Another possible cause of PCOS is an excess of male hormones, or androgens. (livescience.com)
  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), also known as Polycystic Ovarian Disease(PCOD)Or Stein Levinthal Syndrome is a condition of Androgen excess and Chronic Anovulation- that means Women with PCOS produce higher-than-normal amounts of male hormones known as Androgens. (risingkashmir.com)
  • This hormone imbalance causes their body to skip menstrual periods and makes it harder for them to get pregnant.PCOS also causes hair growth on the face and body,and can also cause baldness. (risingkashmir.com)
  • It can contribute to long-term health problems like diabetes and heart disease.Birth control pills and diabetes drugs (which combat insulin resistance,a PCOS symptom)can help fix the hormone imbalance and improve symptoms. (risingkashmir.com)
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects up to almost 27 percent of women during their childbearing years .It involves cysts in the ovaries,high levels of male hormones,and irregular periods. (risingkashmir.com)
  • It is not known exactly what causes PCOS.Scientists believe that high levels of male hormones prevent the ovaries from producing hormones and making eggs normally.But genes, insulin resistance,and inflammation have all been linked to excess androgen production. (risingkashmir.com)
  • Inflammation: Women with PCOS often have increased levels of inflammation in their body.Being overweight can also contribute to inflammation.Studies have linked excess inflammation to higher androgen levels. (risingkashmir.com)
  • Therefore, including androgens into the model is necessary to produce simulations relevant to women with PCOS. (duke.edu)
  • 89(11):5321-5327, 2004) hypothesized that retarded early follicle growth resulting in "stockpiling" of preantral follicles contributes to PCOS etiology. (duke.edu)
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition that affects your hormones. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal imbalance that occurs when your ovaries (the organ that produces and releases eggs) create excess hormones. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • If you have PCOS, your ovaries produce unusually high levels of hormones called androgens . (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Many people with PCOS have ovaries that appear larger or with many follicles (egg sac cysts) on ultrasound. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Increased male hormones suppress ovulation and contribute to other symptoms of PCOS. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Insulin resistance: Many women with PCOS have a resistance to insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. (patientsmedical.com)
  • The trial is also the first to evaluate metformin in all subgroups of women with PCOS, as most prior studies have looked at patients who are obese and/or hyperandrogenic (androgen excess), say the authors led by Po-Kai Yang, MD, from the National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City. (medscape.com)
Ovulation7
Deficiency4
  • Recognised causes of male undermasculinisation include gonadotrophin deficiency or resistance as well as a defect in androgen biosynthesis or action. (bmj.com)
  • A disruption of this process may result in anovulation and ovarian steroid hormone deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Aging is associated with a decline in the number of ovarian follicles, menstrual irregularities, ovarian hormonal deficiency, anovulation, decreased fertility, and, finally, a complete and irreversible cessation of menses known as menopause, usually occurring at a mean age of 51 years. (medscape.com)
  • Other blood tests may be done to help tell the difference between AIS and androgen deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations4
  • FSH insensitivity is caused by inactivating mutations of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and thus an insensitivity of the receptor to FSH. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutations of follicle stimulating hormone-beta and its receptor in human and mouse: genotype/phenotype. (nih.gov)
  • The molecular basis of impaired follicle-stimulating hormone action: evidence from human mutations and mouse models. (nih.gov)
  • Hereditary factors such as mutations in BRCA and KRAS genes, hormone levels such as androgens and gonadotrophins, and cytokines have been shown to increase ovarian cancer risk. (biomedres.us)
Stimulation5
  • This may be in part because FSH, via stimulation of granulosa cells and the resultant secretion of yet-unidentified paracrine factors (but possibly including inhibin B), has been shown to significantly enhance the LH-mediated stimulation of androgen production by theca cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Androgens have been reported to stimulate production of red blood cells by enhancing production of erythropoietic stimulation factor. (nih.gov)
  • During each stage, inadequate hormone stimulation will prevent normal development. (encyclopedia.com)
  • After each stage, a decrease in hormone stimulation will result in failed function and perhaps some shrinkage. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Some, but not all, are due to inadequate androgen stimulation. (encyclopedia.com)
Pituitary hormones3
Adrenal5
  • If progressive signs of androgen excess occur in a boy without increased testicular size, consider possible causes of precocious pseudopuberty, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, familial male precocious puberty, and Leydig-cell tumors (a testicular nodule is usually palpable). (medscape.com)
  • ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones called glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. (excellup.com)
  • This study aimed to investigate the association between skeletal maturation and adrenal androgen levels in obese children and adolescents. (e-apem.org)
  • Thus far, little information is available pertaining to the influence of adrenal androgens including dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) on advanced skeletal maturation. (e-apem.org)
  • For example, you can avoid the side-effect of an aromatase inhibitor using an aromatase inhibitor which is converted to a hormone or an adrenal stimulator which is converted to diuretics. (madreality.tv)
Thyroid hormone1
  • For example, insufficient maternal dietary iodine impacts on fetal thyroid gland thyroid hormone production, which in turn can lead to abnormal neural development. (edu.au)
Etiology1
  • Medical treatment in patients with abnormal levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) depends on the underlying etiology. (medscape.com)
Ovaries produce1
  • But when her ovaries produce excessive amounts of androgens, this may cause a woman to have unwanted hair growth on her face and body, known as hirsutism. (livescience.com)
Synthesis5
  • Probing the Frontiers of Glycoprotein Synthesis: The Fully Elaborated ß-Subunit of the Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone. (medscape.com)
  • Loss of AR function means that, despite normal levels of androgen synthesis, the typical postreceptor events that mediate the effects of hormones on tissues do not occur. (medscape.com)
  • TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. (excellup.com)
  • In males, LH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones called androgens from testis. (excellup.com)
  • Children and adults with obesity demonstrate alterations in steroid hormone synthesis 10 11) and studies have revealed the influence of steroid hormones on advanced skeletal maturation in obese children and adolescents. (e-apem.org)
Granulosa5
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) insensitivity, or ovarian insensitivity to FSH in females, also referable to as ovarian follicle hypoplasia or granulosa cell hypoplasia in females, is a rare autosomal recessive genetic and endocrine syndrome affecting both females and males, with the former presenting with much greater severity of symptomatology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due in part to elevated LH levels, which stimulate androgen production by theca cells in the ovaries, and due in part to FSH insensitivity, resulting in a lack of aromatase in nearby granulosa cells that normally convert androgens into estrogens, it could be expected that females with FSH insensitivity might present with symptoms of hyperandrogenism at puberty. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ovarian androgens are produced by thecal cells and exert their action in a paracrine fashion on granulosa cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The remaining cells in the follicle wall ( i.e. granulosa, membrana and periantral, theca, the theca interna and externa) develop into the corpus luteum. (glowm.com)
  • Atresia was monitored by an increase in lysosomal cathepsin-D activity and a decrease in the receptor activity of the granulosa cells (GC) isolated from the preovulatory follicles. (iisc.ac.in)
Prolactin3
  • Prolactin is a hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland and is also called the lactogenic hormone. (welzo.com)
  • Prolactin is essential for breastfeeding women to stimulate the production of milk. (welzo.com)
  • Prolactin inhibitors are agents that inhibit the production of prolactin, a hormone that stimulates milk production after childbirth. (storiesforzena.com)
Excess3
  • Genital examination may or may not reveal pubic hair, but enlargement of the clitoris indicates significant androgen excess that must be promptly evaluated. (medscape.com)
  • Mild acne may be normal in early puberty, but rapid onset of severe acne, like clitoral enlargement, should increase suspicion of an androgen-excess disorder. (medscape.com)
  • High androgen also causes acne and excess hair growth in women and people AFAB. (clevelandclinic.org)
Deprivation therapy2
  • Are higher follicle-stimulating hormone levels before androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer associated with oncological and cardiac outcomes and overall survival? (urotoday.com)
  • Triptorelin can treat prostate cancer as part of androgen deprivation therapy. (usapeptides.info)
Abnormal2
  • In patients with abnormal testes, median pre-LHRH (luteinising hormone releasing hormone) concentrations of LH and FSH were 2 and 6.4 U/l, respectively, and post-LHRH concentrations were 21 and 28 U/l. (bmj.com)
  • Over-secretion of GH stimulates abnormal growth of the body leading to gigantism and low secretion of GH results in stunted growth resulting in pituitary dwarfism. (excellup.com)
Secretion2
  • Because of the cyclic and circadian variations in the secretion of gonadotropins, a meaningful evaluation of FSH and LH requires either testing of a pool of blood specimens collected 20-30 min apart or average the hormone measurements of multiple blood samples collected 20-30 min apart. (medscape.com)
  • Its primary function is temporary and reversible suppression of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion. (usapeptides.info)
Steroid hormone1
  • Histological, RT-qPCR, western blot analyses and steroid hormone measurements were performed on in vitro cultured mouse prepubertal testicular tissues and age-matched in vivo controls. (elifesciences.org)
Cysts1
  • These aren't truly ovarian cysts , and instead they are small undeveloped egg follicles that may prevent a woman from ovulating on a monthly basis. (livescience.com)
Hypogonadism3
  • Hypogonadism is the condition in which the production of sex hormones and germ cells (sperm and eggs) is inadequate. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The most common problems with too little hormone happen during menopause, which is normal hypogonadism. (encyclopedia.com)
  • There are 3 types of hypogonadism: primary, secondary, and a type caused by defective androgen action, primarily due to defective androgen receptor activity. (msdmanuals.com)
Acne2
  • High androgen levels may also lead to severe acne and thinning hair on the scalp, known as male-pattern baldness. (livescience.com)
  • d.Acne: Male hormones can make the skin oilier than usual and cause breakouts on areas like the face,chest, and upper back. (risingkashmir.com)
Corpus luteum1
  • The fetus also has a unique hormonal system that combines not only its own developing endocrine system, but also that of the corpus luteum, placenta and maternal hormones. (edu.au)
Testes2
  • Because the testes produce normal amounts of müllerian-inhibiting factor (MIF), also known as müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) or anti-müllerian hormone/factor (AMH/AMF), affected individuals do not have fallopian tubes, a uterus, or a proximal (upper) vagina. (medscape.com)
  • In a baby with XX chromosomes, there are no testes and the levels of androgens are very low. (medlineplus.gov)
Exogenous2
  • Thus, exogenous rLH administration can be calibrated independently of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In children, exogenous androgens accelerate linear growth rates, but may cause disproportionate advancement in bone maturation. (nih.gov)
Females3
  • FSH stimulates growth and development of the ovarian follicles in females. (excellup.com)
  • In females, it stimulates a vigorous contraction of uterus at the time of child birth, and milk ejection from the mammary gland. (excellup.com)
  • Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. (rush.edu)
Dihydrotestosterone1
  • 2]The premise of androgen ablationrelies on growth of most prostate carcinomacells being androgen-dependent.The androgen receptor expressedby these cells binds dihydrotestosterone,which is then transported intothe nucleus, leading to a cascade ofevents that induces cellular growth. (cancernetwork.com)
Produce hormones2
  • The endocrine glands produce hormones, which are distributed by the vascular system to the many body tissues, subsequently these organs are richly vascularized. (edu.au)
  • It contains several groups of neurosecretory cells called nuclei which produce hormones. (excellup.com)
Maturation1
  • However, the question as to which hormonal factors are most essential for stimulating skeletal maturation in this condition remains controversial 7 13) . (e-apem.org)
Regulate2
Abnormalities1
  • 4 However, most cases of male undermasculinisation do not have molecular abnormalities in the androgen receptor gene or abnormalities in androgen receptor binding, and therefore remain undiagnosed. (bmj.com)
Insulin3
  • First, it is important to note that insulin is a very important hormone in the human body and too much or too little of it leads to problems. (mum.org)
  • An increase in insulin levels causes your ovaries to make and release male hormones (androgens). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • On the other hand, steroid use can stimulate the production of insulin, which increases the amount of food and fluid that the muscles can absorb, anabolic steroid regimen. (madreality.tv)
Irregular1
  • High androgen levels prevent your ovaries from releasing eggs, which causes irregular menstrual cycles. (clevelandclinic.org)
Graafian1
  • Folliculogenesis is the process in which a recruited primordial follicle grows and develops into a specialized graafian follicle with the potential to either ovulate its egg into the oviduct at mid-cycle to be fertilized or to die by atresia. (glowm.com)
Receptor gene1
  • Mutation analysis of the androgen receptor gene is now commercially available. (medscape.com)
Gene2
  • In Kennedy disease (spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy [SBMA]), a motor neuron disease caused by a CAG expansion in the AR gene, androgen insensitivity appears later in life, with postpubertal gynecomastia being the most common sign. (medscape.com)
  • Reduced or absent function of the receptor for follicle stimulating hormone associated with a mutation in the FSHR gene. (nih.gov)
Ovary1
  • Only a few follicles in the human ovary survive to complete the cytodifferentiation process, with 99.9% dying by a programmed cell death mechanism called apoptosis. (glowm.com)
Production2
Endocrine2
  • Hormones "orchestrate" responses in other tissues, including other endocrine organs, and these overall effects can be similar or different in different tissues. (edu.au)
  • The human fetus is dependent upon endocrine development for hormones, which support normal development. (edu.au)
Atresia2
  • In this capacity, it survives the negative events that operate to destroy the other follicles by atresia. (glowm.com)
  • Atresia can occur in preantral class 1, 2, and 3 follicles. (glowm.com)
Reproductive hormones1