It is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. (enzyme-database.org)
Fumarate2
The ability of the enzyme to use both O 2 and fumarate in cofactor reoxidation enables it to function under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions [5]. (enzyme-database.org)
The enzyme is a member of the succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate-reductase family of enzymes [5]. (enzyme-database.org)
The drug may also be effective against anaerobic bacteria. (curezone.org)
Bollenbach, M. , Ortega, M. , Orman, M. , Drennan, C. L. , and Balskus, E. P. (2020) Discovery of a Cyclic Choline Analog That Inhibits Anaerobic Choline Metabolism by Human Gut Bacteria . (cornell.edu)
Reaction1
Chen, P. Yang- Ting , DeColli, A. A. , Meyers, C. L. Freel , and Drennan, C. L. (2019) X-ray crystallography-based structural elucidation of enzyme-bound intermediates along the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase reaction coordinate . (cornell.edu)
There are at least four different pathways for the catabolism of D-xylose: An oxido-reductase pathway is present in eukaryotic microorganisms. (wikipedia.org)
This pathway is also called the "Xylose Reductase-Xylitol Dehydrogenase" or XR-XDH pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) are the first two enzymes in this pathway. (wikipedia.org)
In this pathway the enzyme xylose isomerase converts D-xylose directly into D-xylulose. (wikipedia.org)
At equilibrium, the isomerase reaction results in a mixture of 83% D-xylose and 17% D-xylulose because the conversion of xylose to xylulose is energetically unfavorable. (wikipedia.org)
In attempts to generate S. cerevisiae strains that are able to ferment D-xylose the XYL1 and XYL2 genes of P. stipitis coding for the D-xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH), respectively were introduced in S. cerevisiae by means of genetic engineering. (wikipedia.org)
XR catalyze the formation of xylitol from D-xylose and XDH the formation of D-xylulose from xylitol. (wikipedia.org)
This enzyme catalyze the direct formation of D-xylulose from D-xylose. (wikipedia.org)
Many attempts at expressing bacterial isomerases were not successful due to misfolding or other problems, but a xylose isomerase from the anaerobic fungus Piromyces Sp. (wikipedia.org)
Overexpression of the four genes encoding non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway enzymes Transaldolase, Transketolase, Ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase and Ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase led to both higher D-xylulose and D-xylose fermentation rate. (wikipedia.org)
Through expression of the heterogeneous xylose able source for fuel ethanol production without affecting metabolic pathway-either xylose reductase-xylitol dehy- the food and feed markets. (sagepub.com)
It is of economic interest to drogenase (XR-XDH) or xylose isomerase (XI)-S. cer- convert all lignocellulosic sugar fractions, predominantly evisiae can convert xylose to xylulose, which can then glucose and xylose, into ethanol at sufficiently high rates be natively catabolized (Matsushika et al. (sagepub.com)
Kinase1
In the last step D-xylulose is phosphorylated by an ATP utilising kinase, XK, to result in D-xylulose-5-phosphate which is an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Pathways1
In addition, this study newly showed the possibility that d-allulose alters glucuronic acid/xylulose pathways. (bvsalud.org)
Xylitol2
Xylitol is then oxidized to D-xylulose by XDH, using the cofactor NAD. (wikipedia.org)
In further optimization, a high conversion of 84.6% in 8 hours was achieved under the optimal conditions: 20 mM of xylitol, 100 µM NAD+ in pH 9.0 Tris-HCl buffer at 30 °C. The results indicated the coupling system with cofactor regeneration provides a promising approach for L-xylulose production from xylitol. (bvsalud.org)
NADH2
Based on genomic analyses, it was previously predicted that Saccharibacteria are anaerobic fermenters, despite the documentation of one genome encoding a single-subunit of NADH: ubiquinone dehydrogenase and a complete ubiquinol oxidase, which was explained as an oxygen-scavenging mechanism [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The ArDH was used to produce the L-xylulose and coupled with the NADH oxidase (Nox) for the regeneration of NAD+. (bvsalud.org)
Glucose2
. (A) Fermentation profiles of recombinant cellobiose-utilizing S. cerevisiae with plasmid pRS426-BT on cellobiose or glucose in anaerobic conditions with an initial OD 600 of 1. (biomedcentral.com)
[ 34 ] Since the mAGP complex serves as a rigid barrier against chemical injury and bactericidal substances, the four Rml enzymes encoded by rml genes, including glucose-1-phosphate thymidyltransferase (RmlA), dTDP-glucose dehydratase (RmlB), dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose 3,5-epimerase (RmlC) and dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase (RmlD), that form dTDP-rhamnose from dTDP and glucose-1-phosphate, are attractive targets for the development of new TB therapeutics. (medscape.com)
Reaction1
Chen, P. Yang- Ting , DeColli, A. A. , Meyers, C. L. Freel , and Drennan, C. L. (2019) X-ray crystallography-based structural elucidation of enzyme-bound intermediates along the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase reaction coordinate . (anl.gov)
Conditions1
As a model bioethanol producer, Zymomonas mobilis has attracted considerable attention over the past decades due to its excellent industrial characteristics, such as the unique Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway under anaerobic conditions resulting in low cell mass formation, high specific rate of sugar uptake, high ethanol yield, notable ethanol tolerance, and the generally regarded as safe (GRAS) status (Panesar et al. (springeropen.com)
Production3
A cost-effective culture media were used for L-xylulose production using the recombinant E. coli strain constructed. (bvsalud.org)
Response surface methodology was used to optimize these media components for L-xylulose production. (bvsalud.org)
The immobilized E. coli cells retained good stability and enzyme activity for 9 batches with conversion between 53 and 92% which would be beneficial for economical production of L-xylulose. (bvsalud.org)