Factors controlling the expressed activity of histidine ammonia-lyase in the epidermis and the resulting accumulation of urocanic acid. (healthmatters.io)
Phenylalanine-tyrosine ammonia-lyases1
We obtained ancestral phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyases with substantially enhanced thermostability and long-term stability in Paper III and ancestral iduronate-2-sulfatases with increased activity in Paper IV . (kth.se)
Specificity6
In Paper II , we described the successful crystallization of the most stable ancestral terpene cyclase, which allowed for rational design of substrate specificity. (kth.se)
Activity assays and molecular dynamics studies of the resultant variants showed that the substrate specificity of Ec MAL was modified by adjusting the polarity of the binding pocket and the degree of flexibility of the entrance tunnel. (springeropen.com)
Among ALs, MAL has attracted much attention because of its broad substrate specificity and its acceptance of a variety of amines (Leese et al. (springeropen.com)
Specificity depends on the levels of the endogenous substrates. (nih.gov)
Enzyme15
Tyrosine ammonia lyase (EC 4.3.1.23, L-tyrosine ammonia-lyase, TAL or Tyrase) is an enzyme in the natural phenols biosynthesis pathway. (wikipedia.org)
We attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which the enzyme facilitates this reaction through interactions between active-site residues and the substrate. (edu.au)
Our calculations suggest a preferred pathway involving a 1,2-shift in the associated radical and also suggest that interactions between the enzyme and the migrating group of the substrate that afford an almost fully protonated migrating group will lead to the most efficient catalysis. (edu.au)
Additional synergistic interactions between the spectator hydroxyl group in the substrate and active-site residues on the enzyme are required to lower the barrier height to a value consistent with experimental observations. (edu.au)
If an enzyme is added to a solution containing substrate, the substrate is converted to product, rapidly at first, and then more slowly, as the concentration of substrate decreases and the concentration of product increases. (cliffsnotes.com)
Just as any other chemical reaction can be favored by increasing the concentration of a reactant, the formation of an enzyme‐substrate complex can be favored by a higher concentration of substrate. (cliffsnotes.com)
Because if the substrate concentration gets high enough, the enzyme spends all its time carrying out catalysis and no time waiting to bind substrate. (cliffsnotes.com)
The activity is pyridoxal-5'-phosphate dependent and the enzyme catalyzes the alpha,gamma-elimination reaction of L-cystathionine producing L-cysteine, ammonia and alpha- ketobutyrate. (unipr.it)
Cystathionine γ-lyase (CGL) is a PLP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the last step of the reverse transsulfuration route for endogenous cysteine biosynthesis. (diamond.ac.uk)
In addition, L-cysteine can be converted into hydrogen sulfide and pyruvic acid through the action of the enzyme cystathionine gamma-lyase. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
It exists in mainly two bound forms at the active site of the concerned enzyme: the internal aldimine, in which the PLP is bound with the ϵ-amino group of lysine at the active site, and the external aldimine, where the PLP is bound to the substrate amino acid. (bvsalud.org)
BioAssay Systems' DPEC-100 kit provides a rapid and convenient assay for pectinase enzyme activity, in which pectin the substrate forms a turbid complex with the detection reagent. (bioassaysys.com)
Pectin lyase (EC 4.2.2.10) and other enzymes that hydrolyze pectin will likely work with this kit, however the enzyme unit definition for this kit refers to endopolygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15). (bioassaysys.com)
Through the CBS enzyme reaction, the substrate that is generated from homocysteine is cystathionine. (metabolichealing.com)
the substrate typically catalyzed by the enzyme might accumulate to toxic levels. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Cystathionine5
A homo-tetrameric ca. 140-kDa cystathionine gamma-lyase was purified to homogeneity from Lactobacillus fermentum DT41 by four chromatographic steps. (unipr.it)
The cystathionine gamma-lyase produced a free thiol group, a keto acid component and ammonia from several amino acids, including L-cysteine and methionine, and amino acid derivatives. (unipr.it)
The canonical CGL-catalyzed process consists of an α,γ-elimination reaction that breaks down cystathionine into cysteine, α-ketobutyrate, and ammonia. (diamond.ac.uk)
H2S is biosynthesized from two enzymes: CBS and CTH (cystathionine gamma lyase), with P5P as the cofactor. (metabolichealing.com)
Converts cystathionine to cysteine, ammonia and 2-oxobutanoate. (nih.gov)
Tyrosine5
T A L {\displaystyle {\xrightarrow {TAL}}} + Ammonia + H+ L-tyrosine = trans-p-hydroxycinnamate + NH3 EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) EC 4.3.1.25 (phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase) Louie GV, Bowman ME, Moffitt MC, Baiga TJ, Moore BS, Noel JP (December 2006). (wikipedia.org)
In this set up naringenin was produced from phenylalanine by action of a phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) in a strain overproducing phenylalanine and tyrosine. (ruc.dk)
As tyrosine can also be a precursor for naringenin production via tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), we evaluated in vivo the activity of several TAL enzymes in S. cerevisiae. (ruc.dk)
Most of the ammonialyases have affinity to both phenylalanine and tyrosine, with a strong preference for phenylalanine. (ruc.dk)
Some TALs have been described before but these either have very low overall activity on tyrosine or are also capable of using phenylalanine as substrate. (ruc.dk)
Enzymes5
We have isolated cDNA clones from a red clover leaf cDNA library corresponding to some of these enzymes including phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), p-coumaroyl CoA ligase (4CL), hydroxycinnomoyl transferase (HCT), and p-coumaric acid 3-hydroxylase (C3H). (usda.gov)
There is likely overlap of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of o-diphenol PPO substrates and other important phenols (e.g. monolignols, phytoalexins), so we are currently characterizing the expression patterns of these genes in red clover as they relate to the accumulation of caffeic acid derivatives. (usda.gov)
The functional groups transferred by these lyase enzymes include amino groups, water, and ammonia. (cliffsnotes.com)
The more substrate is present, the greater the initial velocity, because enzymes act to bind to their substrates. (cliffsnotes.com)
Information on substrate flow and regulation through the branch point between flavonol and anthocyanin synthesis is however not fully eluci dated, and for tomato the enzymes acting in the branch point have not been extensively characterised. (chk1inhibitor.com)
Bound to the substrate1
In coenzyme A, the business end is the thiol group that becomes bound to the substrate, and in NAD + it is the nicotinamide moiety that undergoes reversible reduction and oxidation. (heresy.is)
Amino5
A panel of potential amino-donor substrates was tested for the transamination activity against a saturating concentration of 2-ketoarginine in end-point assays. (bvsalud.org)
Steady-state kinetic analysis of the transamination reaction with l-Orn and 2-ketoarginine shows that the kinetic constants are in line with those for the amino donor substrate of other fold-type I aminotransferases. (bvsalud.org)
ALs, belonging to the enolase family, specifically use unsaturated carboxylates as substrates for the hydroamination reaction to generate unnatural amino acids and their derivatives (Turner 2011 ). (springeropen.com)
Initially, the phenylalanine amino acid is converted into 4-coumaryl-CoA with the help of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), and 4-coumaryl-CoA ligase (4CL). (biomedcentral.com)
Thereby, lactic acidbacteria (LAB) play an important role as they use the free amino acids for energy production, regulation of the internal pH, regeneration of co-substrates, and protein biosynthesis (Ardö 2006 ). (springeropen.com)
GapMind represents glutamate degradation using MetaCyc pathways L-glutamate degradation I (glutamate dehydrogenase, link ), pathway II via aspartate ammonia-lyase ( link ), and pathway VI via glutamate mutase ( link ). (lbl.gov)
In pathway VI, the mutase glmSE converts glutamate to (2S,3S)-3-methylaspartate, the lyase mal forms 2-methylfumarate (mesaconate), the hydratase fumD forms (S)-2-methylmalate (citramalate), and a lyase forms acetate and pyruvate. (lbl.gov)
Introduction of these transcription factors under control of the fruit specific E8 promoter increased the expression of most of the structural genes in the biosynthetic pathway in the tomato fruit, including phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone isomerase and F35H. (chk1inhibitor.com)
In other words, the substrate and product of the reaction are isomers . (cliffsnotes.com)
At the end of the reaction, equilibrium is reached, no net conversion of substrate to product occurs, and either curve approaches the horizontal. (cliffsnotes.com)
Compound 5 is fumaric acid generated in the reaction that converts ASA to arginine (6), which is mediated by ASA lyase. (medscape.com)
An expression module based on a phenylalanine ammonia lyase-encoding gene from Streptomyces maritimus (SmPAL), which mediates the conversion of l -Phe into t -CA, was constructed in C. glutamicum . (biomedcentral.com)
Hydrolases1
This paper presents Nourah's work on how strategic site directed mutagenesis has been successfully applied to shift substrate preference in glycosyl hydrolases. (paradisiresearch.com)
Accumulation1
Since N -acetylglutamate (NAG) is the allosteric activator of carbamoylphosphate synthase, the entry step into the urea cycle, decreased ureagenesis occurs with accumulation of free ammonia. (medscape.com)
Scope2
In Paper I , we established the utility of this method in a model system and obtained ancestral terpene cyclases with increased activity, stability and substrate scope. (kth.se)
2013 ). Recently, MAL and its variants have been reported to catalyze C-N bond formation in the synthesis of artificial dipeptide sweeteners, showing that they possess broad amine scope in accepting unnatural substrates (Zhang et al. (springeropen.com)
Concentration2
however, the concentration of substrate is least in curve (a), greater in curve (b), and greatest in curve (c) . (cliffsnotes.com)
The slopes of the progress curves at early time, that is, the rate of product formation with time also increase with increasing substrate concentration. (cliffsnotes.com)
Synthesis1
A combined mutagenesis strategy was used to simultaneously redesign the key residues of the entrance tunnel and binding pocket to explore the possibility of accepting bulky substrates with potential application to chiral drug synthesis. (springeropen.com)
Forms1
The progress curves show that more product forms as more substrate is added. (cliffsnotes.com)
Conversion2
Ab initio molecular orbital calculations are used to examine the mechanism of action of B12-dependent ethanolamine ammonia-lyase involving the conversion of 2-aminoethanol to acetaldehyde plus ammonia. (edu.au)
The substrate conversion remained at 91.09 % after 48 h with 50 g/L l-lysine, which showed good continuous catalysis ability. (bvsalud.org)
Alpha1
Taken together, these data might suggest mitochondrial impairment, with inability to produce adequate alpha-ketoglutarate as substrate for formation of glutamate. (medscape.com)
Removal1
Influence of C/N ratio and ammonia on nitrogen removal and N 2 O emissions from one-stage partial denitrification coupled with anammox. (edu.ni)