• The actions of the proteins that control the uptake, storage, and distribution of zinc, the zinc transporters, are under intense investigation due to their emerging role in type 2 diabetes. (hindawi.com)
  • Among the transporters identified, we characterized the cationic amino acid transporter SLC7A3 as a gene that, when up-regulated, overcame low availability of arginine and lysine by increasing their uptake, whereas SLC7A5 was able to sustain cellular fitness upon deprivation of several neutral amino acids. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • To identify and characterize potential GLUT2 and GLUT3 ligands, we developed a whole-cell system based on a yeast strain deficient in hexose uptake, whose growth defect on glucose can be rescued by the functional expression of human transporters. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a key mediator in uptake and intracellular accumulation of melphalan and correlates with melphalan sensitivity and response in MM and other cancers ( 8 - 10 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)
  • This observation resulted in the development of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (PET) to detect glucose uptake and lactate production for tumor imaging. (hindawi.com)
  • The CcpA regulon comprises genes involved in sugar uptake, fermentation and amino acids metabolism, confirming the role of CcpA as a link between carbon and nitrogen pathways. (studyres.com)
  • It has been proven that diosgenin (saponin) and trigonelline (alkaloid) inhibit in vitro glucose uptake . (anastore.com)
  • Heterologous expression of the genes for both uptake and catabolism of D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid was required to enable growth of C. glutamicum with either aldohexuronic acid as the sole carbon source. (springeropen.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a fructose transporter responsible for fructose uptake by the small intestine. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Cancer cells also enhance glucose-uptake to fuel these enhanced metabolic activities [ 2 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • Furthermore, the Krebs cycle intermediates are replenished by uptake of glutamine, which leads to increased production of amino acid precursors [ 8 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • reported intense 18 F-fluciclovine bladder activity (≥liver) in 15.2% of the delayed images (approximately 30 min after radiotracer injection) obtained from 128 patients who underwent 18 F-fluciclovine PET/CT, yet no intense uptake was reported in early images (∼5 min after radiotracer injection) ( 5 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis of skeletal muscle and fat tissue through the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway. (medscape.com)
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disease characterized by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and peripheral insulin resistance, leading to defects in glucose metabolism and chronic low-grade inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
  • Solute carrier (SLC) transporters control fluxes of nutrients and metabolites across membranes and thereby represent a critical interface between the microenvironment and cellular and subcellular metabolism. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • It is also believed that saponins (and diosgenin in particular) could inhibit two main enzymes involved in testosterone metabolism, such as the 5α-reductase that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone and aromatase (CYP19A1), which transforms it into estradiol and produces an increase in serum free testosterone as its metabolism decreases. (anastore.com)
  • This review will discuss the metabolic reprogramming of cancer, possible explanations for the high glucose consumption in cancer cells observed by Warburg, and suggest key experimental practices we should consider when studying the metabolism of cancer. (researchgate.net)
  • Glucose and white adipose tissue metabolism. (tesisenred.net)
  • A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)
  • There was higher expression of the neutral and cationic amino acid transporter gene (y + LAT-2) with the prebio and blend, either alone or in combination. (embrapa.gov.br)
  • The SLC2A10 gene encodes the GLUT10 facilitative glucose transporter, which is expressed in high amounts in liver and pancreas. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The gene is mapped to chromosome 20q12-q13.1, a region that has been shown to be linked to type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The gene was examined in 61 Danish type 2 diabetic patients, and a total of six variants (−27C→T, Ala206Thr, Ala272Ala, IVS2 + 10G→A, IVS4 + 18T→G, and IVS4 + 26G→A) were identified and investigated in an association study, which included 503 type 2 diabetic patients and 510 glucose-tolerant control subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The recently cloned SLC2A10 gene encodes a 541 amino acid putative facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT10) of the GLUT family class III with between 30 and 34% amino acid homology with the known GLUT proteins ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • A significant difference among treatments in the expression of the sodium-dependent glucose transporter gene (SGLT1) was noted, with greater expression in birds that received NC. (embrapa.gov.br)
  • Human GLUT2 and GLUT3, members of the GLUT / SLC2 gene family, facilitate glucose transport in specific tissues. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • The association of variation in GLP-1R with fasting glucose and Type 2 diabetes represents the third instance wherein genetic epidemiology identified a gene that codes for a direct drug target in Type 2 diabetes, the other examples being KCNJ11 (codes for the target of sulfonylureas) and PPARG (codes for the target of thiazolidinediones). (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • We show that mouse uterine ILC2s have a heightened type-2 gene signature and expand during pregnancy. (elifesciences.org)
  • Elucidating the function of the mutated gene, ALMS1 , is critical for the development of specific treatments and may uncover pathways relevant to a range of other disorders including common forms of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • Genetic variants in the calpain-10 gene and the development of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. (uchicago.edu)
  • Genetic variation in the gene encoding calpain-10 is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (uchicago.edu)
  • The population association of glucokinase gene with type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Chinese. (uchicago.edu)
  • Mutations in the glucokinase gene are not a major cause of late-onset type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Japanese subjects. (uchicago.edu)
  • gene for alpha-ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase, D-5-Keto-4-deoxyglucarate dehydratase, complete and partial cds (GenBank accession no. (ibppm.ru)
  • UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (exoB2) gene, complete cds (GenBank accession no. (ibppm.ru)
  • For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Organic substrates (sugars, amino acids, carboxylic acids and neutrotransmitters) are actively transported into eukaryotic cells by Na + co-transport. (nature.com)
  • 42 carboxylic acids such as citrate and lactate (ATSDR 2001e). (cdc.gov)
  • 1. Glucose and fructose form similar osazone crystals. (medical-junction.com)
  • Subsequent entry of the final monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose) into the enterocytes through the brush border occurs via carrier molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Instead, fructose is transported by Glut2 and Glut5 transporters across the cell membrane. (medscape.com)
  • Although Glut2 can transport both glucose and fructose, Glut5 is a fructose-specific transporter, working only down a concentration gradient (facilitated diffusion). (medscape.com)
  • Pig conceptuses are fructogenic, such that a substantial portion of glucose transferred from mother to fetus is converted to fructose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fructose is an intermediate product in the synthesis of glucosamine from glucose, and glucosamine is linked to regulation of trophoblast cell proliferation through regulation of mTOR. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings suggest a link between glucose, fructose, glucosamine synthesis, GAG production, and placental morphogenesis, but the details of these interactions remain unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As yet, feed in the industry relies mainly on glucose and fructose [ 8 ], which also have competing uses in the food industry. (springeropen.com)
  • or anabolic - the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). (wikipedia.org)
  • Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from four basic classes of molecules: amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid and lipids (often called fats). (wikipedia.org)
  • Accepted August 23, 2012 ABSTRACT The catabolite control protein CcpA is a pleiotropic regulator that mediates the global transcriptional response to rapidly catabolizable carbohydrates, like glucose in Gram-positive bacteria. (studyres.com)
  • [1] It employs [FeFe]-hydrogenases to produce hydrogen gas (H 2 ) by fermenting many different types of carbohydrates. (eol.org)
  • In addition, recent placental epithelial transcriptome analysis identified several glucose, amino acid, lipid, vitamin, mineral and hormone transporter mechanisms within the placenta. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the common metabolic diseases in the world. (frontiersin.org)
  • One-by-one depletion of 13 amino acids required for cell proliferation enabled gain-of-function genetic screens using a SLC-focused CRISPR/Cas9-based transcriptional activation approach to uncover transporters relieving cells from growth-limiting metabolic bottlenecks. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Moreover, we identified metabolic compensation mediated by the glutamate/aspartate transporters SLC1A2 and SLC1A3 under glutamine-limiting conditions. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Overall, this gain-of-function approach using human cells uncovered functional transporter-nutrient relationships and revealed that transport activity up-regulation may be sufficient to overcome environmental metabolic restrictions. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • An easily transferable metabolic engineering strategy for access of C. glutamicum to aldohexuronates was developed and applied to growth and production of the amino acids L-lysine and L-ornithine as well as the terpene lycopene from D-galacturonate or D-glucuronate. (springeropen.com)
  • High abundance of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cancer cell also increases flux into other metabolic pathways such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • Analyzing the various intracellular metabolic pathways [e.g., the glycolysis system, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, electron transport chain, etc.] is important when trying to understand cellular states. (dojindo.com)
  • Note) The above information represents the general metabolic characteristics of cancer cells and may vary depending on the type of cancer cell and its environment. (dojindo.com)
  • Acylcarnitine profile and free fatty acid levels: Tandem mass spectrometry analyses of acylcarnitine profile and free fatty acids may be used to detect metabolic defects that cause secondary carnitine deficiency (eg, fatty acid oxidation disorders, organic acidemias) because acyl-CoA intermediates proximal to the block in fatty acid or amino acid oxidative pathway may be transesterified to carnitine. (medscape.com)
  • When oxygen is limited, as in muscles that have undergone prolonged exercise, pyruvate is not consumed in the TCA cycle but is rather converted into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process termed anaerobic glycolysis. (hindawi.com)
  • Second, under condition of low cellular oxygen (as is the case in contracting muscle), otherwise known as anaerobic condition, pyruvate can be reduced to lactate through oxidation of NADH to NAD + - a process referred to as lactic acid fermentation. (kdwis.com)
  • They observed high glucose consumption and large amounts of lactate excretion from cancer cells compared with normal cells, which oxidised glucose using mitochondria. (researchgate.net)
  • glucose is converted into lactate. (researchgate.net)
  • Metabolites and energy sources [e.g., glucose, lactate, and NAD(P) + /NAD(P)H] are the indicators used for analyzing intracellular metabolisms. (dojindo.com)
  • The bioavailability of dietary zinc is dependent upon the digestion of these proteins to release zinc and allow it to bond to peptides, amino acids, phosphates and other ligands within the intestinal tract. (scirp.org)
  • Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined by peptide bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some of the transport proteins have been identified-for example, intestinal brush border Na + /glucose and Na + /proline transporters 1,2 and the brain Na + /Cl - /GABA transporter 3 -and progress has been made in locating their active sites and probing their conformational states 1,2,4-7 . (nature.com)
  • Here we describe cloning of this co-transporter by a method new to membrane proteins. (nature.com)
  • We have sequenced the cloned DNA and have found no homology between the Na + /glucose co-transporter and either the mammalian facilitated glucose carrier or the bacterial sugar transport proteins. (nature.com)
  • The CHARGE diabetes working group has searched for rare mutations altering the proteins coded by genes that affect diabetes, glucose, insulin, obesity and other related traits. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • In epipelagic SAR324 ecotypes, we observed the presence of two types of proton-pumping rhodopsins, as well as genomic, transcriptomic, and ecological evidence for active photoheterotrophy, based on xanthorhodopsin-like light-harvesting proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By stimulating the expression of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, HIF-1 promotes glycolysis to generate more pyruvate [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 5. Mention the enzyme defective in galactosemia. (firstranker.in)
  • The lac operon of E. coli is but one example of how enzyme and transporter production can be made conditional on the presence of a nutrient to catabolize. (lu.se)
  • Immunohistochemistry was performed on representative tissue from all groups for LAT1 and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression. (snmjournals.org)
  • Mechanism of inhibition of human glucose transporter GLUT1 is conserved between cytochalasin B and phenylalanine amides. (ucsf.edu)
  • Genetic contribution of polymorphism of the GLUT1 and GLUT4 genes to the susceptibility to type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in different populations. (uchicago.edu)
  • George, G. and Friendgood, O. (2018) Biochemical Assessment of the Relationship of Zinc and Glucose Concentration in Diabetics. (scirp.org)
  • The synthesis, secretion, and action of insulin are dependent on zinc and the transporters that make this ion available to cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
  • Glycosaminoglycans are polymers of forms of glucose (glucosamine, glucuronic acid, iduronic acid) suggesting that glycosaminoglycan synthesis may compete with the glucose needs of the developing fetus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The synthetic amino acid 18 F-fluciclovine enters cells via amino acid transporters and is not metabolized by the cells or incorporated into protein synthesis ( 1 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Lipids are the polymers of fatty acids[citation needed] that contain a long, non-polar hydrocarbon chain with a small polar region containing oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
  • a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids by ester linkages is called a triacylglyceride. (wikipedia.org)
  • State the physiological role of lysophospholipids & fatty acids produced by the breakdown of lecithin. (medical-junction.com)
  • 2. Classify the fatty acids in details & indicate their physical properties. (medical-junction.com)
  • 1. Arachidonic acid may not be considered as an essential fatty acid. (medical-junction.com)
  • 5. Trans fatty acid is injurious to health. (medical-junction.com)
  • Name the site where beta oxidation of fatty acid occurs. (firstranker.in)
  • Describe the steps involved in beta oxidation of fatty acids. (firstranker.in)
  • The absence or low amounts of ketones in the urine, combined with the episode of hypoglycemia in primary carnitine deficiency (as well as in other defects in the carnitine cycle or fatty acid oxidation), causes secondary carnitine deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Other fatty acid oxidation disorders, such as long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency, can present with liver involvement. (medscape.com)
  • Elevated serum CK levels may be observed in primary carnitine deficiency and in fatty acid oxidation disorders. (medscape.com)
  • A feature of most fatty acid oxidation disorders is that they are associated with decreased plasma carnitine concentrations. (medscape.com)
  • In cases of fatty acid oxidation disorders that cause secondary carnitine deficiency, inappropriate dicarboxylic aciduria occurs during periods of illness. (medscape.com)
  • Mutation in ZnT8 has been associated with type 2 diabetes. (scirp.org)
  • In type 1 diabetes, there is a lack of insulin production, in type 2 diabetes, resistance of the effect of insulin is predominant. (scirp.org)
  • The role of zinc deficiency which could at least potentially exacerbate the cytokinine-induced damage in autoimmune attack which destroys the islet cell in type 1 diabetes is still not clear. (scirp.org)
  • It has been shown that there appears to be a complex interrelationship between zinc and type 1 and 2 diabetes. (scirp.org)
  • None of the variants were associated with type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • These results suggest that variation in the coding region of SLC2A10 does not contribute substantially to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in the examined study population. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease that is largely associated with increased rates of obesity and reduced physical activity [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • He is the co-convener of the Type 2 Diabetes Working Group of CHARGE. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • Genetic studies have elucidated zinc transporters in beta cells that could be a target for treating diabetes. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • The CHARGE Type 2 Diabetes-Glycemia Working Group international study focusing on genotyping exomes to identify protein-altering genetic variants that affect fasting glucose and insulin levels. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • Additional analyses, in over 16,000 cases of Type 2 diabetes and 81,000 controls, found that the Thr allele lowers the risk of Type 2 diabetes by 14 percent. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • Obesity predisposes humans to type 2 diabetes, which may result in diabetic retinopathy, commonly understood to be fundamentally a vascular pathology. (wustl.edu)
  • In diabetes, more fat and less carbohydrate is used, due to the reduced induction of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surfaces. (wikidoc.org)
  • Identification of type 2 diabetes genes in Mexican Americans through genome-wide association studies. (uchicago.edu)
  • DKA occurs mostly in type 1 diabetes mellitus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and is less common in those with type 2 diabetes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • DKA is the first manifestation of type 1 diabetes in a minority of patients. (msdmanuals.com)
  • DKA is less common in type 2 diabetes mellitus, but it may occur in situations of unusual physiologic stress. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes is a variant of type 2 diabetes, which sometimes occurs in obese patients, often those with African (including African-American or Afro-Caribbean) ancestry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • SGLT-2 inhibitors have been implicated in causing DKA in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In type 2 diabetes (late stage), beta cells fail to secrete insulin for maintaining the blood glucose level, owing to insulin resistance and genetic defect. (medscape.com)
  • About 18% of all C. difficile genes are regulated by glucose, for which 50% depend on CcpA for regulation. (studyres.com)
  • Placentas exhibit signs of adaptation to stress, including larger maternal blood spaces and increased expression of nutrient transporter genes. (elifesciences.org)
  • genes for amino acid transporter, alpha-ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase, malate/L-lactatedehydrogenase, partial and complete cds (GenBank accession no. (ibppm.ru)
  • However, contraction itself plays a part in bringing GLUT4 transporters to the surface [2] . (wikidoc.org)
  • Probably required in adipocytes for the formation of specialized storage vesicles containing the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 (GLUT4 storage vesicles, or GSVs). (abcam.com)
  • However, questions on how zinc transporters are regulated and effectively facilitate zinc flux contributing to cell signaling are largely unknown. (hindawi.com)
  • Upon entering the duodenum, the pancreatic proteases (activated by trypsin, secreted by the pancreas as a proenzyme, trypsinogen, which is subsequently activated by the brush border-bound enterokinase) further split them into low molecular weight peptides and free amino acids. (medscape.com)
  • Subsequently, brush border-bound peptidases further hydrolyze peptides to release a mixture of free amino acids and small peptides (2-3 amino acid residues). (medscape.com)
  • In insulin-dependent peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose, and liver, zinc ions play a role in insulin-induced glucose transport and glycemic control [ 9 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Using serum samples of diabetic patients whose glucose concentrations were above the threshold (10.0 mmol/l), spectroscopic methods were used to determine the concentration of glucose and zinc. (scirp.org)
  • However, the codon 206 polymorphism may be related to the interindividual variation in fasting and oral glucose-induced serum insulin levels. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • 5 mg/L serum C-reactive protein. (cdc.gov)
  • This suggests that the mammalian Na + -driven transporter has no evolutionary relationship to the other sugar transporters. (nature.com)
  • Neither aldohexuronic acid supported growth of C. glutamicum as sole or combined carbon source, although its genome encodes a putative uronate isomerase sharing 28% identical amino acids with UxaC from Escherichia coli . (springeropen.com)
  • Advances in research techniques since then have shown the mitochondria in cancer cells to be functional across a range of tumour types. (researchgate.net)
  • cells, which oxidised glucose using mitochondria. (researchgate.net)
  • Meanwhile, the mitochondria of cancer cells use amino acids and fats to produce NADH. (dojindo.com)
  • In another study, [3] has shown that malabsorption of zinc results in various types of disorders including the dermal, gastrointestinal, neurological and immunological abnormalities. (scirp.org)
  • The archetypical Na + -driven transporter is the intestinal brush border Na + /glucose co-transporter (see ref. 8), and a defect in the co-transporter is the origin of the congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome 9 . (nature.com)
  • Zinc has "mimetic" activity where it is involved in a range of functions including insulin receptor signal transduction, insulin storage, secretion and tissues/organelle distribution, and inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases [ 5 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 2. State different types of transport of molecule across biomembrane. (medical-junction.com)
  • Glucose and galactose share the same carrier, SGLT-1, which transports one molecule of the monosaccharide and one molecule of sodium (Na) in a secondarily active transport, energized by Na-activated and potassium (k)-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK ATPase). (medscape.com)
  • One of the main therapies used for MM is the small-molecule alkylating agent melphalan ( 5 - 7 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Explain how much energy is released in beta oxidation of one molecule of palmitic acid. (firstranker.in)
  • Glycolysis is an anaerobic, sequential, enzymatic and catabolic multi-step process that converts a single glucose molecule into two pyruvates in the cytoplasm coupled with the production of two NADH molecules and a net yield of two molecules of ATP. (kdwis.com)
  • This acetyl group is further metabolised in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and fully oxidized to yield CO 2 . (kdwis.com)
  • The final products of amylase digestion include maltose, maltotriose, and higher residues of glucose polymers. (medscape.com)
  • Further works by [8] have established the fact that Zn transporter (ZnT8) is a key protein for the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic Beta-cells. (scirp.org)
  • Ion transport and regulation in a synaptic vesicle glutamate transporter. (ucsf.edu)
  • In addition, insulin is the most important factor in the regulation of plasma glucose homeostasis, as it counteracts glucagon and other catabolic hormones-epinephrine, glucocorticoid, and growth hormone. (medscape.com)
  • Meta-analysis combining data from all participating cohorts identified a naturally occurring mutation, an alanine (Ala) to threonine (Thr) change at amino acid position 316, in the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) that regulates fasting glucose, with the Thr allele associated with reduced glucose levels. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • higher levels of glucose in the presence of oxygen with an associated increase in lacta te production. (researchgate.net)
  • Diversity of function and mechanism in a family of organic anion transporters. (ucsf.edu)
  • This bacterium is capable of utilizing various sugars as well as organic acids [ 2 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Urine organic acid levels: In primary carnitine deficiency, the urine organic acid analysis usually is normal. (medscape.com)
  • Urinary organic acid profile usually is normal in these patients when they are well, except in cases of medium-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • We show that functional expression of GLUT2 in yeast requires the deletion of the extended extracellular loop connecting transmembrane domains TM1 and TM2, which appears to negatively affect the trafficking of the transporter in the heterologous expression system. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • In the last decade, the availability of autologous stem cell transplantation and combination therapies consisting of immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, and other chemotherapeutics has improved median 5-y survival from 34.6% in 2004 to 49.6% in 2013 ( 3 , 4 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Among the sugar constituents of plant cell wall are the hexuronic acids D-galacturonate and D-glucuronate found in pectin. (springeropen.com)
  • However, similar to other fermentative bacteria, the hydrogen yield in this bacterium does not go beyond 4 mol H 2 / glucose (Thaeur limit) because of its inherent nature to use more energy for its own cell division to grow rapidly than producing H 2 . (eol.org)
  • Published September 5, 2007 transcription factors and replicating extra DNA, rather than going directly into growth of the cell. (lu.se)
  • Foam-cell infiltration and visceromegaly are common features in all forms, but neurologic involvement occurs only in types A and C and not in type B. (medscape.com)