Amino acid substitutions substrate specificity. Medical search. Frequent questions

Neurolysin, with 704 amino acid residues, is a zinc metalloendopeptidase with a conserved HEXXH motif. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we set out to identify amino acid residues responsible for glucosinolate transport activity of the main seed glucosinolate exporter UMAMIT29 in Arabidopsis thaliana . (frontiersin.org)
Based on a predicted model of UMAMIT29, we propose that the substrate transporting cavity consists of 51 residues, of which four are highly conserved residues across all the analyzed homologs of UMAMIT29. (frontiersin.org)
Transport activity assays of mutant variants with a single point amino acid substitution in each site UMAMIT29 suggest that five of these residues are critical for glucosinolate transport. (frontiersin.org)
Based on our model, we proposed a substrate-transporting cavity of UMAMIT29 defined by helix I to IV and VI-IX and selected 51 residues as putative substrate binding sites based on solvent accessibility ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Substitutions of residues in the helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif of NorG may augment its positive regulation of norB. (manchester.ac.uk)
Highlighted residues Thr141, Ala179, Phe180 and Val375 are important for the determination of substrate specificity of the transporter. (cas.cz)
3. Kalafatis, M., Takahashi, Y., Girma, J.P., and Meyer, D. Localization of a collagen interactive domain of human von Willebrand Factor between amino acid residues Gly 911 and Glu 1365. (csuohio.edu)
Though the overall fold of the structure, comprising two domains, is similar to the others, a few natural substitutions of conserved amino acid residues at the interdomain cleft of ervatamin B are expected to increase the stability of the protein. (rcsb.org)
The method, named Predikin, identifies key conserved substrate-determining residues in the kinase catalytic domain that contact the substrate in the region of the phosphorylation site and so determine the sequence surrounding the phosphorylation site. (biomedcentral.com)
Predikin now consists of two components: (i) PredikinDB, a database of phosphorylation sites that links substrates to kinase sequences and (ii) a Perl module, which provides methods to classify protein kinases, reliably identify substrate-determining residues, generate scoring matrices and score putative phosphorylation sites in query sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
New features in Predikin include the use of SQL queries to PredikinDB to generate predictions, scoring of predictions, more reliable identification of substrate-determining residues and putative phosphorylation sites, extended options to handle protein kinase and substrate data and an improved web interface. (biomedcentral.com)
The second factor, termed peptide specificity, describes the interaction between amino acid residues in the catalytic domain of the protein kinase and the substrate residues that surround the phosphorylated residue. (biomedcentral.com)
Crystal structures of protein kinases with bound substrate peptides show that substrate residues at positions -3 to +3 relative to the phosphorylated serine, threonine or tyrosine residue adopt an extended conformation and bind to a pocket in the catalytic domain of the protein kinase [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The heptapeptide sequence from -3 to +3 that best binds to the pocket is determined by the physicochemical nature of the residues in the catalytic domain that line the pocket and contact the substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
However, it is recognised that for many protein kinase families, particularly those that phosphorylate Ser/Thr residues, peptide specificity is the major factor that determines substrate specificity. (biomedcentral.com)
PTMs are specific to types of amino acid residues. (deepdyve.com)
For example, phosphorylation mainly occurs on a subset of three types of amino acids, including serine (S), threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y). Methylation is predominantly found on lysine (K) and arginine (R) residues. (deepdyve.com)
Consequently, amino acid variations through changing the type of residues of the target sites or key flanking residues could directly or indirectly influence PTM of protein and bring about a detrimental effect on protein function. (deepdyve.com)
To what extent differences in substrate specificity of HPATs may contribute to the selection of certain Hyp residues for glycosylation remains to be seen. (elifesciences.org)
A zinc containing enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the removal of the N-terminal amino acid from most L-peptides, particularly those with N-terminal leucine residues but not those with N-terminal lysine or arginine residues. (lookformedical.com)
A large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in BASIC AMINO ACID residues followed by a LEUCINE ZIPPER domain. (lookformedical.com)
A combined mutagenesis strategy was used to simultaneously redesign the key residues of the entrance tunnel and binding pocket to explore the possibility of accepting bulky substrates with potential application to chiral drug synthesis. (springeropen.com)

Then, we selected 48 genes that may encode uncharacterised effectors (e. g. no detectable amino acid identity to other proteins or with a particular putative biochemical activity) from the genome of C. trachomatis strain L2/434/Bu. (europa.eu)
Arg substitution is reported to increase the stability of proteins. (rcsb.org)
We also demonstrated that altering the intermediate amino acid did not alter the specificity of the regulatory proteins for their protein substrates. (scirp.org)
Protein kinases and their substrates regulate essentially all cellular processes through complex regulatory networks, in which phosphorylated proteins act as switches that tune the response of the cell to environmental stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
posttranslational modifications, amino acid variations, computational mutation analysis, protein PTM predictor, network biology Introduction Protein PTMs are biochemical alterations of amino acids that change the physicochemical properties of target proteins, leading to structural changes and therefore regulating protein-protein interactions and cellular signal transduction in developmental and cancer pathways [1]. (deepdyve.com)
7] analyzed amino acid variations of 15 different PTMs and indicated that about 4.5% of amino acid variations may affect protein function through disruption of PTMs, and the mutation of 238 PTMs sites in human proteins was causative of disease. (deepdyve.com)
However, it often requires extensive laboratory work and considerable expense to make thousands of variant proteins and select amino acid variations that influence PTM sites. (deepdyve.com)
The substrate specificity of SIP proteins has not been studied in detail. (biomedcentral.com)
An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins . (lookformedical.com)
Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins . (lookformedical.com)
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS . (lookformedical.com)

The C116H mutant acquired a novel β-elimination activity and lead a drastic conformation change in the histidine residue at position 116 by binding the substrate, suggesting that this His residue affects the reaction specificity of C116H. (elsevierpure.com)
Another substitution in this cleft region that helps to hold the domains together through hydrogen bonds is Ser36, replacing a conserved glycine residue in the others. (rcsb.org)
In plants the regulatory mechanism involves phosphorylation of a threonine residue that is separated by a single amino acid from the histidine residue that forms a phosphorylated intermediate during catalysis. (scirp.org)

Enzyme activity assays with crude beetle protein extracts revealed that glucosinolate sulfatase (GSS) activity is associated with the gut membrane and has narrow substrate specificity towards the benzenic glucosinolate sinalbin. (nature.com)
Pc GSS1 and Pc GSS2 used sinalbin and indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate as substrates, respectively, whereas Pc GSS3, Pc GSS4, and Pc GSS5 showed weak activity in enzyme assays. (nature.com)
Side-chains as large as Trp can be accommodated within the substrate-binding pocket without abolishing catalysis, and have major effects upon the substrate specificity of the enzyme. (rcsb.org)
The prothrombinase complex is the enzymatic complex responsible for timely thrombin formation at the place of vascular injury and is composed of the enzyme, factor Xa (fXa), the non-enzymatic cofactor factor Va (fVa), and the substrate prothrombin assembled on a lipid membrane in the presence of divalent metal ions. (csuohio.edu)
Hexokinase (HXK) is the only plant enzyme that phosphorylates glucose (Glc), so it is key to fueling several metabolic pathways depending on their substrate specificity, metabolite regulatory responses and subcellular localization. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, in hydrolytic retaining GH, yield of EVG is further diminished by secondary hydrolysis, a reaction in which the synthetic product becomes a substrate for the enzyme. (researchsquare.com)
The activity of this enzyme is commonly assayed using a leucine arylamide chromogenic substrate such as leucyl beta-naphthylamide. (lookformedical.com)
An octameric enzyme belonging to the superfamily of amino acid dehydrogenases. (lookformedical.com)
A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain AMINO ACIDS to 2-oxoglutarate. (lookformedical.com)
An enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway to LEUCINE , forming isopropyl malate from acetyl-CoA and alpha-ketoisovaleric acid. (lookformedical.com)
In certain metabolic disorders ( ADA and PNP deficiency) enzyme substitution therapy can be applied. (lu.se)

The results strongly suggest that substrate specificity determination in alpha-lytic protease is a distributed property of the active site and substrate molecule. (rcsb.org)
We have identified the molecular defect in factor V Leiden and we have delineated specific amino acid regions on the factor V/Va molecule that are crucial for their functions. (csuohio.edu)
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion. (lookformedical.com)

The amino-terminal sequence of β-galactosidase, the α-peptide involved in α-complementation, participates in a subunit interface. (wikidoc.org)
Unusually, the predicted lipase displays ≈ 30% amino acid sequence identity to both feruloyl esterase and lipase of Aspergillus niger . (biomedcentral.com)
1IWD: Proposed Amino Acid Sequence and the 1.63 Angstrom X-ray Crystal Structure of a Plant Cysteine Protease Ervatamin B: Insight into the Structural Basis of its Stability and Substrate Specificity. (rcsb.org)
A comparison of known PPDK and PEPS sequences revealed a high level of conservation of the amino acid sequence surrounding the catalytic histidine located within a central domain of the enzymes that was composed of GGXTS/CHAAI/VI/VA/SR with the regulatory threonine and catalytic histidine (shown in bold) conserved in all species. (scirp.org)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. (lookformedical.com)
The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein. (lookformedical.com)

To understand better the structural basis for their altered specificity, the GA216 + MA190 and GL216 + MA190 mutants have been crystallized both with and without a representative series of peptide boronic acid transition-state analog inhibitors. (rcsb.org)
The amino-terminal 50 amino acids of the HSK protein show features of a transit peptide for localization to plastids. (rhea-db.org)
The discovery of butelase-1, an extremely efficient AEP (catalytic efficiency of up to 1 340 000 M −1 s −1 on a non-native substrate) [ 6 , 7 ] that forms peptide bonds via a cleavage-coupled transpeptidation reaction, has led to a surge of interest in AEPs. (silverchair.com)
The relative contribution of substrate recruitment and peptide specificity to protein kinase substrate specificity varies between protein kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
The prediction of peptide specificity is therefore the basis for most of the available computational methods aimed at predicting substrates of protein kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
To achieve this goal, our laboratory developed a mass spectrometry-based assay detecting the presence of BoNT via its enzymatic activity on a peptide substrate. (cdc.gov)
Recently, publications reported the use of new peptide substrates to detect BoNT/A and /B with improved results over other peptide substrates. (cdc.gov)
However, the authors did not provide results of their peptide substrate on multiple subtypes of BoNT. (cdc.gov)

An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. (lookformedical.com)
Enzymatic asymmetric amination addition is seen as a promising approach for synthesizing amine derivatives, especially unnatural amino acids, which are valuable precursors to fine chemicals and drugs. (springeropen.com)
2020 ). Enzymatic transformation of unsaturated carboxylic acids is an ideal approach for the production of unnatural amino acids, having prominent advantages of economy and sustainability (Zhang et al. (springeropen.com)
2011 ). This mild biocatalytic process would offer a welcome alternative for the synthesis of unnatural amino acids and their derivatives. (springeropen.com)
ALs, belonging to the enolase family, specifically use unsaturated carboxylates as substrates for the hydroamination reaction to generate unnatural amino acids and their derivatives (Turner 2011 ). (springeropen.com)
However, despite these notable advances, unnatural amino acids based on large-frame organic acids remain largely unstudied. (springeropen.com)

In a cross-sectional study of 48 AD patients without diabetes, 20 cognitively normal diabetic patients, 16 patients with frontotemporal dementia, and 84 cognitively normal controls, researchers found that dysfunctionally phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), a neuronal protein, is detectable in blood using exosome-based technology and may be able to predict AD up to 10 years before the appearance of symptoms. (medscape.com)

Neurolysin hydrolyzes only peptides containing 5-17 amino acids by cleaving at a limited set of sites. (wikipedia.org)
The specificity of neurolysin for small bioactive peptides is due to the presence of large structural elements erected over its active site region that allow substrates access only through a deep narrow channel. (wikipedia.org)
These results confirm the importance of conformational constrained amino acids to generate selectivity in bioactive peptides. (vub.be)

A comparison of the putative substrate binding site of homologs within the brassicaceous-specific, glucosinolate-transporting clade with the non-brassicaceous-specific, non-glucosinolate-transporting UMAMIT32 clade identified 11 differentially conserved sites. (frontiersin.org)

None of these modifications was allowed for Tyr¹, while only e-β-MePhe⁶ substitution resulted in an AngIV analog with high IRAP potency and selectivity versus AP-N or the AT₁ receptor. (vub.be)

2013 ). Recently, MAL and its variants have been reported to catalyze C-N bond formation in the synthesis of artificial dipeptide sweeteners, showing that they possess broad amine scope in accepting unnatural substrates (Zhang et al. (springeropen.com)

D-Cysteine binds to Myristoylated Alanine Rich C Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) and alters phosphorylation at Ser 159/163 and its translocation from the membrane. (d-aminoacids.com)

CDDs are slowly metabolized in mammalian tissues via oxidation and reductive dechlorination reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes, followed by conjugation to more polar molecules such as glutathione and glucuronic acid (ATSDR 1998). (cdc.gov)

Furthermore, the Krebs cycle intermediates are replenished by uptake of glutamine, which leads to increased production of amino acid precursors [ 8 ]. (degruyter.com)

The amino acid located between the regulatory threonine and the catalytic histidine is highly conserved being serine in PPDK and cysteine in PEPS. (scirp.org)
Serine to glutamic acid (S74E) substitution mimicking Ser74 phosphorylation favors the open state and dramatically reduces phosphorylation of purines (dA and dG) but not pyrimidine dC [22]. (biomasswars.com)
We have previously described an approach to predicting the substrate specificity of serine-threonine protein kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
The levels of D-alanine (Ala), D-aspartic acid (Asp), D-leucine (Leu), D-proline (Pro) and D-serine (Ser) were determined in the plasma of the control C57BL/6J and mutant B6DAO-/- mice by a two-dimensional LC-MS/MS system. (d-aminoacids.com)
This work reports on the blood levels of various D-amino acids, including D-alanine, D-proline, D-serine, and D-asparagine in patients with severe COVID-19 requiring artificial ventilation, showing lower figures than the normal range. (d-aminoacids.com)
The D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) protein metabolizes D-amino acids and maintains motoneuron function by regulating D-serine levels and N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor activation in the brain and spinal cord. (d-aminoacids.com)

Almost all the amino acids undergo the process of PTMs, except leucine (L), isoleucine (I), valine (V), alanine (A) and phenylalanine (F) [2]. (deepdyve.com)

Furthermore, we suggest that Lys240 * is important for substrate recognition and structural stability and that Asp241 * is also involved in substrate specificity in the elimination reaction. (elsevierpure.com)
Based on this, we suggest that the hydrogen-bond network among Cys116, Lys240 * , and Asp241 * contributes to substrate specificity that is, to L-methionine recognition at the active site in MGL-Pp. (elsevierpure.com)
Data from my laboratory strongly suggest that amino acids Leu 480 and Gln 481 from prothrombin are crucial for proper recognition of the fVa-dependent site(s) for fXa within prothrombinase, thus modulating the enzymatic activity of fXa within the prothrombinase complex. (csuohio.edu)
X-ray crystallographic analysis led to the identification of the crucial structural elements involved in substrate recognition by the evolved synthetase. (cipsm.de)

Proteomic analysis and prediction of amino acid variations that influence protein. (deepdyve.com)
To increase the utilization of current computational resources, we 﫿rst provide an overview of computational prediction of amino acid variations that influence protein PTMs and their functional analysis. (deepdyve.com)

To screen for novel T3S effectors of C. trachomatis, we used Yersinia enterocolitica as a genetically tractable surrogate bacterial species assembling a T3S apparatus, which has been shown to recognise heterologous T3S substrates. (europa.eu)

Recently, members of the Usually Multiple Amino acids Move In and Out Transporter (UMAMIT) family were shown to be essential for facilitating transport of seed-bound glucosinolates from site of synthesis within the reproductive organ to seeds. (frontiersin.org)

Two recent papers, including one in BMC Structural Biology , have revealed atomic structures of the enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of cGMP providing new clues about the molecular basis of substrate specificity and allosteric regulation in nucleotide cyclases. (biomedcentral.com)

Thirteen capsular polysaccharides have been described, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has enabled determination of the structure of capsular polysaccharides responsible for serogroup specificity. (cdc.gov)
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy enabled determination of the structure of capsular polysaccharides responsible for serogroup specificity, and structures for 12 of the 13 serogroups (all but serogroup D) from N. meningitidis capsular polysaccharides have been reported ( 6 - 15 ). (cdc.gov)

Kinetic characterization of eleven enzymatically active mutants against a panel of eight substrates clearly revealed the functional consequences of the substitutions at position 216. (rcsb.org)

Currently, we try to identify other protein regions that determine substrate specificity and transport activity in Na + /H + antiporters, and also in other types of cation transporters. (cas.cz)

The 1,024 amino acids of E. coli β-galactosidase were first sequenced in 1970, [7] and its structure determined twenty-four years later in 1994. (wikidoc.org)

Activity assays and molecular dynamics studies of the resultant variants showed that the substrate specificity of Ec MAL was modified by adjusting the polarity of the binding pocket and the degree of flexibility of the entrance tunnel. (springeropen.com)

These structural features provide a rationale for the phenomenon of α-complementation, where the deletion of the amino-terminal segment results in the formation of an inactive dimer. (wikidoc.org)

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an important intermediate in membrane lipid metabolism that acts as a key component of signaling networks, regulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of the endomembrane system and the cytoskeleton. (frontiersin.org)

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. (lookformedical.com)

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. (lookformedical.com)

The hydroamination of olefins and carbon-nitrogen bond-forming reactions of unsaturated carboxylic acids offer a vast range of applications in the synthesis of fine chemicals (Raj et al. (springeropen.com)
They can be envisaged as playing an important role in the synthesis of many chemicals, such as 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, a precursor in the production of levodopa ( l -dopa) (Fordjour et al. (springeropen.com)

Degradation of a protein via the ubiquitin pathway proceeds by two discrete and successive steps: (a) covalent attachment of multiple ubiquitin molecules to the protein substrate, and (b) degradation of the targeted protein by the 26S proteasome complex. (justia.com)

The amino acid variation S326C of human OGG1 disrupts Ser-326 phosphorylation site and affects susceptibility to a variety of cancers [9]. (deepdyve.com)

Mutations encoding basic (Arg), non-polar (Leu and Pro) and uncharged polar (Asn, Gln and Tyr) amino acids at M39 were introduced into a DENV-2 genomic-length cDNA clone and their effects on virus replication were examined. (microbiologyresearch.org)

B) dCK kinase assay using CHOC6 nuclear ABT-888 (Veliparib) and cytoplasmic fraction lysates, [3H]-dC as substrate and performed 2 hours after exposure to 3 Gy (*, P? (biomasswars.com)
D) dCK kinase assay using L1210 nuclear and cytoplasmic fraction lysates, [3H]-dC as substrate and performed 2 hours after exposure to 3 Gy (*, P? (biomasswars.com)
The specificity of the assay is confirmed by a panel of clinically relevant non-MTB bacteria, and the clinical utility is demonstrated by the measurements in MTB-positive patient specimens. (cdc.gov)
Most recently, GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid) advanced nucleic acid-based detection by integrating PCR and a highly sensitive molecular-beacon assay into a single, automated system. (cdc.gov)

Activation of dCK shifts its substrate specificity toward deoxycytidine, increases intracellular dCTP pools post IR, and enhances the rate of DNA repair. (biomasswars.com)
The first, termed substrate recruitment, encompasses any process that increases the effective concentration of the protein kinase substrate. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms15

Chemicals and Drugs100

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment42

Phenomena and Processes92

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science6

Health Care3

Residues23

Proteins11

Residue3

Enzyme11

Molecule3

Sequence7

Peptide8

Unnatural amino6

Detectable1

Peptides3

Putative1

Selectivity1

Amine1

Alters1

19981

Precursors1

Serine6

Phenylalanine1

Recognition4

Prediction2

Heterologous1

Transporter1

Nucleotide1

Determination2

Kinetic1

Antiporters1

Coli1

Variants1

Deletion1

Membrane1

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Organic1

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Molecules1

Phosphorylation site1

Polar1

Assay4

Increases2