• Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor of aromatic L-amino acids decarboxylase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aromatic amino acid pathway (AAAP) branches from the central carbon metabolism (CCM) by the aldolic condensation of erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), being present in bacteria and plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The AAAP is responsible for the production of aromatic amino acids and aromatic vitamins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ketomethylthiobutyrate is finally transaminated by an aminotransferase that exists usually as a broad specificity enzyme (often able to transaminate aromatic aminoacid keto-acid precursors or histidinol-phosphate). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. (lookformedical.com)
  • DAAO is highly specific towards D-amino acids and favours free neutral D-amino acids or those with hydrophobic, polar or aromatic groups. (smpdb.ca)
  • The AOR/AdhA pathway also converts exogenously added aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids to the corresponding alcohol using glucose, pyruvate, and/or hydrogen as the source of reductant. (brenda-enzymes.info)
  • After that, aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4 is used to create 3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholestane. (smpdb.ca)
  • For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carboxylic acids. (lookformedical.com)
  • or anabolic - the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined by peptide bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first, ubiquitous, enzyme of the pathway, MtnA (methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase), belongs to a family of proteins related to eukaryotic intiation factor 2B alpha. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example , large molecules such as polysaccharides , nucleic acids , and proteins are broken down into smaller units such as monosaccharides, nucleotides , and amino acids , respectively . (biologyonline.com)
  • Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • protein_coding" "AAC74323","adhE","Escherichia coli","fused acetaldehyde-CoA dehydrogenase/iron-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase/pyruvate-formate lyase deactivase [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Aldehyde dehydrogenase family, Iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • alpha-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase Kivd from Lactococcus lactis combined with alcohol dehydrogenase Adh3 from Zymomonas mobilis are the optimum candidates for 3-methyl-1-butanol production in Corynebacterium glutamicum. (brenda-enzymes.info)
  • construction of a synthetic pathway for bioalcohol production at 70°C by insertion of the gene for alcohol dehydrogenase AdhA into the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. (brenda-enzymes.info)
  • deletion of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene in ethanol tolerant strain adhE*(EA), carrrying mutation P704L/H734R in the alcohol dehydrogenase gene, and deletion of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) to redirect carbon flux towards ethanol reults in a strain producing 30% more ethanol than wild type on minimal medium. (brenda-enzymes.info)
  • The aldehyde group of PLP forms a Schiff-base linkage (internal aldimine) with the ε-amino group of a specific lysine group of the aminotransferase enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, this enzyme does not exploit the reactive aldehyde group, but instead utilizes the phosphate group on PLP to perform its reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose-3-dehydratase (ColD) is an example of such an enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • 7a-hydroxycholesterol then becomes 7a-hydroxy-cholestene-3-one, which is made possible by the enzyme 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7. (smpdb.ca)
  • This enzyme is used another time, to create 3a,7a-dihydroxycoprostanic acid. (smpdb.ca)
  • Expression of several genes encoding TCA cycle enzymes and the malate-oxoglutarate carrier (Slc25a11), glutamate dehydrogenase (Gdh), and malic enzyme (Mdh1 and Mdh2) were significantly increased. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is an essential enzyme for the catalysis of ß-oxidation-derived-acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl Co-A to produce ß-hydroxy-ß-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) and free coenzyme A.The deficiency of this enzyme (3-hydoxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase) is a very rare metabolic disorder with limited cases described in the literature. (bvsalud.org)
  • The α-amino group of the amino acid substrate displaces the ε-amino group of the active-site lysine residue in a process known as transaldimination. (wikipedia.org)
  • The combination of dynamic metabolic modeling and experimental parameter response surfaces was a successful approach to understand and predict the behavior of a shikimic acid producing strain under variable substrate concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Metabolism and biosynthesis of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). (wikipedia.org)
  • Human Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 regulates one-carbon transfer reactions required for amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, and exists in dimeric and tetrameric forms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
  • E. coli growing aerobically on glycerol incorporates this molecule into central metabolism as dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), a metabolite which can participate in both gluconeogenic and glycolytic processes (Figure 1 ) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Partial breakdown into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 Note: Bacteria have many different pathways for carbohydrate metabolism based on the enzymes they are able to produce. (studylib.net)
  • Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from four basic classes of molecules: amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid and lipids (often called fats). (wikipedia.org)
  • Pyridoxal phosphate also participates in the oxidative deamination of GABA, where it is a cofactor of GABA aminotransferase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxoadipic acid is formed from catalyzation of mitochondrial kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase on aminoadipic acid. (smpdb.ca)
  • The pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-dependent enzymes (PLP enzymes) catalyze myriad reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • D-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is one of the main enzymes that metabolize D-Amino acids via deamination. (smpdb.ca)
  • Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). (wikipedia.org)
  • In conclusion, the induction of hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid ß-oxidation by 3-thia fatty acids lowered hepatic pyruvate while increasing plasma pyruvate, as well as succinate, malate, and 2-hydroxyglutarate. (bvsalud.org)
  • L-Lysine and oxoglutaric acid will be combined to form saccharopine by facilitation of mitochondrial alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, and then, mitochondrial alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase will further breaks saccharopine down to allysine and glutamic acid. (smpdb.ca)
  • Allysine will be degraded to form aminoadipic acid through alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. (smpdb.ca)
  • The obtained flux distributions indicate the presence of high fluxes through the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways, which could limit the availability of erythrose-4-phosphate for shikimic acid production even with high flux redirection through the pentose phosphate pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In these reactions, the PLP reacts with glutamate, which transfers its alpha-amino group to PLP to make pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP). (wikipedia.org)
  • There are two more important components of this pathway, both depicting the breakdown of cholesterol into bile acid. (smpdb.ca)
  • Lipids are the polymers of fatty acids[citation needed] that contain a long, non-polar hydrocarbon chain with a small polar region containing oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids by ester linkages is called a triacylglyceride. (wikipedia.org)
  • This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. (lookformedical.com)
  • Altered hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid ß-oxidation and associated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity contributes to lifestyle-related diseases, and circulating biomarkers reflecting these changes could have disease prognostic value. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study aimed to determine hepatic and systemic changes in TCA-cycle-related metabolites upon the selective pharmacologic enhancement of mitochondrial fatty acid ß-oxidation in the liver, and to elucidate the mechanisms and potential markers of hepatic mitochondrial activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Male Wistar rats were treated with 3-thia fatty acids (e.g., tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA)), which target mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial fatty acid ß-oxidation, and ketogenesis predominantly in the liver. (bvsalud.org)
  • TTA-induced hepatic fatty acid ß-oxidation resulted in an increased ratio of plasma ketone bodies/nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), lower plasma malonyl-CoA levels, and a higher ratio of plasma acetylcarnitine/palmitoylcarnitine (C2/C16). (bvsalud.org)
  • In glucose-deprived conditions, ketone bodies are produced by the liver mitochondria, through the catabolism of fatty acids, and are used peripherally, as an alternative energy source. (bvsalud.org)
  • Important coenzyme used by cells for reductive biosynthesis - 5. (studylib.net)
  • PLP acts as a coenzyme in all transamination reactions, and in certain decarboxylation, deamination, and racemization reactions of amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, P5P), the active form of vitamin B6, is a coenzyme in a variety of enzymatic reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • PLP is also involved in various beta-elimination reactions such as the reactions carried out by serine dehydratase and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose-3-dehydratase (ColD). (wikipedia.org)
  • Metabolic reactions involve coenzymes . (biologyonline.com)
  • Coenzymes are the common substrates that are involved in a number of different metabolic reactions for eg. (biologyonline.com)
  • It is then transported back into intracellular space, where after its used in 3 different reactions, its derivatives interact with intestinal microflora in the extracellular space to become lithocholyltaurine, lithocholic acid glycine conjugate, and lithocholic acid. (smpdb.ca)
  • Revisiting 7a-hydroxy-cholestene-3-one, the second chain of reactions it is involved in follows a similar path as the first, moving through the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisome until choloyl-CoA is formed, which then is used in three reactions so that its derivatives may leave the cell to interact with intestinal microflora and become taurodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid glycine conjugate and deoxycholic acid. (smpdb.ca)
  • D-Amino may have negative effects as they can be found in some bacteria or form spontaneously in certain reactions. (smpdb.ca)
  • The resulting external aldimine can lose a proton, carbon dioxide, or an amino acid sidechain to become a quinonoid intermediate, which in turn can act as a nucleophile in several reaction pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, the acetyl group of the CoA is oxidized to water and carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain . (biologyonline.com)
  • Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor of ornithine carboxylase. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this work, a modeling approach was applied to describe the physiological behavior and the metabolic fluxes of a shikimic acid overproducing Escherichia coli strain lacking the major glucose transport system, grown on complex media. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both model sets provided information that could be applied to enhance shikimic acid production on an engineered shikimic acid overproducing Escherichia coli strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • protein_coding" "AAC74850","yeaD","Escherichia coli","D-hexose-6-phosphate epimerase-like protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • protein_coding" "Cz02g09110.t1","No alias","Chromochloris zofingiensis","2-hydroxy-palmitic acid dioxygenase Mpo1-like [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • short chain dehydrogenase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Peroxisomal acyl coenzyme A oxidase 2 converts 3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-CoA into 3a,7a-dihydoxy-5b-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA. (smpdb.ca)
  • Then, bile acyl-CoA synthetase teams up with 3a,7a-dihydroxycoprostanic acid to create 3a,7a-dihydroxy-5b-cholestanoyl-CoA. (smpdb.ca)
  • This information was then used for an improved fed-batch process designed to preserve the metabolic conditions that were found to enhance shikimic acid productivity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. (lookformedical.com)
  • The smaller molecules or the monomers are the absorbable form and are taken up by cells and are further converted to smaller molecules like, the acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and releasing energy in the process. (biologyonline.com)
  • This resulted in a 40% increase in the shikimic acid titer (60 g/L) and 70% increase in volumetric productivity (2.45 gSA/L*h), while preserving yields, compared to the batch process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A bile acids life begins as cholesterol is catabolized, as bile acid is a derivative of cholesterol. (smpdb.ca)
  • Next, histamine is stored in granularity in mast cells as a complex with acid residues of heparin proteoglycan while in basophils as a complex with chondroitine sulfate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bile acids also help absorb fats into the small intestine, a crucial part of any vertebrates diet. (smpdb.ca)
  • Bile acids play a very important part in the digestion of foods, and are responsible for the absorption of water soluble vitamins in the small intestine. (smpdb.ca)
  • D-Amino acids have been show to be present in high concentrations in humans and play a role in biological functions. (smpdb.ca)
  • The resulting ketimine is hydrolysed so that the amino group remains on the complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • While in B. subtilis this is performed by two distinct polypeptides, in the other organisms analyzed here an enolase-phosphatase yields 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene. (biomedcentral.com)
  • L-Lysine is imported into liver through low affinity cationic amino acid transporter 2 (cationic amino acid transporter 2/SLC7A2). (smpdb.ca)