Alleles mice knockout. Medical search. Frequent questions

Different mutations in the mouse homologs, En1 and En2, produced different developmental defects that frequently are lethal. (wikipedia.org)
These mutations cannot be converted to conditional alleles following Flp treatment. (mousephenotype.org)
The 'knockout-first' (KO-first) allele overcomes the limitations of constitutively-expressed mutations, flexibly producing reporter knockouts, conditional knockouts, and null alleles through exposure to site-specific cyclization recombination (Cre) and flippase (FLP) recombinases - such as in crosses to FLP and cre mice. (cyagen.com)
To elucidate the mechanisms by which connexin mutations lead to cataracts, we have been studying mouse models that mimic the mutations identified in human pedigrees with inherited congenital cataracts. (molvis.org)
Loss-of- function mutations in one allele of TBK1 gene causes dominantly inherited ALS in humans. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NHEJ in mouse embryos will be used to generate founder animals harboring insertion/deletion (indel) or interval deletion knockout alleles. (bcm.edu)
However, deletion of p62 did not affect the sizes of the lenses or the severity of their cataracts in homozygous Cx50D47A mice. (molvis.org)
Moreover, deletion of p62 did not change the levels of crystallins, histone H3, the mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog, or the abundance of nuclei and nuclear fragments in the lenses of homozygous Cx50D47A mice. (molvis.org)
Accordingly, deletion of Caspr in mice by gene targeting results in a shift from the LMw- to a HMw-contactin glycoform. (rupress.org)

We detected no evidence of Cre-mediated recombination in the female ovary, although when double heterozygous females contributed the reporter allele to their offspring it had recombined ~7% of the time. (harvard.edu)

The KO-first allele design also forms the basis for generation of lacZ-tagged conditional alleles as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) effort organized by the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC). (cyagen.com)

A minimum of four (4) mutant mice, heterozygous for the selected mutation on a mixed 129S5;B6 background. (taconic.com)
White heterozygous mice can subsequently be crossed to produce mice that are homozygous for the knocked out gene. (wikipedia.org)
Here we show that Cul3 is essential to regulate neuronal migration and, therefore, constitutive Cul3 heterozygous mutant mice display cortical lamination abnormalities. (nature.com)
Heterozygous and homozygous knockin mice were fertile and indistinguishable from their wild-type littermates, confirming that mice lacking Wisp3 have no phenotype. (harvard.edu)
The only tissue that had high levels of Cre-mediated recombination was the testis, where recombination in spermatocytes occurred by early prophase of meiosis I. As a consequence, males that were double heterozygous for a Wisp3GFP-Cre and a floxed allele only contributed a recombined allele to their offspring. (harvard.edu)

PR domain-containing protein 9 (PRDM9) is a major regulator of the localization of meiotic recombination hotspots in the human and mouse genomes. (springer.com)
AND-34 −/− mice were generated by homologous recombination. (molvis.org)
In this example, care must be taken not to breed a male mouse carrying the floxed allele and Cre, because recombination will likely occur in the germline and the deleted (knockout) allele will be transmitted to its progeny. (jax.org)
In addition, the aP2-Cre line can lead to germline recombination of floxed alleles in ∼2% of spermatozoa. (diabetesjournals.org)
2013. "A Wisp3 Cre-knockin Allele Produces Efficient Recombination in Spermatocytes during Early Prophase of Meiosis I." PLoS ONE 8 (9): e75116. (harvard.edu)
The Cre-Lox recombination system enables the generation of tissue-specific or inducible knockouts with a high level of control over the spatial and temporal expression of genes. (cyagen.com)
Knockout-first alleles can also be readily modified in cells using dual recombination-mediated cassette exchange. (cyagen.com)

This study is designed to investigate FFAR1 function in vivo using a third line of independently generated Ffar1 −/− mice in the C57BL/6 background. (diabetesjournals.org)
Here, we used myeloperoxidase knockout B6.129X1-MPO (MPO k/o) mice and showed that oxidation and clearance of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) from the lungs of these animals after pharyngeal aspiration was markedly less effective whereas the inflammatory response was more robust than in wild-type C57Bl/6 mice. (cdc.gov)
In particular, the T-cell immune response to influenza infection has been well characterized in C57BL/6 (B6,H2 b ) mice. (cdc.gov)

Further, we used a conditional knock-out mouse lacking vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) specifically in dopamine neurons to determine whether VGLUT2 is required for the exocytotic release of glutamate from dopamine neurons. (jneurosci.org)
We therefore used a multifaceted strategy, combining optogenetics and conditional gene disruption to selectively stimulate dopaminergic terminals while recording postsynaptic currents from medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in either the ventral or dorsal striatum of control or conditional knock-out mice lacking VGLUT2 specifically in dopamine neurons. (jneurosci.org)
It is possible to convert a conditional knockout (also called "floxed" for "flanked by loxP") allele to a complete null allele by crossing to a Cre line with activity in the germline. (jax.org)
The mutant alleles may include additional functional features, such as a lacZ reporter cassette or conditional potential. (mousephenotype.org)
The 'knockout-first' allele design is a flexible strategy that can be used to produce reporter knockouts, conditional knockouts, and null alleles following exposure to site-specific recombinases Cre and Flp . (mousephenotype.org)
Flp converts the 'knockout-first' allele to a conditional allele (tm1c), restoring gene activity. (mousephenotype.org)
Targeted, non-conditional' alleles (tm1e) are missing the downstream loxP site. (mousephenotype.org)
In conditional knockout mice, a gene is inactivated in a specific tissue to study the function of individual genes and model human diseases. (cyagen.com)
Our TurboKnockout ® service can provide you with knockout and conditional knockout (flox) mouse models in as fast as 6-8 months. (cyagen.com)
For conditional knockouts, it may be possible for Cyagen to breed founders directly to your tissue-specific Cre mice or even develop the Cre strains necessary for your study. (cyagen.com)
Although conditional knockout (cKO) mouse models are used in similar applications to KO models, conditional models provide precise control of gene expression to yield greater experimental capabilities. (cyagen.com)

Lyset knockout mice exhibited MLII-like phenotypes and human pathogenic LYSET alleles failed to restore lysosomal sorting defects. (stanford.edu)
Finally, we provide evidence that cellular phenotypes associated with autism-linked gene haploinsufficiency can be rescued by transcriptional activation of the intact allele in vitro, offering a proof of concept for a potential therapeutic approach for ASDs. (nature.com)
We will determine whether this approach can induce ALS phenotypes in the wild type mice and/or modulate the disease phenotypes and pathology in the mutant ALS transgenic mice. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)

In mice however, neither absence nor over-expression of WISP3 was found to cause a phenotype, and endogenous Wisp3 expression has been difficult to detect. (harvard.edu)
To confirm that Wisp3 knockout mice have no phenotype and to identify potential sites of endogenous Wisp3 expression, we generated mice with a knockin allele (Wisp3GFP-Cre) designed to express Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Cre-recombinase instead of WISP3. (harvard.edu)
Further analysis of TR knockout animals revealed, however, that they exhibited a much milder overall phenotype than hypothyroid animals, indicating that receptor loss was not equivalent to ligand loss in vivo. (nih.gov)
These mice displayed a complete hypothyroid phenotype, demonstrating that the unliganded TR mediates the effect of hypothyroidism. (nih.gov)
However, this is difficult to model in mice because loss of one TBK1 allele in mice does not cause an overt phenotype but a complete knockout of this gene causes embryonic lethality. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
We will inject the rAAV into several mouse strains including the normal wild type and mutant transgenic mice that develop ALS phenotype. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Consistent with this paradoxical phenotype, basal glucose uptake was higher in AS160-knockout primary adipocytes and normal in isolated soleus muscle, but their insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and overall GLUT4 levels were markedly decreased. (dundee.ac.uk)
The liver also contributes to the AS160-knockout phenotype via hepatic insulin resistance, elevated hepatic expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase isoforms and pyruvate intolerance, which are indicative of increased gluconeogenesis. (dundee.ac.uk)

2009 ). Strikingly, two congenic mouse strains in which the Prdm9 alleles have different zinc finger arrays show completely distinct sets of hotspots (Brick et al. (springer.com)
There are several thousand different strains of knockout mice. (wikipedia.org)
Currently this is done by intercrossing different mutant transgenic mouse strains. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)

2. Germline Cre can (and should) be bred away after making a complete knockout. (jax.org)
Mice with germline Cre activity delete the floxed sequence in the sperm and/or oocytes, and transmit the deleted allele to their progeny. (jax.org)
When using Cre/lox to convert a floxed allele to a complete knockout, it is a good idea to breed away any Cre with germline activity once you have demonstrated that the complete knockout has been transmitted to the next generation. (jax.org)
Germline mutation of one TP53 allele is found in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome who generally inherit a mutated TP53 gene from an affected parent. (medscape.com)

A mouse model study implicated alterations in bivalent genes in mutant H3.3 downstream function 20 . (nature.com)
Humans share many genes with mice. (wikipedia.org)
One location where expression information for endogenous mouse genes is collected is the Mouse Genome Informatics database . (jax.org)
The IMPC has been increasingly using CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout genes for several years now. (mousephenotype.org)
Methylation of CpG islands in promoter regions of imprinted genes is responsible for allele-specific expression. (epigenie.com)

We conclude that although WISP3 is dispensable in mice, male mice with a Wisp3GFP-Cre allele (Jackson Laboratory stock # 017685) will be useful for studying early prophase of meiosis I and for efficiently recombining floxed alleles that are passed to offspring. (harvard.edu)

In Drosophila, the 'engrailed' (en) gene plays an important role during development in segmentation, where it is required for the formation of posterior compartments. (wikipedia.org)
One such imprinted gene is Grb10, of which the paternal allele is generally recognized as mediating social dominance behavior. (bath.ac.uk)
A knockout mouse , or knock-out mouse , is a genetically modified mouse ( Mus musculus ) in which researchers have inactivated, or " knocked out ", an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA . (wikipedia.org)
By causing a specific gene to be inactive in the mouse, and observing any differences from normal behaviour or physiology, researchers can infer its probable function. (wikipedia.org)
Gene knockout in rats is much harder and has only been possible since 2003. (wikipedia.org)
A laboratory mouse in which a gene affecting hair growth has been knocked out (left) is shown next to a normal lab mouse. (wikipedia.org)
Consequently, observing the characteristics of knockout mice gives researchers information that can be used to better understand how a similar gene may cause or contribute to disease in humans. (wikipedia.org)
[3] Many mouse models are named after the gene that has been inactivated. (wikipedia.org)
For example, the p53 knockout mouse is named after the p53 gene which codes for a protein that normally suppresses the growth of tumours by arresting cell division and/or inducing apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
The gene to be knocked out is isolated from a mouse gene library . (wikipedia.org)
Usually, the new sequence is also given a marker gene , a gene that normal mice don't have and that confers resistance to a certain toxic agent (e.g., neomycin) or that produces an observable change (e.g. colour or fluorescence). (wikipedia.org)
The Cre/lox system has become the cornerstone of modern mouse genetics because it enables sophisticated control over the timing and location of gene expression. (jax.org)
For example, Cre might disrupt an endogenous mouse gene at its insertion site and cause unanticipated effects of its own, especially when the transgene is bred to homozygosity. (jax.org)
Prior to this, gene knockout technology was based on ES cells. (mousephenotype.org)
In most cases this design will result in complete null alleles that delete the entire protein coding sequence of the target gene. (mousephenotype.org)
In conventional knockout models, one or more critical exons of the target gene are replaced with a drug-selection cassette. (cyagen.com)
Inducible and/or tissue-specific gene expression - knockout, over-expression, etc. (cyagen.com)
By breeding floxed mice with tissue-specific Cre-expressing mice (Cre deleter strain), it is possible to specifically delete the floxed region and inactivate the gene in desired tissues, while the target gene remains functional in all other tissues. (cyagen.com)
However, the conventional transgenic technologies of gene overexpression and knockout are slow and expensive, thus becoming a bottleneck constraining new model development. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
To solve these problems, we propose a rAAV-intrathecal gene delivery approach for construction of transgenic mouse models for ALS. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
If successful, this experiment will establish a new mouse model for ALS and a new method that is faster than the conventional gene knockout approach for construction of mouse models for ALS and for studying mutant gene interactions in vivo. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)

Western blot analysis on extracts of both embryonic fibroblasts and liver nuclear membranes from homozygous mice confirmed that no detectable protein was expressed from this allele. (jax.org)
Western blot analysis of whole brain extracts from homozygous mice shows absence of Atrn protein. (jax.org)

As IRF4 has been described to modulate myeloid cell development and function, particularly of PMN-MDSC, we analyzed its role using MDSC-specific IRF4 knockout mice with the Ly6G or LysM knock-in allele expressing Cre recombinase and Irf4flox. (uni-muenchen.de)

One pathway, which has been extensively studied in yeast, is mainly guided by chromatin structure and the other, analyzed in detail in mice, is driven by the sequence-specific DNA-binding PR domain-containing protein 9 (PRDM9). (springer.com)
In humans and mice, hotspots are specified by PRDM9, a meiosis-specific PRDM family protein (Baudat et al. (springer.com)
At the molecular level, Cul3 regulates cytoskeletal and adhesion protein abundance in mouse embryos. (nature.com)
In humans, a truncation mutation (R363X) in one allele of AS160 decreased the expression of the protein and caused severe postprandial hyperinsulinaemia during puberty. (dundee.ac.uk)

Cre is usually expressed from a randomly integrated transgene, and transgene insertion sites are rarely, if ever, mapped in mice. (jax.org)

There are also naturally occurring "cryptic" loxP sites interspersed throughout the mouse genome. (jax.org)

Design a genome editing approach to produce and detect the desired allele, including selection of a critical exon, selection of guide RNAs, and a PCR-based genotyping scheme. (bcm.edu)
Cre deletes the promoter-driven selection cassette and floxed exon of the tm1a allele to generate a lacZ - tagged allele (tm1b) or deletes the floxed exon of the tm1c allele to generate a frameshift mutation (tm1d). (mousephenotype.org)
Direct evidence linking the INK4A locus to tumorigenesis was provided by the targeted disruption of exon 2 of INK4A in mice. (medscape.com)

The IMPC consortium uses different targeting strategies that have different and complementary properties to produce knockout alleles. (mousephenotype.org)
Here Lauryl Nutter talks about CRISPR/Cas9, its uses for studying mouse genetics and how the technique is being used by the IMPC. (mousephenotype.org)

Embryonic stem cells are isolated from a mouse blastocyst (a very young embryo ) and grown in vitro . (wikipedia.org)

While influenza infection of mice does not precisely replicate the natural infection in human, avian, or other vertebrate species, the availability of reagents and genetically modified mouse models has enabled extensive analysis of the cellular immune response. (cdc.gov)

More recently, CRISPR-mediated knockout of the mutant H3F3A allele in two H3.3K27M glioma lines restored more normal histone mark deposition and reduced tumorigenesis 9 . (nature.com)

Mice are currently the laboratory animal species most closely related to humans for which the knockout technique can easily be applied. (wikipedia.org)
To complement the limited studies possible in humans, we generated an AS160-knockout mouse. (dundee.ac.uk)

Review genome editing approaches designed by the investigator, including verification that the approach will produce a null allele, independent computational assessment of guide RNA quality, and review of the genotyping approach. (bcm.edu)
The knockout models are designed to be null alleles. (taconic.com)
We report here that the Fgf2 null mutant mice show an ∼40% decrease in cortical glutamatergic pyramidal neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Once Cre has done its job (creating a heritable null allele, in this case), there is no reason to keep the transgene around. (jax.org)
Although steady-state conditions revealed no increase in primitive cell proliferation in p21-null mice, a significantly larger fraction of quiescent neural precursors was activated in the hippocampus and subventricular zone after brain ischemia. (rupress.org)

However, Ffar1 +/+ and Ffar1 −/− mice had similar weight, adiposity, and hyperinsulinemia on high-fat diets, and Ffar1 −/− mice showed no improvement in glucose or insulin tolerance tests. (diabetesjournals.org)
Disrupted glucose homeostasis and skeletal-muscle-specific glucose uptake in an exocyst knockout mouse model. (nih.gov)
Despite having lower blood glucose levels under both fasted and random-fed conditions, the AS160-knockout mice exhibited insulin resistance in both muscle and liver in a euglycaemic clamp study. (dundee.ac.uk)

They are widely used in knockout experiments, especially those investigating genetic questions that relate to human physiology . (wikipedia.org)
Millions of knockout mice are used in experiments each year. (wikipedia.org)
Through a series of knockout experiments in mice in which one or several of the TR isoforms were deleted, it has been demonstrated that the TR-beta isoforms control central regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone. (nih.gov)
Using T cell-specific Atm-knockout models, as well as allogeneic transplantation experiments, we pinpoint impaired immune surveillance as a contributor to cancer predisposition and development. (nih.gov)

Other mouse models are named according to their physical characteristics or behaviours. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, the ApoE KO and DKO mice cannot serve as mouse models for studying AD or pathological brain changes compatible with atherosclerosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Molecular analysis of melanocytes and melanoma cells from mouse models: transcriptomics, bioinformatics, proteomics. (ubc.ca)
Moreover, myeloperoxidase (MPO), an abundant enzyme of inflammatory cells (neutrophils), - involved in the principal defense mechanisms of innate immunity -was also effective in oxidative biodegradation of CNT in biochemical models and in cells yielding the products that did not cause pulmonary inflammation in mice [14] . (cdc.gov)
Mouse models of influenza A virus pneumonia provide a well-developed experimental system to analyze T cell-mediated immunity. (cdc.gov)

While AND-34 is widely expressed in wild type mice, histologic analysis of multiple organs in AND-34 −/− mice is unremarkable and analyses of lymphocyte development show no overt changes. (molvis.org)

Here, we show that truncation of the KRAB domain of mouse PRDM9 leads to loss of PRDM9 function and altered meiotic prophase and gametogenesis. (springer.com)

We found group-housed Grb10 +/p mice do not show evidence of enhanced social dominance, but cages containing Grb10 +/p and wild-type mice lacked the normal correlation between three different measures of social rank. (bath.ac.uk)
Ffar1 +/+ (wild-type) and Ffar1 −/− (knockout) mice were placed on two distinct high-fat diets to study their response to diet-induced obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
Levels of total p62 were increased in the lenses of homozygous Cx50D47A mice compared to those of the wild-type animals. (molvis.org)
In wild-type mice, AS160 expression is relatively high in adipose tissue and soleus muscle, low in EDL (extensor digitorum longus) muscle and detectable in liver only after enrichment. (dundee.ac.uk)

RESULTS- Insulin secretion was reduced by ∼50% in Ffar1 −/− mice, confirming that FFAR1 contributes significantly to fatty acid stimulation of insulin secretion in vivo. (diabetesjournals.org)

however, Ffar1 −/− mice are not protected from high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance or hepatic steatosis. (diabetesjournals.org)

An example of this is B6.129-Lepr tm2(cre)Rck /J . One advantage of using a knock-in Cre allele is that Cre is expressed from the endogenous promoter, using all of the mouse gene's regulatory sequences. (jax.org)

The KO-first strategy has implications for functional genomics and proteomics across many model systems, including mouse, rat, and human pluripotent stem cells - serving as a functional genomics platform enabling systematic, genome-scale programs for proteomic mapping. (cyagen.com)

Here, we expressed the light-activated cation channel Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in genetically defined midbrain dopamine neurons to stimulate exocytosis specifically from dopaminergic terminals in both the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and dorsal striatum of brain slices from adult mice. (jneurosci.org)
Because Fgf2 −/− mice lacked 45% of cortical neurons at birth, the progenitor loss is compensated only in part during neurogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
Because the dorsal PVE was depleted of progenitors but the ganglionic eminences were not affected in Fgf2 −/− mice, we predicted that these mice should lack a population of pyramidal neurons, but their cortical GABA interneurons should have remained unchanged. (jneurosci.org)
Shh is expressed in LMC neurons in developing mouse and chick spinal cord. (elifesciences.org)
C ) Quantification of the number of LMCm (Isl1 + /FoxP1 + ), LMCl (Hb9 + /FoxP1 + or Lhx1 + /FoxP1 + ), MMC (Hb9 + /Lhx3 + ) and HMC (Hb9 + /Isl1 + ) neurons, Olig2 + , Sox2 + , Ki67 + cells and total MNs at cervical level in E12.5 mouse embryonic spinal cord. (elifesciences.org)

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21 cip1/waf1 (p21), maintains hematopoietic stem cell quiescence, and we evaluated its role in the regenerative response of neural tissue after ischemic injury using the mice deficient in p21. (rupress.org)
Tumors that developed in mice deficient in INK4A were enhanced by the topical application of carcinogens and ultraviolet light. (medscape.com)

However, this process is slow because of the low yield of double or triple transgenic mice and the multigenerational crosses that are necessary to bring different transgenic lines to the same genetic background. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)

This was first shown in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (Loonstra A, et al. (jax.org)

Scientists use a mice model to study the effects of En2 knockout alleles on development. (wikipedia.org)
Wisp3GFP-Cre expression therefore occurs less frequently and most likely at a later stage of oocyte development in female mice compared to male mice. (harvard.edu)
[ 2 ] Targeted disruption of TP53 in the mouse leads to the development of various tumors (see image below). (medscape.com)

Examples of research in which knockout mice have been useful include studying and modeling different kinds of cancer , obesity , heart disease , diabetes , arthritis , substance abuse , anxiety , aging and Parkinson's disease . (wikipedia.org)
These diseases share common risk factors, which are exhibited in old age, including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and apolipoprotein (Apo) ε4 allele. (spandidos-publications.com)
Several findings suggest that atherosclerosis and AD are linked: i) Atherosclerotic vascular disease and AD share common risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and apolipoprotein ε4 allele ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

A small percentage of AND-34 −/− mice show distinctive small white eye lesions resulting from the migration of ruptured cortical lens tissue into the anterior chamber. (molvis.org)

For most lines, the mouse ES cells used in generating the model are of the 129S5 strain. (taconic.com)
iii) In a transgenic mouse model of AD (B6Tg2576), early atherosclerosis lesions were detected and were positively correlated with cerebral β amyloid deposits when mice were fed a normal diet ( 11 ) or atherogenic diets ( 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

To gain insights into the impact of hypomyelination on excitatory and inhibitory neuronal network function in A1, we took advantage of mice in which ErbB receptor signaling in oligodendrocytes has been eliminated by expression of a dominant-negative ErbB4 in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage under the control of the CNPase promoter (CNP-DN-ErbB4, 15 ). (biorxiv.org)

Glioma lines that were edited to correct the pathogenic H3F3A mutation exhibited less invasiveness and growth in xenografted mice than their mutated counterparts. (nature.com)
Knockout studies in mice have shown that loss of DNMT1 (the maintenance methyltransferase) and DNMT3B ( de novo methylation) leads to a complete loss of DNA methylation and a severe reduction in cell growth. (epigenie.com)

If the guide RNAs were (i) tested in mouse embryos by the core and the core approved their use based on the genotyping results and (ii) the core conducted the founder genotyping, the core can review results, redesign the approach and reagents if needed, and the electroporation can be repeated. (bcm.edu)
If the guide RNAs were not tested in mouse embryos or the investigator conducts their own genotyping, there will be no reduced costs for additional work. (bcm.edu)

Myeloid (LysM)-specific depletion of IRF4 led to increased tumor weight and a moderate splenic M-MDSC expansion in tumor-bearing mice. (uni-muenchen.de)

Age-matched, sex-matched adult male and female mice (∼25 g) were used as subjects. (jneurosci.org)
We examined both male and female mice to account for sex differences and tested cohorts aged 2, 6 and 10 months to examine any developments related to age. (bath.ac.uk)

To evaluate the importance of p62 in the lens defects caused by a connexin50 mutant, we also examined the effect of deleting p62 in homozygous Cx50D47A mice. (molvis.org)

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