Algorithmic probability. Medical search. Frequent questions

This course provides a conceptual introduction to the new and exciting field of Algorithmic Information Dynamics focusing on mathematical and computational aspects in the study of causality. (classcentral.com)
The word probability has been used in a variety of ways since it was first applied to the mathematical study of games of chance . (wikipedia.org)
The philosophy of probability presents problems chiefly in matters of epistemology and the uneasy interface between mathematical concepts and ordinary language as it is used by non-mathematicians. (wikipedia.org)
After introducing basic mathematical and combinatorial methods, the text focuses on various aspects of probability, including finite sets, random variables, distributions, Bayes' theorem, and Chebyshev inequality. (oreilly.com)

The answer is simple: If such processes have a high probability of being successful, their Dembski information measure will be low. (pandasthumb.org)
In this paper we propose new algorithmic methods giving with a high probability the correct answer to the decision problem of security in graphs. (edu.pl)

Ray was the first inventor of Algorithmic Information Theory which deals with the shortest effective description length of objects and is commonly designated by the term ``Kolmogorov complexity. (cwi.nl)
But his greatest contribution is the creation of Algorithmic Information Theory. (cwi.nl)
Already in November 1960, R.J. Solomonoff published [1] that presented the basic ideas of Algorithmic Information Theory as a means to overcome serious problems associated with the application of Bayes's rule in statistics. (cwi.nl)
Following some more technical reports, in a long journal paper in two parts he introduced `Kolmogorov' complexity as an auxiliary concept to obtain a universal a priori probability and proved the invariance theorem governing Algorithmic Information Theory [4]. (cwi.nl)
Since Solomonoff is the first inventor of Algorithmic Information Theory one can raise the question whether we ought to talk about `Solomonoff complexity. (cwi.nl)
To our knowledge, these are the earliest documents outlining an algorithmic theory of descriptions. (cwi.nl)
He was already interested in problems of inductive inference and exchanged viewpoints with the resident philosopher of science at the University of Chicago, Rudolf Carnap, who taught an influential course in probability theory. (cwi.nl)
His research interests lie in the area of theoretical computer science, in particular algorithmic game theory, computational biology, and applied probability. (mit.edu)
it [information theory] has fundamental contributions to make in statistical physics (thermodynamics), computer science (Kolmogorov complexity or algorithmic complexity), statistical inference (Occam's Razor: The simplest explanation is best), and to probability and statistics (error exponents for optimal hypothesis testing and estimation). (harvard.edu)
information theory intersects physics (statistical mechanics), mathematics (probability theory), electrical engineering (communication theory), and computer science (algorithmic complexity). (harvard.edu)
In addition to the book's website, googling the title will show tons of links spanning from gambling/establishing portfolio to computational complexity, in between there are statistics, probability, statistical mechanics, communication theory, data compression, etc where the order does not imply relevance or importance of the subjects. (harvard.edu)
To this end, the course first covers key aspects from graph theory and network science, information theory, dynamical systems and algorithmic complexity in a tour the force to finally tackle causation from a model-driven approach removed from traditional statistics and classical probability theory. (classcentral.com)
These include basic concepts of statistics and probability, notions of computability and algorithmic complexity and brief introductions to graph theory and dynamical systems. (classcentral.com)
Central to the course and the field is the theory of algorithmic probability that establishes a formal bridge between computation, complexity and probability. (classcentral.com)
In answering such questions, mathematicians interpret the probability values of probability theory . (wikipedia.org)
To philosophers it refers to a particular theory of physical probability, one that has more or less been abandoned. (wikipedia.org)
Probability theory is an established field of study in mathematics. (wikipedia.org)
Advances in Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes. (ucm.es)
we give two proofs of the closed formula, one algorithmic, the other one connecting with Lipschitz-free spaces from Banach space theory. (lu.se)

The results show that the Kolmogorov complexity with suggested encoding scheme (KC-ES) gives competitive measure of complexity in regard to the AP method also known as Solomonoff probability. (univ-reunion.fr)
Universal a priori probability, in the sense of a single prior probability that can be substituted for each actual prior probability in Bayes's rule was invented by Solomonoff with Kolmogorov complexity as a side product, several years before anybody else did. (cwi.nl)
Then again, the choice of the term "complex specified information" is itself extremely problematic, since for Dembski "complex" means neither \complicated" as in ordinary speech, nor "high Kolmogorov complexity" as understood by algorithmic information theorists. (pandasthumb.org)

therefore, the basics of probability theories including distributions and uncertainties become familiar to astronomers than indulging probability textbooks. (harvard.edu)
For those CIs, non-trivial constraints among some parameters of the Conditional Probability Distributions (CPDs) must hold. (jmlr.org)

begingroup$ When you deal with objective probabilities, i.e. naturally stochastic processes. (stackexchange.com)

Some interpretations of probability are associated with approaches to statistical inference , including theories of estimation and hypothesis testing . (wikipedia.org)
This article, however, focuses on the interpretations of probability rather than theories of statistical inference. (wikipedia.org)
Those who promote Bayesian inference view " frequentist statistics " as an approach to statistical inference that is based on the frequency interpretation of probability, usually relying on the law of large numbers and characterized by what is called 'Null Hypothesis Significance Testing' (NHST). (wikipedia.org)

The authors propose an 'Algorithmic Links with Probabilities' (ALP) approach to match Trademarks (TMs) data to economic data and enable these data to speak to each other. (wipo.int)
In this paper, the authors describe and explore a new algorithmic approach to constructing concordances between the International Patent Classification (IPC) system and industry classification systems that organize economic data. (ompi.org)
This 'Algorithmic Links with Probabilities' (ALP) approach incorporates text analysis software and keyword extraction programs and applies them to a comprehensive patent dataset. (ompi.org)
Even the undergraduates in the introductory statistics (in social sciences) class I am teaching find the Bayesian approach appealing--"Why are we interested in calculating the probability of the data, given the null? (stackexchange.com)
ABSTRACT: A novel approach is developed for predicting body trajectories for cancer progression, where conditional probabilities of clinical data are modeled using Hidden Markov Model techniques. (lu.se)

citation needed] This statement about sets of priors is what is most important about NFL, not the fact that any two algorithms perform equally for the single, specific prior distribution that assigns equal probability to all environments. (wikipedia.org)
Next, to assess possible gender bias in search results, or algorithmic output, they examined whether words that should refer with equal probability to a man or a woman, such as "person," "student," or "human," are more often assumed to be a man. (eurekalert.org)

The results were compared with the algorithmic probability (AP) method which is used as the benchmark method to compute the complexity for short string. (univ-reunion.fr)
Solomonoff introduced algorithmic complexity independently and earlier and for a different reason: inductive reasoning. (cwi.nl)
There is a pleasing complementary relationship between algorithmic complexity and computational complexity. (harvard.edu)
He is also the head of the Algorithmic Nature Group, the Paris-based lab that started the Online Algorithmic Complexity Calculator and the Human Randomness Perception and Generation Project. (classcentral.com)
Computational Complexity: Computational Intractability: A Guide to Algorithmic Lower Bounds. (computationalcomplexity.org)

He is known for his research work, and for his fourteen textbooks and monographs in theoretical and algorithmic optimization and control, and in applied probability. (ithistory.org)
His work ranges from theoretical/foundational work, to algorithmic analysis and design for optimization problems, and to applications such as data communication and transportation networks, and electric power generation. (ithistory.org)

Developed from the author's own graduate-level course, Methods in Algorithmic Analysis presents numerous theories, techniques, and methods used for analyzing algorithms. (oreilly.com)

Get full access to Methods in Algorithmic Analysis and 60K+ other titles, with a free 10-day trial of O'Reilly. (oreilly.com)
Algorithmic Analysis of the Maximum Queue Length in a Busy Period for theM/M/c Retrial Queue.INFORMS Journal on Computing (to appear). (ucm.es)
Is there something distinctively human that takes place in legal reasoning, or is it capable of being reduced to purely algorithmic functions and probability analysis? (campbelllawobserver.com)

Bayesians consider the calculation of evidential probabilities to be both valid and necessary in statistics. (wikipedia.org)
Calculation of Probability Characteristics of a Multiline System with Repeated Calls.Moscow University Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics 1, 43-49. (ucm.es)

The results showed that the proportion of male images yielded from these searches was higher in nations with greater gender inequality, revealing that algorithmic gender bias tracks with societal gender inequality. (eurekalert.org)
The results were consistent with those from the initial study, reaffirming societal-level gender disparities are reflected in algorithmic output (i.e. internet searches). (eurekalert.org)
Vlasceanu and Amodio then sought to determine whether exposure to such algorithmic outputs-search-engine results-can shape people's perceptions and decisions in ways consistent with pre-existing societal inequalities. (eurekalert.org)

These findings call for a model of ethical AI that combines human psychology with computational and sociological approaches to illuminate the formation, operation, and mitigation of algorithmic bias," adds author David Amodio, a professor in NYU's Department of Psychology and the University of Amsterdam. (eurekalert.org)

The process for submitting articles to both Advances in Applied Probability and Journal of Applied Probability is exactly the same. (appliedprobability.org)

The intellectual focus of the position is algorithmic bias reduction and/or auditing with results that may lead to improvements in diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in society. (mathjobs.org)
The new faculty member will be expected to contribute to the multidisciplinary, "Diversity and Data Science" cluster of quantitatively oriented researchers who study and address algorithmic bias. (mathjobs.org)
Applicants must have a research portfolio that includes work in algorithmic bias reduction and/or auditing with results that may lead to improvements in diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in society. (mathjobs.org)
1) a 1 page cover letter that frames the application in the context of this position including how the applicant's research portfolio includes work in algorithmic bias reduction and/or auditing that may lead to improvements in DEI in society. (mathjobs.org)
This statement should include experience or plans to advance DEI within the data science research community and should include work in algorithmic bias reduction and/or auditing. (mathjobs.org)
To address this possibility, they conducted studies that sought to determine whether the degree of inequality within a society relates to patterns of bias in algorithmic output and, if so, whether exposure to such output could influence human decision makers to act in accordance with these biases. (eurekalert.org)

I'm interested in answers that tackle the question both conceptually (i.e., when is knowing the probability of the data conditioned on the null hypothesis especially useful? (stackexchange.com)
Because of its nature, the course is aimed to a wide range of possible students who have had some basic knowledge of college-level math or physics to active researchers seeking to take advantage of new tools for algorithmic data science beyond traditional machine learning. (classcentral.com)
Adhering to these logical principles, correlations of the variables used by Bell may be computed using quantum mechanical probabilities to obtain three simultaneously cross-correlated data sets. (scirp.org)
therefore to compute from data, conditional probabilities for the series of events. (lu.se)
First we estimate the performance of the HMMs, by computing log probabilities, using parts of the real data set for training and for testing using both real and artificial data sets. (lu.se)

On our MSc Algorithmic Trading, we equip you with the core concepts and quantitative methods in high frequency finance, along with the operational skills to use state-of-the-art computational methods for financial modelling. (essex.ac.uk)
My research focuses on sparse generalized linear models, including computational and algorithmic methods with which they can be sped up. (lu.se)

Here, blind search means that at each step of the algorithm, the element v ∈ V {\displaystyle v\in V} is chosen at random with uniform probability distribution from the elements of V {\displaystyle V} that have not been chosen previously. (wikipedia.org)
Others have shown how Dembski is unclear on this issue and often moves between uniform probabilities or actual probabilities, whenever it seems better to do so. (pandasthumb.org)

Physical probabilities, which are also called objective or frequency probabilities , are associated with random physical systems such as roulette wheels, rolling dice and radioactive atoms. (wikipedia.org)
To scientists, on the other hand, " frequentist probability " is just another name for physical (or objective) probability. (wikipedia.org)
Also the word "objective", as applied to probability, sometimes means exactly what "physical" means here, but is also used of evidential probabilities that are fixed by rational constraints, such as logical and epistemic probabilities. (wikipedia.org)

Convergence of Probability Measures. (springer.com)
The Wasserstein distance, or earthmover distance, is a metric on the space of probability measures on X, that originates from optimal transportation: if \mu,\nu are probability measures on X, the Wasserstein distance between \mu and \nu intuitively represents the minimal amount of work necessary to transform \mu into \nu. (lu.se)

Efficient algorithm for computing the probability distribution and some interesting numerical examples are presented. (ucm.es)

The Departments of Statistics and Probability (STT), Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering (CMSE), and Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), at Michigan State University (MSU) invite applications for a tenure-system faculty position beginning Fall 2023. (mathjobs.org)
It is unanimously agreed that statistics depends somehow on probability. (wikipedia.org)
But, as to what probability is and how it is connected with statistics, there has seldom been such complete disagreement and breakdown of communication since the Tower of Babel. (wikipedia.org)

With the third phase of this work, an algorithmic prediction system presents future links between artists and collectors, the probability of a collector acquiring a work from a new artist and vice versa. (burak-arikan.com)

An algorithmic study of SIR stochastic epidemic models. (springer.com)
We study liquid democracy, a collective decision making paradigm that allows voters to transitively delegate their votes, through an algorithmic lens. (jair.org)

Here we use a laboratory experiment to measure human trading behaviour changes if these humans expect algorithmic traders. (repec.org)
He co-leads the Algorithmic Dynamics Lab at the Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. (classcentral.com)

In essence, this says that when all functions f are equally likely, the probability of observing an arbitrary sequence of m values in the course of optimization does not depend upon the algorithm. (wikipedia.org)

Evidential probability, also called Bayesian probability , can be assigned to any statement whatsoever, even when no random process is involved, as a way to represent its subjective plausibility, or the degree to which the statement is supported by the available evidence. (wikipedia.org)

INTRODUCTION probabilities corresponding to the natural progression of the disease. (lu.se)

[13] There are also evidential interpretations of probability covering groups, which are often labelled as 'intersubjective' (proposed by Gillies [14] and Rowbottom). (wikipedia.org)

Bubbles in hybrid markets: How expectations about algorithmic trading affect human trading ," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization , Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 248-269. (repec.org)

Bubbles in hybrid markets - How expectations about algorithmic trading affect human trading ," Jena Economics Research Papers 2015-003, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena. (repec.org)

In Athens Conference on Applied Probability and Time Series, vol. (springer.com)

To disentangle the direct effect algorithmic traders have we use a clean design where we can manipulate only the expectations of human traders. (repec.org)

In this paper we analyze the relationship between faithfulness and the more recent condition of algorithmic Independence of Conditionals (IC) with respect to the Conditional Independencies (CIs) they allow. (jmlr.org)

Statisticians of the opposing Bayesian school typically accept the frequency interpretation when it makes sense (although not as a definition), but there's less agreement regarding physical probabilities. (wikipedia.org)
In this episode of Icons of ID I will take a quick look at how the definition of information used by ID proponents is nothing more than an argument from probability. (pandasthumb.org)

We find clearly smaller bubbles if human traders expect algorithmic traders to be present. (repec.org)
Bubbles in Hybrid Markets - How Expectations about Algorithmic Trading Affect Human Trading ," CESifo Working Paper Series 5631, CESifo. (repec.org)

The most commonly used model, from the Mayo Clinic, estimates the probability of malignancy using 6 independent predictors: smoking history, older age, history of extrathoracic cancer more than 5 years before nodule detection, nodule diameter, spiculation presence, and upper lobe location. (medscape.com)

Does probability measure the real, physical, tendency of something to occur, or is it a measure of how strongly one believes it will occur, or does it draw on both these elements? (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy8

Organisms5

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs18

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment108

Psychiatry and Psychology18

Phenomena and Processes65

Disciplines and Occupations10

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena7

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science32

Named Groups1

Health Care84

Geographicals6

Mathematical4

High probability2

Theory19

Kolmogorov3

Distributions2

Stochastic processes1

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Approach5

Equal probability2

Complexity5

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Theories1

Analysis3

Calculation2

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Approaches1

Advances1

Bias6

Data5

Methods2

Uniform2

Objective3

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