• The most commonly used drugs were cocaine (19.0%) and crack-cocaine (15.0%), followed by amphetamines (11.0%), alcohol, caffeine, barbiturates and benzodiazepines (10.0% each). (who.int)
  • It has been estimated that in 1993, there were 2.1 million heavy cocaine users and 444,000-600,000 heavy heroin users (Rhodes et al. (nationalacademies.org)
  • 1995). Although cocaine and heroin represent the major drugs of abuse for a large proportion of individuals who seek treatment, most patients abuse more than one drug. (nationalacademies.org)
  • These include direct myotoxicity (caused by alcohol, cocaine, glucocorticoids, and statins, amongst others), immunologically-induced inflammatory myopathy (caused by D-penicillamine, statins, and anti-cancer drugs), and indirect SKM injury (occurs as a result of a variety of different mechanisms). (degruyter.com)
  • Its main application has been for testing for drugs of abuse such as the amphetamines, cocaine and metabolites, opioids such as morphine, methadone and heroin, and for cannabis. (nomedicalcare.com)
  • Women planning to become pregnant should avoid all alcohol consumption, smoking, and use of illegal drugs (eg, cocaine) before and during the pregnancy, because these activities may have serious deleterious effects on the fetus. (medscape.com)
  • Milkman's doctoral dissertation concluded that people would choose either heroin or amphetamines depending on how they liked to deal with stress. (bsi.com.au)
  • Currently, the USA is experiencing an opioid/heroin epidemic, with significant increases in overdose deaths among drug users. (springer.com)
  • It also provides a detailed look on the medications used to treat opioid, alcohol and tobacco use disorders. (educatesimplifyapp.com)
  • The increase in opioid prescribing is staggering: In 1991, approximately 76 million opioid prescriptions were written in the United States, and by 2013 this figure jumped to nearly 207 million. (educatesimplifyapp.com)
  • Opioids are a class of drugs that include the illegal drug heroin, synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, and pain relievers available legally by prescription, such as oxycodone (OxyContin®), hydrocodone (Vicodin®), codeine, morphine, to mention a few. (educatesimplifyapp.com)
  • The stricter stance comes after years of gradual tightening of rules governing cannabis sales and a 2007 ban on the selling of alcohol in coffee shops. (filmsdivision.org)
  • However, a recent study of 432 addiction and mental health professionals in the U.S. found that a large proportion viewed non-abstinence (i.e., limited or moderate use) goals as acceptable for some clients, especially as an intermediary goal for those diagnosed with alcohol (44%) or cannabis (43%) abuse (Rosenberg & Davis, 2014 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Regular use of alcohol, cannabis (marijuana), nicotine , or other drugs during adolescence is associated with higher rates of mental health disorders, poorer functioning in adulthood, and higher rates of addiction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The substances that are used most by adolescents are alcohol, nicotine (in tobacco or vaping products), and cannabis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It was 58.51 percent in 1991 and 69.95 percent in 2001, representing an increase of 11.44 percent points over the previous ten years. (nititantra.com)
  • The male literacy rate rose from 65.66 percent in 1991 to 75.63 percent in 2001, while the female literacy rate rose from 50.4% to 63.55 percent. (nititantra.com)
  • The literacy gap between rural and urban areas has narrowed, from 19.31 percent in 1991 to 13.97 percent in 2001. (nititantra.com)
  • In 2001, intravenous heroin users accounted for 70.9 percent of the confirmed 22,000 human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome cases. (bezpiecznieipewnie.com)
  • Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to measure the effect (and interactions) of population-group (Arabs and Jews), time-period (Period1: 1991-2000, Period2: 2001-2009, Period3: 2010-2016) and sex, on average length of stay (LOS), annual number of hospitalizations and hospitalization days. (bvsalud.org)
  • Concurrent increases in methamphetamine, injection drug, and heroin use have been described in women with syphilis (3). (cdc.gov)
  • For example, the seizure of 50 grams or more of heroin or crystal methamphetamine could result in the use of the death penalty by the Government. (bezpiecznieipewnie.com)
  • The Narcotics Control Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security handles all criminal investigations involving opium, heroin, and methamphetamine. (bezpiecznieipewnie.com)
  • 1991). Loimer and colleagues (1991 suggest that 'methadone plasma concentrations of 400 ng/ml are necessary to suppress any further opiate action and to provide stabilized maintenance. (druglibrary.net)
  • The optimum dose is the level at which there is adequate methadone to provide constant availability to the opiate receptors. (druglibrary.net)
  • Heroin has a short half-life and withdrawal also occurs within 48-72 h of birth, whereas methadone withdrawal occurs at 7-14 days. (medscape.com)
  • Alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and smokeless tobacco use declined only among 12th graders who had used the product 30 days prior to the survey. (congressionalresearch.com)
  • Parental attitudes and the examples that parents set regarding their own use of alcohol, tobacco, prescription drugs, and other substances are a powerful influence. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse 9 (Nos. (rutgers.edu)
  • Alcohol use was associated with more negative substance use consequences among those at risk of SMI, while opiate use was associated with more consequences among those not at risk. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Questionnaires included: sociodemographics, the Centres for Epidemiology Depression Scale - Revised, Perceived Stress Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test, and Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alcohol use is common and is the substance most often used by adolescents. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Events that increase the availability of drugs, such as another addict moving in at home or a 'connection' opening nearby, can intensify drug craving. (druglibrary.net)
  • First, the USA has a long tradition of moralistic condemnation of intoxication with psychoactive drugs (including licit drugs like alcohol). (springer.com)
  • Addictiveness: how Swiss experts rate alcohol and other drugs. (rutgers.edu)
  • In this video, Amsterdam comic artist Eric Krabbenbosch talks with Gemma Blok about his work, and his long-time use of heroin and other drugs. (narcotic-archive.org)
  • Despite concerted efforts by health care professionals to promote prenatal care, the mother may not have received such care and the delivery hospitalization may be the only opportunity to elicit information on the nature and extent of the infant's in utero exposure to drugs and alcohol. (medscape.com)
  • Testing has included alcohol (ethanol) and a range of clinical tests eg antibodies to HIV, therapeutic drugs and steroids. (nomedicalcare.com)
  • Despite universal prenatal syphilis screening recommendations and availability of effective antibiotic treatment, syphilis prevalence during pregnancy and the incidence of congenital syphilis have continued to increase in the United States (1,2). (cdc.gov)
  • It was also noticed that the report contains one particularly glaring omission, any attempt to relate the level of harm to overall national consumption of alcohol. (ias.org.uk)
  • Ironically, in view of his colleague's incorrect claim that the Strategy Unit was guilty of exaggeration, Mark Hastings, another spokesman for the British Beer and Pub Association (BBPA) made an even more inaccurate allegation in relation to the Strategy Unit's criterion of binge drinking as consumption of eight or more units of alcohol in a day. (ias.org.uk)
  • The Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol will appeal the state's ruling that its legalization initiative did not qualify for the ballot after the state rejected 17,000 signatures certified by one notary. (stopthedrugwar.org)
  • approximately 20 percent of those in treatment were enrolled mainly for illicit drug abuse, 45 percent for alcohol, and 35 percent for combined alcohol and other drug dependencies (SAMHSA, 1995a). (nationalacademies.org)
  • There are many reasons for the inadequate number of clients in treatment, including insufficient public funding for drug abuse treatment, cutbacks in treatment availability in the private sector, an unwillingness of many clients to seek treatment, and the deterrent effect of being placed on a waiting list for treatment (IOM, 1990b). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Grants to Reduce Alcohol Abuse. (congressionalresearch.com)
  • Perhaps the most frequent cause is the ingestion of other substances, especially alcohol. (druglibrary.net)
  • Of the nearly 1 million military personnel who participated in the 1990-1991 Gulf War, between 25% and 35% became ill with what now is referred to as Gulf War Illness (GWI) by the Department of Defense. (cdc.gov)
  • In rodents, craving and drug-seeking behaviors have been measured by an increase in lever pressing in the absence of reinforcer availability in response to cue presentations. (eneuro.org)
  • The economist Milton Friedman, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, has noted that the U.S. homicide rate, which began climbing in 1910, rose throughout alcohol prohibition, peaking the year of repeal. (reason.com)
  • Significant interaction effects were observed between use of alcohol or opiates and SMI risk. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Withdrawal from high levels of maternal alcohol can occur within a day or 2 of birth. (medscape.com)
  • Speaking for Alcohol Concern, Eric Appleby said: "Overall this is a good piece of work and the best summary of the state of the alcohol nation that we have had. (ias.org.uk)
  • Fact: 8 out of 10 Dutch people over the age of 18 sometimes drink alcohol. (filmsdivision.org)
  • The Government's Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy, outlining the policies it intends to implement to tackle the problems, is not expected to appear for some time. (ias.org.uk)
  • The only real surprise in the Strategy Unit's analysis are the new estimates of the costs of alcohol problems. (ias.org.uk)
  • American journal of public health 84, no. 12 (1994): 1991-4. (yale.edu)
  • Operating outside the legal system, suppliers of alcohol used violence to settle disputes, enforce contracts, and defend their market share. (reason.com)
  • In the main, the alcohol field welcomed it though a number expressed disquiet at changes that were made to the original text presumably at the behest of the alcohol industry. (ias.org.uk)