It acts as an NMDA receptor agonist. (wikipedia.org)
Quinolinic acid produces its toxic effect through several mechanisms, primarily as its function as an NMDA receptor agonist, which triggers a chain of deleterious effects, but also through lipid peroxidation, and cytoskeletal destabilization. (wikipedia.org)
Objective Quinolinic acid (QA), a kynurenine (KYN)/tryptophan (TRP) pathway metabolite, is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist that can produce excitotoxic neuron damage. (bmj.com)
Intrastriatal injections of quinolinic acid, an N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist, selectively affect medium-sized GABA-ergic spiny projection neurons, sparing the striatal interneurons and closely mimicking the neuropathology seen in HD. (medscape.com)
A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool. (lookformedical.com)
Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential dietary amino acid that, unless otherwise committed to protein synthesis, undergoes metabolism via the Tryptophan-Kynurenine (TRP-KYN) pathway in vertebrate organisms. (mdpi.com)
Metabolite1
Pharmacokinetics Lozartan properties Absorption Later of intake lozartan is well soaked up from digestive tract, is exposed to considerable metabolism at the first passing through a liver, forming an active metabolite with carboxyl acid, other inactive metabolites. (rxeli.com)
Excitotoxicity refers to the neurotoxic effect of excitatory amino acids in the presence of excessive activation of postsynaptic receptors. (medscape.com)
Exon 1 contains a CAG trinucleotide repeat that encodes the amino acid glutamine, followed by another repeat that encodes proline. (jci.org)
Neurons1
Quinolinic acid affects neurons located mainly in the hippocampus, striatum, and neocortex, due to the selectivity toward quinolinic acid by the specific NMDA receptors residing in those regions. (wikipedia.org)
Type I and II interferons (IFNs) stimulate the KYN/TRP pathway, producing elevated QA/kynurenic acid (KA), a potential neurotoxic imbalance that may contribute to SLE-mediated cognitive dysfunction. (bmj.com)
Quinolinic acid has a potent neurotoxic effect. (wikipedia.org)
Arachidonic acid2
Corticosteroids inhibit formation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids when cell membranes are damaged. (unboundmedicine.com)
Metabolism of arachidonic acid through cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes is known to be actively involved in the neuroinflammatory events leading to neuronal death after ischemia. (southampton.ac.uk)
Primarily1
This organic acid is derived primarily from fungus (Aspergillus and Penicillium), Candida, or your metabolism. (mydnachoices.com)
Inflammatory3
Under inflammatory conditions and conditions of T cell activation, leukocytes are retained in the brain by cytokine and chemokine production, which can lead to the breakdown of the BBB, thus increasing the quinolinic acid that enters the brain. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, the antinociceptive activity of (-)-linalool was examined in two different pain models in mice: the acetic acid-induced writhing response, a model of inflammatory pain, and the hot plate test, a model of supraspinal analgesia. (researchgate.net)
Neurodegenerative1
Studies have demonstrated that quinolinic acid may be involved in many psychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative processes in the brain, as well as other disorders. (wikipedia.org)
Acetic1
Glacial (highly purified) acetic acid contains at least 99.5% acetic acid by weight. (unboundmedicine.com)
Colorless1
C 3 H 4 O 2 , a colorless corrosive acid used in making acrylic polymers and resins. (unboundmedicine.com)
Niacin1
Quinolinic acid may undergo further decarboxylation to nicotinic acid (niacin): Oxidation of aspartate by the enzyme aspartate oxidase gives iminosuccinate, containing the two carboxylic acid groups that are found in quinolinic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Urine5
C 4 H 8 O 3 , any of the acids present in the urine, esp. (unboundmedicine.com)
By testing organic acid levels in your urine, you'll be able to have a real-time of view of how well your body is functioning and where you need to focus your nutrient choices. (mydnachoices.com)
Organic acids are chemical compounds with acidic properties that are excreted in your urine. (mydnachoices.com)
There are over 76 organic acids available in your urine that when tested can provide your with insight into vitamin sufficiency, antioxidants levels, oxidative stress functioning, energy production, detoxification, neurotransmitter levels, oxalates, and intestinal yeast and bacteria. (mydnachoices.com)
People with chronic illnesses, neurological issues, and other health conditions often excrete several abnormal acids in their urine. (mydnachoices.com)
Increases1
in diabetic ketoacidosis, when the conversion of fatty acids to ketones increases. (unboundmedicine.com)
Mediator1
encoded by Slc39a1), a mediator of citrate efflux from the tricarboxylic acid cycle, SLC13A5 mediates citrate entry from blood and its activity exerts homeostatic control of cytoplasmic citrate. (biomed.news)
Mitochondrial1
Inhibition of the electron transport chain (ETC) prevents the regeneration of mitochondrial NAD+, resulting in cessation of the oxidative tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and a consequent dependence upon reductive carboxylation for aspartate synthesis. (biomed.news)
Mice1
Lapin followed up this research by demonstrating that quinolinic acid could induce convulsions when injected into mice brain ventricles. (wikipedia.org)
Compound2
C 10 H 18 N 4 O 6 , a compound intermediate in the synthesis of arginine, formed from citrulline and aspartic acid. (unboundmedicine.com)
The results show that this compound induced a significant reduction of the acid-induced writhing at doses ranging from 25 to 75 mg/kg. (researchgate.net)
Enzymes1
C 20 H 32 O 2 , an omega-6 fatty acid formed by the action of enzymes on phospholipids in cell membranes. (unboundmedicine.com)
Marker1
2-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid (marker 11), 4 Hydroxybenzoic Acid (marker 12), and 4-Hydroxyhippuric Acid (marker 13) are all markers of intestinal bacterial overgrowth. (mydnachoices.com)
Class2
ABBR: AHA Any of a class of water-soluble acids derived from fruit or milk, having a hydroxyl moiety in the first position in the molecule. (unboundmedicine.com)
strong class="kwd-title" Keywords: thrombopoietin receptor agonists, thrombocytopenia, dengue, immune thrombocytopenic purpura Introduction and background Dengue is an infectious, arboviral disease of humans transmitted by mosquitoes [1]. (enmd-2076.com)
Levels5
After this, Schwarcz demonstrated that elevated quinolinic acid levels could lead to axonal neurodegeneration. (wikipedia.org)
Conversely, the D 2 R agonist bromocriptine, which has been used for over 40 years to treat Parkinson's disease and hyperprolactinemia ( 6 ), was found to lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity in patients with T2DM ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS. (lookformedical.com)
At present, two TPO-R agonists - eltrombopag and romiplostim -?approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) have been successfully used for the treatment of chronic ITP and other thrombocytopenic conditions. (enmd-2076.com)
Produce2
While astrocytes do not produce quinolinic acid directly, they do produce KYNA, which when released from the astrocytes can be taken in by migroglia that can in turn increase quinolinic acid production. (wikipedia.org)
Intrastriatal injections of kainic acid, an agonist of a subtype of glutamate receptor, produce lesions similar to those seen in HD. (medscape.com)
Found2
One of the earliest reported syntheses of this quinolinic acid was by Zdenko Hans Skraup, who found that methyl-substituted quinolines could be oxidized to quinolinic acid by potassium permanganate. (wikipedia.org)
Quinolinic acid's neuroactive and excitatory properties are a result of NMDA receptor agonism in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, quinolinic acid has been shown to play a role in destabilization of the cytoskeleton within astrocytes and brain endothelial cells, contributing to the degradation of the BBB, which results in higher concentrations of quinolinic acid in the brain. (wikipedia.org)