Agent propofol. Medical search. Frequent questions

Propofol is also used in veterinary medicine for anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
To induce general anesthesia, propofol is the drug used almost exclusively, having largely replaced sodium thiopental. (wikipedia.org)
Propofol is also used for deepening of anesthesia in order to relieve laryngospasm. (wikipedia.org)
The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of emergence agitation in children receiving either propofol or halothane anesthesia for a variety of surgical treatments using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. (medscimonit.com)
The subjects were 83 premedicated children aged 1 to 6 years who underwent surgical procedures with propofol (group P, n=41) or with halothane (group H, n=42) anesthesia. (medscimonit.com)
The mean dose during maintenance of anesthesia with propofol was 9.0 mg/kg/h or halothane 1.5-2% and fentanyl at a total dose of 5 microg/kg administered during surgery. (medscimonit.com)
In children, the administration of propofol maintenance anesthesia is associated with a significantly higher incidence of emergence agitation than halothane maintenance anesthesia. (medscimonit.com)
According to its package insert however, as approved by the U.S. FDA, propofol is only supposed to be administered by healthcare professionals trained in the administration of general anesthesia, such as anesthesiologists and certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNA). (healthworldnet.com)
Inhaled anesthesia may be safer for the heart than infusion agents, but that didn't lead to better survival in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery in the MYRIAD trial . (medpagetoday.com)
Propofol has many characteristics of the ideal i.v. anesthetic, including a rapid, smooth induction of anesthesia and rapid clearance from the body. (nih.gov)
The ideal inhaled anesthetic agent has ample potency and a low solubility in blood and tissues (rapid recovery from anesthesia), resists physical and metabolic degradation, and protects and does not injure vital tissues. (nih.gov)
Although anesthetics such as propofol are neuroprotective as well, neuroprotection during surgery and anesthesia is discussed with the aim of preventing and treating complications that result in CNS damage. (researchandmarkets.com)
This is usually a secondary effect of the agents used to induce or maintain general anesthesia, which may cause depressant or stimulatory cardiovascular consequences. (news-medical.net)
The anesthesiologist (i.e. the physician-specialist responsible for administering anesthesia) ensures that the patient has a secured airway, all physiological monitors are properly functioning and maintenance and resuscitation agents are at hand. (news-medical.net)
Intravenous (IV) agents like propofol, or anesthetic vapors, or a combination of the two, may be used to induce anesthesia. (news-medical.net)
The dog was then anesthetized with either propofol or isoflurane and a light plane of anesthesia was maintained on each respective anesthetic for 30 minutes. (purdue.edu)
Anesthesia was induced by propofol 0.8-1.0 mg x kg(-1), and suxamethonium 0.8-1.0 mg x kg(-1). (nih.gov)
A patient can become addicted to the agents used for gen anesthesia. (healthtap.com)
Garcia-Rodriguez, P., Hutt, A. Bursting suppression in propofol-induced general anesthesia as bi-stability in a non-linear neural mass model. (biomedcentral.com)
A decrease in frontoparietal functional connectivity has been demonstrated with multiple anesthetic agents, and this decrease has been proposed as a final common functional pathway to produce anesthesia. (silverchair.com)
Based on phase-amplitude coupling observed within frontal lobe during the anesthetized period, it was hypothesized that between-lead phase-amplitude coupling analysis should decrease between frontal and parietal leads during propofol anesthesia. (silverchair.com)
Induction of anesthesia is accomplished by using high doses of opioid (usually fentanyl or remifentanil) to minimize the dose of propofol, etomidate, or thiopental and thereby maximize cardiovascular stability. (medscape.com)
PROCEDURES: After premedication with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg), anesthesia was induced (6 mg/kg) and maintained (0.4 mg/kg/min) with propofol. (bvsalud.org)

One of the reasons propofol is thought to be more effective (although it has a longer half-life than lorazepam) is because studies have found that benzodiazepines like midazolam and lorazepam tend to accumulate in critically ill patients, prolonging sedation. (wikipedia.org)
GHB withdrawal can initially be treated with high doses of benzodiazepines, though anecdotally, refractory cases have responded to other sedative agents, such as pentobarbital, chloral hydrate, and baclofen. (medscape.com)
All four patients were treated with benzodiazepines, phenobarbital, and propofol for sedation and symptom control. (cdc.gov)
For decades, Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) receptor agonists (including propofol and benzodiazepines such as midazolam) have been the most commonly administered sedative drugs for ICU patients worldwide [ 2 - 6 ]. (oncologyradiotherapy.com)
There are studies involving remifentanil, propofol, morphine, benzodiazepines and dexmedetomidine in post-surgical patients. (oncologyradiotherapy.com)
propofol) are preferred to benzodiazepines (by either continuous infusion or bolus dosing). (who.int)

Propofol, marketed as Diprivan, among other names, also known as 2,6-diisopropylphenol, is a short-acting medication that results in a decreased level of consciousness and a lack of memory for events. (wikipedia.org)
1 The package inserts for both propofol and Diprivan ® recommend that strict aseptic techniques be used in preparing and administering the agents and that vials be disinfected with 70% isopropyl alcohol prior to administration. (apsf.org)
4 The recommendation to swab the vials of propofol and Diprivan ® may be due to its formulation in a white, oil-in-water emulsion. (apsf.org)
Of note, both propofol and Diprivan ® also contain disodium edetate (0.005%) to retard the rate of growth of microorganisms in the event of accidental extrinsic contamination. (apsf.org)
Thus for patient safety, we believe that providers should routinely swab propofol and Diprivan ® vials prior to administering these agents and be aware of another drug that may look similar. (apsf.org)

Herein, we tried to address the potential anti-cancer effects of propofol in cervical carcinoma. (aging-us.com)
Materials and Methods: The suppression effects of propofol on the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells were analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation and Transwell invasion assay. (aging-us.com)
Although phase-amplitude coupling within frontal cortex changes with propofol administration, the effects of propofol on phase-amplitude coupling between different cortical areas have not previously been reported. (silverchair.com)

In March 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for Propofol‐Lipuro 1% to maintain sedation via continuous infusion in people older than sixteen with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 who require mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit ICU setting. (wikipedia.org)
Total crude percentage of contaminated propofol for each kind of object (syringes, vials, infusion systems). (cdc.gov)
Neither group experienced any propofol infusion syndrome or malignant hyperthermia. (medpagetoday.com)
It can be used as an "induction agent" to put you to sleep or as maintenance to keep you asleep as a continuous infusion. (vegansociety.com)
After isoflurane discontinuation, the animals received either propofol (group P, n=4) or propofol plus remifentanil (group P/R, n=4) by continuous intravenous infusion for a maximum period of 38 hours. (vin.com)
Comparison of propofol versus fentanyl infusion for postoperative sedation in mechanically ventilated patients following head and neck oncosurgeries- A Retrospective analytic study. (oncologyradiotherapy.com)
Aim: To determine the efficacy of propofol versus fentanyl infusion for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients following head and neck oncosurgeries. (oncologyradiotherapy.com)
Settings and Design: A retrospective analytic study was done in a tertiary care cancer centre in patients who had undergone head and neck oncosurgeries and required postoperative ventilation at the ICU and were sedated with either propofol or fentanyl infusion. (oncologyradiotherapy.com)
For patients randomized to continuous sedation a continuous infusion of a short-acting usual care sedative agent (eg. (who.int)

Subanesthetic levels of propofol have been described to induce a "high" that is characterized by euphoria and sensitization. (healthworldnet.com)
A viable online capability to monitor exhaled trace levels of propofol in patients does not currently exist but would dramatically improve the level of control over its administration. (europa.eu)

Step 2: Lidocaine 40 mg given as 4ml of 1% preparation to reduce the burning sensation and pain associated with the injection of propofol. (wikipedia.org)
Group KP (n = 6) was anaesthetised with an i.m. injection of ketamine followed by an i.v. injection of propofol. (huji.ac.il)

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of a ketamine/propofol anaesthetic protocol in lions (Panthera leo), and to compare it to two commonly used anaesthetic protocols. (huji.ac.il)

This project was designed to compare the dose requirements and the development of tolerance on the sedative/analgesic effect of propofol versus propofol plus remifentanil administered in rabbits under prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV). (vin.com)
14 ± 1.2 h), adequate sedation/analgesia was achieved by administration of progressively decreasing doses down to 187 ± 72% of propofol ID in group P, 123 ± 43% of propofol ID in group P/R and 184 ± 58% of remifentanil ID. (vin.com)
In conclusion, both propofol and remifentanil lead to tolerance with regard to their sedative and analgesic effect in PMV rabbits within the first few hours. (vin.com)
Although the concurrent administration of propofol with remifentanil does not affect the ID of propofol, it reduces the rate and delays the occurrence of its tolerance. (vin.com)

Dexmedetomidine or propofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults with sepsis. (thoracic.org)
RCT of 4000 patients undergoing ventilation in the ICU for less than 12 hours to receive dexmedetomidine as sole or primary agent vs usual care with target RASS score of -2 to +1. (thoracic.org)
Nearly ⅔ of the dexmedetomidine group received supplemental propofol to reach target sedation. (thoracic.org)

In 6% of the patients, low dose midazolam in combination with verbal sedation was insufficient and propofol was administrated. (ima.org.il)

A lethal dose of propofol is used for medical assistance in dying in Canada to quickly induce deep coma and death, but rocuronium is always given-even when the patient dies as a result of propofol injection. (wikipedia.org)

Aims and objectives: To compare the ease of insertion of LMA in patients given propofol alone versus thiopentone with lignocaine, as well as assessing the cost effectiveness of these agents in our hospital setting. (bvsalud.org)

Currently there are no studies comparing propofol versus fentanyl for sedation following head and neck oncosurgeries, hence this study was done. (oncologyradiotherapy.com)

Additional beta-blockade beyond amiodarone is recommended, although a specific agent and dose are unclear. (medscape.com)
Tolerance on the sedative/analgesic effect of the agents was indicated by the increase of their initial dose (ID). (vin.com)
The predicted induction dose of propofol, estimated from age and weight for each patient, was given at a rate of 1% of the induction dose per second, to a possible maximum of 2.5 times the predicted induction dose. (general-anaesthesia.com)
I recently came across an article by Dr Rick Pescatore in Emergency Medicine News [ 1 ] related to the use of low-dose propofol to treat headache in the ED. It immediately caught my attention because treating migraine and other types of headache is a common part of emergency medicine practice. (medscape.com)

Propofol, a widely used intravenous anesthetic agents, has been reported to have anti-inflammation effects. (researchsquare.com)
Prior studies have suggested that propofol (2, 6-diisopropylphenol), one of the most extensively used intravenous anesthetic agents during cancer surgical excision, influences the biological behaviors of cancer cell, including growth, invasiveness, and metastasis [ 10 , 11 ]. (aging-us.com)

The two teens were treated with the neuromuscular blocking agent rocuronium because of symptom severity, and the two adults received pralidoxime because of the initial suspicion of possible organophosphate toxicity. (cdc.gov)
Influence of Gender on the Plasma-Effect site equilibration time of propofol anesthetic and Cisatracurium Besylate neuromuscular blocking agent. (clinicaltrialsregister.eu)

Propofol is frequently paired with fentanyl (for pain relief) in intubated and sedated people. (wikipedia.org)
Propofol abuse is on the rise but pales in comparison to other medications such as opioids and fentanyl. (healthworldnet.com)
The sedation induced by propofol was significantly higher than that induced by fentanyl at 2 hours and 6 hours. (oncologyradiotherapy.com)
Conclusion: Both fentanyl and propofol are equally efficacious in postoperative sedation without major hemodynamic fluctuations. (oncologyradiotherapy.com)

The utilization choice among desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane is made by weighing specific advantages and disadvantages of each agent. (nih.gov)
Inhalational agents with irritant physicochemical characteristics like desflurane and high concentrations of isoflurane are more likely to cause laryngospasm than non-irritant agents like sevoflurane and halothane. (ahrq.gov)
This study examined the effects of two commonly used anesthetics, isoflurane (an inhalant agent) and propofol (an injectable agent), on canine olfactory-cognitive circuitry in detecting brown root rot fungus (BRR). (purdue.edu)
2) isoflurane would have a greater negative impact on the olfactory acuity of the dogs, and 3) the established linear system would provide a way to evaluate the short term effect of the anesthetic agents on the scent-detection dogs. (purdue.edu)
Each dog received two treatments, isoflurane and propofol, in a randomized order with an 11-day washout period between treatments. (purdue.edu)
Furthermore, isoflurane did not have a greater impact on the olfactory acuity of dogs compared to propofol (p = 0.669) and no significant difference in the overall effect between the two anesthetics (p = 0.278). (purdue.edu)
We concluded that isoflurane and propofol do not cause negative effect on canine olfaction within 24 hours. (purdue.edu)

Propofol is frequently used as an induction agent in c-sections, though alfaxalone is becoming more commonly used. (veterinary-practice.com)
What is the evidence comparing the safety of propofol and alfaxalone as anaesthetic induction agents in bitches and their puppies? (veterinary-practice.com)
Two studies directly compared the use of alfaxalone and propofol as induction agents, so offer high-quality evidence. (veterinary-practice.com)
A greater percentage of alfaxalone group puppies were positive for all health vigour assessments compared with the propofol group. (veterinary-practice.com)
Limitations include that the group sizes were unequal, and 46 percent of the propofol group were brachycephalic breeds, compared to 29 percent of the alfaxalone group. (veterinary-practice.com)
2013), 22 bitches and 81 puppies were placed in either an alfaxalone group or propofol group. (veterinary-practice.com)
Puppy survival did not differ between the alfaxalone and propofol groups at any time interval. (veterinary-practice.com)
Five minutes after birth, the proportion of pup-pies in the alfaxalone group with high, medium and low Apgar scores were 68 percent, 15 percent and 17 percent respectively, compared to 19 percent, 31 percent and 50 percent respectively for the propofol group (Apgar scores are used to evaluate new-born human babies. (veterinary-practice.com)

Clinical object from which residual propofol was taken to be cultured after clinical use. (cdc.gov)
But the clinical use of propofol has significantly increased that incidence of dependence several fold. (healthworldnet.com)
Clinical trials of various neuroprotective agents are described and failures of trials are analyzed with suggestions for improving the selection of drugs and design of trials. (researchandmarkets.com)
Practice guidelines for providing sedation in the ICU have identified the need for well-designed randomized trials comparing the effectiveness of different sedative agents for important clinical outcomes [ 1 ]. (oncologyradiotherapy.com)
In patients randomized to minimal sedation sedative agents shall not be used unless needed for usual clinical care. (who.int)

Also used Lidocaine to administer the Propofol. (jackson.ch)

It was also demonstrated that propofol inhibited sevoflurane-induced inflammation through NF-κB pathway in human neuroglioma cells [ 15 ]. (researchsquare.com)
W e compared the time to reach two anaesthetic end-points during induction of anaesthesia with a potent inhalation agent (sevoflurane) and an i.v. agent (propofol). (general-anaesthesia.com)
Thirty-eight female patients (age 39 (9) yr, weight 65 (11) kg, and height 165 (8) cm) (mean (SD)) were randomly allocated to receive either propofol or sevoflurane. (general-anaesthesia.com)
The median times and interquartile values for loss of arm tone were 105 (88-121) s for sevoflurane and 65 (58-80) s for propofol. (general-anaesthesia.com)

Propofol is believed to work at least partly via a receptor for GABA. (wikipedia.org)
Sedative-hypnotic drugs are the primary agents for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome because they are cross-tolerant drugs that modulate GABA functions. (medscape.com)
Propofol has GABA potentiation, which probably provides a certain amount of direct analgesia. (medscape.com)

Well, firstly the most commonly used anaesthetic agent is called propofol 2. (vegansociety.com)
It has been reported that propofol, the most commonly used anesthetic, could inhibit inflammation response in CNS. (researchsquare.com)
Like methohexital, it is most commonly used as an induction agent for intubation. (medscape.com)

Its most useful feature as an induction agent is that it produces deep sedation while causing minimal cardiovascular effects. (medscape.com)

Propofol is a phenolic compound unrelated to other types of anticonvulsants. (medscape.com)

Halothane and propofol appear to cause much less emergence agitation. (medscimonit.com)

Propofol has also been shown to have anticonvulsant properties. (medscape.com)

The application of a novel ultra-sensitive photoacoustic gas sensor is proposed to allow for online monitoring of an intravenously administered anaesthetic agent, which is exhaled at trace levels with the patient's breath during surgery. (europa.eu)

Because of its rapid induction and recovery time, propofol is also widely used for sedation of infants and children undergoing MRI. (wikipedia.org)
It has become one of the most widely used anesthetic agents today. (healthworldnet.com)
The project focuses on the monitoring of propofol, one of the most widely used intravenous anaesthetics in general anaesthesia. (europa.eu)
Dr John (Iain) Glen, founder of Glen Pharma Ltd, will receive an Honorary Doctorate of Science (DSc) for his discovery and development of propofol - a chemical whose rapid action and freedom from residual effects have made it the most widely-used agent for induction of anaesthesia in patients throughout the world. (gla.ac.uk)

Here, we report ten X-ray structures and electrophysiological characterization of GLIC variants in the presence and absence of general anesthetics, including the surgical agent propofol. (rcsb.org)
For additional information on the classes of local anesthetics, see Local Anesthetic Agents, Infiltrative Administration. (medscape.com)

Propofol Injectable Emulsion, USP Condensation. (apsf.org)
Propofol Injectable Emulsion, USP. (apsf.org)

2020. A systematic study of injectable anesthetic agents in the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei). (awionline.org)

Furthermore, reintroduction of MIR155HG into cervical cancer cells counteracted the inhibitory potency of propofol on the growth and aggressive phenotypes in cervical carcinoma cells. (aging-us.com)
The potency, onset of action, and duration of these agents varies (see table below). (medscape.com)

Prevailing theoretical approaches to this problem suggest that such bi-stable dynamics could be explained by the existence of notable non-linearities in the neuronal membrane potential as a function of the anesthetic agent, with frequent noise-induced transitions between two stable (attracting) branches. (biomedcentral.com)
General anesthetic agent. (vetlexicon.com)

Propofol is also used to sedate individuals who are receiving mechanical ventilation but not undergoing surgery, such as patients in the intensive care unit. (wikipedia.org)
In critically ill patients, propofol is superior to lorazepam both in effectiveness and overall cost. (wikipedia.org)
The 20 patients received propofol shots for procedures on their skin," said a police officer. (joins.com)
According to authorities, 21 patients at a clinic in Gangnam received propofol shots for cosmetic procedures between 12 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. on Monday. (joins.com)
Requiring the use of an unfamiliar alternate agent for sedation places patients at significant risk for becoming the victim of a harmful medication error. (ismp.org)
Multicenter RCT of 422 patients found no difference in delirium, ventilator-free days, survival, or cognitive function at 6 months with use of the 2 agents. (thoracic.org)
Some patients may be on platelet inhibitors, including aspirin or clopidogrel, and it is unlikely that the surgeon would proceed with surgery while a patient is on these agents. (renalandurologynews.com)
In contrast, only 11 of the patients given propofol lost the response to pain after 2.5xED(50) had been given. (general-anaesthesia.com)
Some patients need deeper sedation with anesthetic agents like propofol. (ima.org.il)
Cette étude clinique en double aveugle évaluait l'incidence des nausées et des vomissements après une chirurgie de la cataracte avec anesthésie par voie intraveineuse chez 100 patients auxquels un placebo (eau saline), du métoclopramide (10 mg), de la dexaméthasone (8 mg) ou les deux médicaments associés avaient été administrés de manière randomisée avant l'opération. (who.int)
L'association du métoclopramide et de la dexaméthasone a considérablement réduit les nausées et vomissements, non seulement en salle de réveil mais également dans les 24 heures qui suivent, et est recommandée pour les groupes à haut risque, notamment pour les patients opérés en ambulatoire. (who.int)
In south korea there are patients who are documented addicts to propofol. (healthtap.com)
The standard headache cocktail-a neuroleptic agent, ketorolac , diphenhydramine , and dexamethasone -is ingrained as the most effective first-line approach for alleviating migraine and tension headaches in the majority of patients. (medscape.com)

The King of Pop had apparently been using propofol and toxicology reports found significant amounts of propofol along with other drugs. (healthworldnet.com)
So, why is propofol become one of the illicit prescription drugs of choice for both medical professionals and celebrities? (healthworldnet.com)
While drug shortages have long been a problem in healthcare, 1 the number experienced in the past few months is unprecedented, particularly with high use medications, including emergency drugs, pain medications, and anesthetic agents. (ismp.org)
Specific agents are used to reverse the muscle-relaxing drugs and the patient is administered analgesics to reduce post-operative pain. (news-medical.net)

Propofol was a suitable and safe drug for maintenance of anaesthesia in adult lions. (huji.ac.il)
Currently the effectiveness of propofol induced anaesthesia is only assessed symptomatically, based on highly subjective and unsophisticated scoring. (europa.eu)

Background: A patient is required to be fully relaxed and airway reflexes should be adequately suppressed to allow for smooth insertion of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA).Propofol and a variety of other induction agents and their combinations have been tried to ease its insertion. (bvsalud.org)

In addition, Exparel™ a new white aqueous suspension of multivesicular liposomes containing bupivacaine may look similar to propofol (Figure 3) also carries no similar recommendation. (apsf.org)
Local anesthetic agents are usually of the amino amides class and include such agents as lidocaine, bupivacaine, prilocaine, mepivacaine, and etidocaine. (medscape.com)

Propofol is a prescription drug and is not available over-the-counter. (healthworldnet.com)
Propofol is not a controlled or 'schedule' drug, unlike many sedatives. (healthworldnet.com)
Propofol has become a popular recreational drug among medical professionals. (healthworldnet.com)
The propofol shortage offers another example of asking practitioners to quickly acclimate to the use of a new high-alert drug, thus increasing the risk of an error. (ismp.org)
In fact, propofol has become the drug of choice within many protocols for procedures. (ismp.org)
Propofol is a safe drug. (medscape.com)

Several guidelines recommend the use of propofol for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. (wikipedia.org)

Of bitches in the alfax-alone group, 98 percent scored a top score for induction, 81 percent for anaesthetic effectiveness and 73 percent for recovery, compared with 88 percent, 65 percent and 69 percent respectively for the same measures with propofol. (veterinary-practice.com)

The administration of anesthetic agents is associated with a high incidence of emergence agitation in children. (medscimonit.com)
Propofol has been used outside the operating room for years, so many healthcare practitioners are familiar with its effects, dosing, and administration procedures. (ismp.org)

2022. Efficacy of tricaine (MS-222) and hypothermia as anesthetic agents for blocking sensorimotor responses in larval zebrafish. (awionline.org)

Conclusion: TNF-α could decrease the expression of occludin via Hif-1α/VEGF/VEGFR-2/ERK signaling pathway, which was attenuated by propofol. (researchsquare.com)

There was an association between lack of control of propofol (e.g., pharmacy accounting) at the time of abuse and incidence of abuse at the program. (healthworldnet.com)
MR imaging can depict the membranous labyrinth in infants using heavily T2-weighted 3D FLAIR without an injected contrast agent, but the sequence acquisition time reduces its feasibility in infants undergoing MR studies during natural sleep. (ajnr.org)
E, F . The mean residence times as a function of the propofol level ( p ) and the inverse of the excitatory synaptic impulse response time-scale ( α ). (biomedcentral.com)
CM: This is the first time I used Propofol. (jackson.ch)
CM: I gave him Propofol before, but then more because this time he had other agents present in the system. (jackson.ch)
At present, I think propofol is not ready for prime-time, first-line treatment, but we should definitely consider using it. (medscape.com)

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs16

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Health Care1

Anesthesia23

Benzodiazepines6

Diprivan5

Effects of propofol3

Infusion9

Levels of propofol2

Injection of propofol2

Ketamine1

Remifentanil4

Dexmedetomidine3

Midazolam1

Induce1

Thiopentone1

Versus1

Dose4

Intravenous anesthetic agents2

Neuromuscular block2

Fentanyl4

Isoflurane7

Alfaxalone8

Clinical5

Administer1

Sevoflurane4

GABA3

Commonly3

Deep Sedation1

Phenolic1

Halothane1

Anticonvulsant1

Anaesthetic agent1

Widely4

Anesthetics2

Emulsion2

Injectable1

Potency2

Anesthetic agent2

Patients13

Drugs4

Anaesthesia2

Induction agents1

Bupivacaine2

Drug6

Refractory1

Effectiveness1

Administration2

Efficacy1

Conclusion1

Time6