• These electrical impulses are then transmitted along afferent lateral neurons to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rate-coding scenario proposes that the stimulus intensity is encoded in the firing rate of the afferent neurons, likely involving SA mechanoreceptors. (frontiersin.org)
  • On the other hand, the spike timing scenario requires coincidence measurements of multiple afferent neurons activity. (frontiersin.org)
  • The tooth has an unusual sensory system that converts external stimuli predominantly into pain, yet its sensory afferents in teeth demonstrate cytochemical properties of non-nociceptive neurons. (mdpi.com)
  • Activity dependent excitability changes of nociceptors and mechanoreceptors Sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion are functionally heterogeneous. (yourdictionary.com)
  • Non-nociceptive and nociceptive-like trigeminal Aβ-afferent neurons of rats: distinct electrophysiological properties, mechanical and chemical sensitivity. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Recently, we have characterized Aβ-afferent neurons which have large diameter somas in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and classified them into non-nociceptive and nociceptive-like TG afferent neurons based on their electrophysiological properties. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Here, we extend our previous observations to further characterize electrophysiological properties of trigeminal Aβ-afferent neurons and investigate their mechanical and chemical sensitivity by patch-clamp recordings from large-diameter TG neurons in ex vivo TG preparations of adult male and female rats. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Based on cluster analysis of electrophysiological properties, trigeminal Aβ-afferent neurons can be classified into five discrete types (type I, IIa, IIb, IIIa, and IIIb), which responded differentially to mechanical stimulation and sensory mediators including serotonin (5-HT), acetylcholine (ACh) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (iasp-pain.org)
  • Together, type I, IIa and IIb display features of LTMR Aβ-afferent neurons while type IIIa and type IIIb show properties of nociceptive Aβ-afferent neurons. (iasp-pain.org)
  • and ii) an exaggerated response of dorsal horn neurons to normally innocuous afferent input. (asra.com)
  • Cutaneous receptors are at the ends of afferent neurons. (mukemmellokma.com)
  • Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded potentials. (mukemmellokma.com)
  • These mechanoreceptors are innervated by the first-order neurons of the tactile pathway. (nature.com)
  • This respiratory plasticity involves alterations via sensory (i.e., central and peripheral chemoreceptors and airway mechanoreceptors) and modulatory projections (i.e., serotonergic neurons), as well as many other conscious and unconscious processes that affect breathing (i.e., cortical inputs, cardiovascular disease, etc. (veteriankey.com)
  • 2,3 Afferent fibres from the kidney have been shown to travel along with the sympathetic nerves at the level of the kidney and then enter the dorsal roots and project to neurons at both spinal and supraspinal levels. (icrjournal.com)
  • The psychophysics of this state clearly emphasize that the pain is evoked by the activation of low threshold mechano-receptors (Aß afferents). (asra.com)
  • [8] The afferent receptors are largely located close to the osteotendinous junction and have all four types of receptors which are the type I, II, III, IV receptors (Ruffini corpuscle pressure receptors, Vater-Paccinian corpuscle sensitive to movement, Golgi tendons mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings that serve as pain receptors). (physio-pedia.com)
  • When these receptors are stimulated, they transmit the sensory information to the spinal cord through afferent nerve fibers. (newdogtips.com)
  • The activation of these receptors sends an afferent nervous message to the hypothalamus in the brain. (enterosys.com)
  • Afferent nerve fibres connect receptors to the central nervous system (CNS) and they have a dynamic receptive field. (edumarz.com)
  • 2. Cochlea in vertebrates detects sound - receptors are tiny hair cells functioning as mechanoreceptors. (msudenver.edu)
  • Most of the brainstem regions involved in cardiovascular control including the hypothalamus receive inputs from the renal afferents, which carry information to the central nervous system from renal chemo- and mechano-receptors. (icrjournal.com)
  • 2,3 Direct electrical stimulation of the renal afferent nerves in animals can produce both sympathoinhibitory and sympathoexcitatory reflexes, illustrating the diverse functional nature of various populations of renal receptors. (icrjournal.com)
  • Such stabilisation is initiated and controlled by the proprioceptive input from muscle spindles, tendon receptors, joint receptors and mechanoreceptors [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Three major categories of somatosensory receptors can be identified: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and *Institute of Neurotoxicology, Departments of Neuroscience, Neurology and Pathology (Neuropathology), Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461. (cdc.gov)
  • The neural elements of somatosensory receptors in the hands and feet represent the distal extreme of long afferent fibers, and thus, are par- ticularly vulnerable in the distal axonopathies. (cdc.gov)
  • Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) from the carotid body and carotid sinus via (the carotid sinus nerve of) the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), and from aortic bodies and sinoatrial node via the vagus nerve (CN X). (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) with endings located in the heart, lungs, airways, gastrointestinal system, pharynx, and liver via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • The respiratory rhythm is generated within the brainstem and is modulated by multiple afferent inputs from various sensors such as mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors. (veteriankey.com)
  • The gut-brain axis:You have a message from your gut In the intestine, gut distension and nutrients are detected by mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors, respectively. (enterosys.com)
  • The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system of the heart share the same pathway with gastrointestinal, genitourinary, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors and transmit signals to the medulla by cranial nerves X and IX. (medscape.com)
  • The afferent signals to the brain are regulated by mechanosensitive baroreceptors, volume sensors and chemoreceptors located in the vessels and in many other organs, particularly in the heart, kidney, lung, brain and muscles. (icrjournal.com)
  • In the present study, we propose a bio-inspired tactile system with a population of 23 digital afferents: 12 RA-I, 6 SA-I, and 5 nociceptors. (nature.com)
  • In this way, the impact of the innervation mechanism and collaboration of afferents and nociceptors on sharpness recognition are investigated. (nature.com)
  • Our findings suggest that the synergy between sensory afferents and nociceptors conveys more information about tactile stimuli which in turn leads to the robustness of the proposed neuromorphic system against damage to the taxels or afferents. (nature.com)
  • Nociceptors behave as high-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMR) and respond to harmful stimuli through Aβ, Aδ, and C nerve fibers 3 . (nature.com)
  • As suggested in previous studies, activation thresholds of afferents which are generally considered to be mechanical nociceptors are far below mechanical pain thresholds. (elsevierpure.com)
  • It was determined that classification of nociceptors by frequency thresholds, i.e., the pressure at which HTMs maintained a minimum frequency (97 g/mm 2 and 117 g/mm 2 for IPRs and MNs respectively) brings afferent reactivity into alignment with perceptual events. (elsevierpure.com)
  • [7] The nerve endings form a longitudinal plexus which supplies afferent fibres in the great majority of the tendon. (physio-pedia.com)
  • 2 However, the kidney also has an extensive network of afferent unmyelinated fibres that transmit important sensory information to the central nervous system. (icrjournal.com)
  • Renal nerves contain sensory afferent fibres, which enable communication with the central nervous system. (icrjournal.com)
  • They demonstrate a relationship between positive hedonic sensation and coding at the level of these peripheral afferent nerves, suggesting that C-tactile fibers contribute critically to pleasant touch. (dericbownds.net)
  • the afferent nerves transmit through a series of synapses in the brain containing structures such pain. (mukemmellokma.com)
  • Therefore, myofascial release does not affect the physical properties of the muscle or fascia but rather sends signals to the brain through afferent nerves, which then signals to the muscle to relax its contracted state. (ultrasportsclinic.com)
  • Afferent and efferent sympathetic nerves of the kidney located in the adventitia of the renal artery are involved in the regulation of blood pressure and play a pathophysiological role in the progression and maintenance of hypertension. (icrjournal.com)
  • Activation of renal afferent nerves itself elevate sympathetic nervous outflow to the kidney and other downstream organs (see Figure 1 ). (icrjournal.com)
  • Hair cells typically possess both glutamatergic afferent connections and cholinergic efferent connections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Precise extrinsic afferent (visceral sensory) and efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation of the gut is fundamental for gut-brain cross talk. (jneurosci.org)
  • Genetic ablation of visceral sensory trajectories results in the erratic extension of both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons, implicating that afferent axons provide an axonal scaffold to route efferent axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is innervated both intrinsically by the enteric nervous system (ENS), and extrinsically by visceral sensory afferent and visceral motor efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic) fibers. (jneurosci.org)
  • stimulus receptor afferent (sensory) neuron synapse (transmitter rx) efferent (motor) neuron effector (eg. (brainscape.com)
  • In Figure 1 , the interaction between efferent and afferent sympathetic activation and the kidney are shown. (icrjournal.com)
  • The innervation pattern enables individual afferents to encode a portion of the geometric characteristics of the touched objects 4 . (nature.com)
  • It is suggested that coding of intense mechanical pain from compressive forces is likely to arise from both individual afferents, whose reactivity spanned the range, and from recruitment of afferent populations with progressively higher thresholds. (elsevierpure.com)
  • [ 5 ] Roberts proposed that sympathetic pain results from tonic activity in myelinated mechanoreceptor afferents. (medscape.com)
  • The pericardium is richly innervated with sympathetic and somatic afferents. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We found that the tongue is equipped with an array of putative mechanoreceptors that express the principal mechanosensory channel Piezo2, including end bulbs of Krause innervating individual filiform papillae and a novel class of neuronal fibers innervating the epithelium surrounding taste buds. (columbia.edu)
  • This ability of light touch evoking this anomalous pain state is de facto evidence that the peripheral nerve injury has led to a reorganization of central processing, i.e. it is not a simple case of a peripheral sensitization of otherwise high threshold afferents. (asra.com)
  • Thus, in the periphery after an acute mechanical injury of the peripheral afferent axon, there will be an initial dying back (retrograde chromatolysis) that proceeds for some interval at which time the axon begins to sprout sending growth cones forward. (asra.com)
  • Following peripheral nerve injury there is a very significant upregulation in the expression of a wide variety of proteins in the dorsal root ganglion and thus the axon and terminals of the injured primary afferent. (asra.com)
  • Our results indicate that C-tactile afferents constitute a privileged peripheral pathway for pleasant tactile stimulation that is likely to signal affiliative social body contact. (dericbownds.net)
  • Minimally, a recep- tor includes a peripheral axon terminal of one pri- mary afferent neuron, whose cell body is sited proximally in the dorsal root ganglion. (cdc.gov)
  • The experimental procedure for recording of the activity of specific mechanoreceptive and thermoreceptive skin afferents is shown andd the corresponding eletronic stimulators for the quantitative mechanical and thermal stimulation of the skin were demonstrated. (interniche.org)
  • Comprehensive understanding of metabo and mechanoreceptors stimulation effects is of great importance not only for the physiological basis but also for clinical purposes. (ijpp.com)
  • Deflection towards the longest hair results in depolarization of the hair cell, increased neurotransmitter release at the excitatory afferent synapse, and a higher rate of signal transduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The adult cricket auditory system is capable of compensating for the unilateral loss of an ear with robust dendritic sprouting of deafferented dendrites followed by de novo synapse formation with the contralateral afferents [ 3 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Indeed, activation of tactile afferents spatially encodes the contact stimuli and sends the tactile information to the upper layers of the somatosensory pathway. (nature.com)
  • Activity in sensory afferents originates after an interval of days to weeks from the lesioned site (neuroma) and from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the injured nerve. (asra.com)
  • We report that glutamate increases muscle spindle afferent static sensitivity in an ex vivo mouse muscle nerve preparation, although blocking glutamate packaging into vesicles by the sole vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1, either pharmacologically or by transgenic knockout of one allele of VGLUT1 decreases muscle spindle afferent static but not dynamic sensitivity. (sjsu.edu)
  • To test this hypothesis, we used a mouse muscle-nerve ex vivo preparation to measure identified muscle spindle afferent responses to stretch and vibration. (sjsu.edu)
  • The nerve endings involved in the dog scratch reflex are called mechanoreceptors, sensitive to mechanical pressure or touch. (newdogtips.com)
  • Mechanoreceptors responsible for communicating muscle tendon tensile status to the brain, are registering something off the charts. (themanualtherapist.com)
  • We conclude that the pressure point changes afferent information and leads to an increased peroneus longus activation in the time interval in which the pressure point exerted pressure on the peroneal tendon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Spindle afferent sensory endings contain glutamate-filled synaptic-like vesicles that are released in a stretch- and calcium-dependent manner. (sjsu.edu)
  • 3. The stereocilia are polarized and respond to tiny movements and bend towards the kinocilium causing depolarization (K + channels open) and releases more neurotransmitter and the afferent neuron depolarizes. (msudenver.edu)
  • The rresonse properties of slowly- and rapidly adaopting mechanoreceptors when stimulated by rectangular-, ramp-, ram- and sinusoidal mechanical stimuli were shown by means of original records and animated drawings. (interniche.org)
  • Our results suggest a model of mechanotransduction where calcium entering the PIEZO2 channel can cause the release of glutamate from synaptic-like vesicles, which then helps to maintain afferent depolarization and firing. (sjsu.edu)
  • Abstract: Muscle spindle afferents are slowly adapting low threshold mechanoreceptors that have both dynamic and static sensitivity to muscle stretch. (sjsu.edu)
  • The role of Aβ-afferents in somatosensory function is often oversimplified as low threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) with large omission of Aβ-afferent involvement in nociception. (iasp-pain.org)
  • mechanoreceptor: Any receptor that provides an organism with information about mechanical changes in its environment such as movement, tension, and pressure. (mukemmellokma.com)
  • Single unit muscle spindle afferent responses from isolated mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle were recorded in the absence of fusimotor input to ramp and hold stretches as well as to sinusoidal vibrations in the presence and absence of the acetylcholine receptor blockers d-tubocurarine and α-bungarotoxin. (bvsalud.org)
  • Single unit recording from the afferent axon has indicated that the origin of the spontaneous activity in the afferent arises from the neuroma and from the dorsal root ganglia of the injured axon. (asra.com)
  • One of the main features of biological tactile afferents is that their distal axon branches in the skin, creating complex receptive fields. (nature.com)
  • The hard palate and gums are densely populated with three classes of sensory afferents organized in discrete patterns including Merkel cell-neurite complexes, Meissner's corpuscles and glomerular corpuscles. (columbia.edu)
  • We have therefore recorded the impulse activity of single group III and IV muscle afferents, whose activation reflexly increases arterial pressure, while we both statically and rhythmically twitch-contracted the triceps surae muscles of anaesthetised cats. (psu.edu)
  • In neurophysiological models, myofascial release is thought to stimulate intra-fascial mechanoreceptors, which cause alterations in the afferent input to the central nervous system thus leading to a reduction in the activation of specific groups of motor units. (ultrasportsclinic.com)
  • We found that group III afferents (n=17) discharged significantly more impulses in response to static contraction than in response to rhythmic contraction. (psu.edu)
  • By contrast, group IV afferents (n=18) fired approximately the same number of impulses in response to the two types of contraction. (psu.edu)
  • We conclude that the discharge of group III afferents are likely to be responsible for the difference in the magnitudes of the reflex pressor responses evoked by static and rhythmic contraction. (psu.edu)
  • Pleasant touch sensations may begin with neural coding in the periphery by specific afferents. (dericbownds.net)
  • Spike responses of the biomimetic afferents are then collected for analysis by rate and temporal coding algorithms. (nature.com)
  • Superficial DN is thought to activate mechanoreceptors coupled to slow conducting unmyelinated C fibre afferents, and indirectly, stimulate the anterior cingular cortex. (club-physio.com)
  • The rapidly adapting cation channel PIEZO2 has been identified as necessary for muscle spindle afferent stretch sensitivity, although the properties of this channel suggest that additional molecular elements are necessary for mediating the complex slowly adapting response of muscle spindle afferents. (sjsu.edu)
  • The ENS also has the great capacity to communicate with the brain , via afferent nervous signals or gut hormones, leading to the maintenance of the whole-body homeostasis . (enterosys.com)
  • This ongoing input is believed to provide the source of the afferent activity that leads to spontaneous on going sensation. (asra.com)
  • This contact detection is conveyed by classes of mechanoreceptors whose neural activity is sensitive to either slow or fast time varying mechanical stresses acting at the base of the whiskers. (frontiersin.org)
  • Key points: Muscle spindle afferents are slowly adapting low threshold mechanoreceptors that report muscle length and movement information critical for motor control and proprioception. (sjsu.edu)
  • Our results confirm that vesicle-released glutamate is an important contributor to maintained muscle spindle afferent excitability and may suggest a therapeutic target for normalizing muscle spindle afferent function. (sjsu.edu)
  • Here, we test the hypothesis that vesicle-released glutamate is necessary for maintaining muscle spindle afferent excitability during static but not dynamic stretch. (sjsu.edu)
  • Blocking the packaging of glutamate into vesicles by the sole vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1, either with xanthurenic acid or by using a transgenic mouse with only one copy of the VGLUT1 gene (VGLUT1+/-), decreased muscle spindle afferent firing during sustained stretch but not during vibration. (sjsu.edu)
  • Mechanoreceptors sensitive to rapid transients are exemplified by the Pacinian corpus- cles. (cdc.gov)
  • Under normal conditions, primary afferents show little if any spontaneous activity. (asra.com)
  • Afferents of the SN mediate the gag reflex , the carotid sinus reflex, the aortic reflex, the cough reflex , the baroreflex and chemoreceptor reflexes, several respiratory reflexes and reflexes within the gastrointestinal system regulating motility and secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors sense changes in cardiac volume and tension and may be responsible for transmitting pericardial pain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Given these physiological observations, the bio-inspired afferents are randomly connected to the several neighboring mechanoreceptors with different weights to form their own receptive field. (nature.com)
  • The mechanisms underlying this spontaneous pain and the miscoding of low threshold afferent input are not completely understood. (asra.com)
  • Taking all other factors out of the injury (the emotional trauma of being hit by another vehicle) this rapid change in tissue homeostasis and change in mechanical load and tensile forces detected as afferent input is impossible for the brain to ignore. (themanualtherapist.com)
  • Mechanoreceptors are sensitive to nondamaging mechanical disturbances of skin or hair. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, we found that many of the group III but only a few of the group IV afferents displayed discharge properties suggestive that these afferents were mechanoreceptors. (psu.edu)