• One hallmark embodying the auditory temporal precision is phase-locking, a phenomenon that the timing of spikes fired by single auditory neurons is synchronized and therefore phase-locked to acoustic cycles ( Heil and Peterson, 2017 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • The response is believed to originate from afferent activity of the CN VIII fibers (first-order neurons) as they leave the cochlea and enter the internal auditory canal. (medscape.com)
  • the distribution of glutamate transporters in the thalamus, the architecture of afferent pathways between the thalamus and auditory cortex, and the organization of patterns of neurons in the thalamus and cortical fields. (uconn.edu)
  • Inner hair cells (IHC) are responsible for transforming mechanical sound-borne vibrations into electrical signals and conveying this information to the afferent spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). (uni-goettingen.de)
  • The auditory system has a unique topographic organization, such that all auditory nuclei represent a gradient of frequencies and two neighboring bands of neurons respond to neighboring sound frequencies. (unibas.ch)
  • In the Hox PG2 mutants, peripheral afferents of the spiral ganglion (SG) neurons target less precisely, resulting in a broader spread of targeting bands in the AVCN. (unibas.ch)
  • Pure tone auditory stimulations activate broader bands with larger number of activated neurons in the mutants. (unibas.ch)
  • Recent studies on vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing inhibitory neurons in the barrel and auditory cortices of the mouse brain have shown that they form a disinhibitory circuitry that affects the excitability of pyramidal neurons. (nih.gov)
  • In particular, sound-evoked spikes in auditory afferent fibers in vivo are phase-locked to sound frequencies up to 5 kHz, but it is not clear how hair cells can handle intracellular Ca 2+ changes with such high speed and efficiency. (jneurosci.org)
  • Given that phase-locking can be achieved in auditory afferent fibers for frequencies up to ∼5 kHz ( Taberner and Liberman, 2005 ), exocytosis from hair cells must be tightly controlled with sufficient temporal precision required. (jneurosci.org)
  • This is the termination of the afferent auditory pathway after having received fibers from the medial geniculate nucleus. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The longer central fibers, also called the primary auditory fibers, form the cochlear nerve, and the shorter, peripheral fibers extend to the bases of the inner and outer hair cells. (medscape.com)
  • These primary auditory fibers exit the modiolus through the internal meatus and enter the medulla oblongata. (medscape.com)
  • Readers familiar with the anatomy of the ear know that approximately 95% of the fibers innervating the IHCs lead to the brain as afferent fibers, while only about 5% of the fibers innervating the OHCs are afferent fibers. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
  • Special visceral afferent: These are the afferent fibers from the gustatory pathway. (kypho.com)
  • Visual afferent: Afferent fibers from visual pathway pass from opticchiasma to supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus via retinohypothalamic tract. (kypho.com)
  • Olfactory afferent: Fibers from olfactory pathway pass to hypothalamus as medial forebrain bundle. (kypho.com)
  • Descending cortical afferent: These are corticohypothalamic fibers descending from frontal lobe of cerebral cortex directly to hypothalamus. (kypho.com)
  • Hippocampal afferent: Fibers from hippocampus pass along the curved course of fornix to reach mammillary body. (kypho.com)
  • Afferent from amygdaloid body: These are the fibers of stria terminalis which extend from amygdaloid body around the curve of thalamus to reach hypothalamus. (kypho.com)
  • Afferent from thalamus: These are fibers reaching hypothalamus from dorsomedial, anterior and midline nuclei of thalamus. (kypho.com)
  • Afferent from midbrain: These are the fibers from tegmentum of midbrain. (kypho.com)
  • Describe the variety of afferent fibers (axons) used by the subsystems. (powershow.com)
  • Afferent nerve fibers run from the receptors via the dorsal penile nerve and pudendal nerve into the spinal cord. (urology-textbook.com)
  • At the region of preferential vibration, hair cells in the outer slide of the tectorial membrane [ 5 ], they depolarize and send nerve signals via afferent nerve fibers to the brain stem. (neuromatiq.com)
  • Later waves may reflect postsynaptic activity in major brainstem auditory centers that concomitantly contribute to waveform peaks and troughs. (medscape.com)
  • Those influences travel along an efferent network whose paths originate not only in the auditory cortex (darkest shading) but also in nonauditory areas such as the limbic system and cognitive centers of memory and attention. (finetuned.org)
  • Infrasonic signals that reach the brain are normally not perceived as sound, but are believed to stimulate centers other than auditory centers, resulting in perceptions that may be unfamiliar and disturbing. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
  • But finally afferent fiber from these centers ascend through reticular formation to reach hypothalamus which is considered as headganglion of autonomic nervous system. (kypho.com)
  • The ascending pathway transmits impulses from the spiral organ (of Corti) to the cerebral cortex (see the following image). (medscape.com)
  • Here, we removed the ECM in the primary auditory cortex (ACx) of adult Mongolian gerbils using local injections of hyaluronidase (HYase). (nature.com)
  • Here, we acutely weakened the ECM in the primary auditory cortex (ACx) of adult Mongolian gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatus ) by local microinjections of hyaluronidase (HYase). (nature.com)
  • As sound travels along an afferent pathway from the cochlea to the auditory cortex, the signals are constantly being tuned by "downward" influences. (finetuned.org)
  • In particular, the 'attractor-like' dynamics of spatiotemporal activity patterns associated with the emergence and disappearance of subjective tinnitus will be described using novel statistics and compared to the respective local field potential (LPF) and spike recordings in auditory cortex of animal models for tinnitus in a companion project (ESR12). (tinact.eu)
  • The auditory cortex of humans and other mammals contains multiple cortical regions that unique sensitivities to both spectral and temporal sound cues. (uconn.edu)
  • Describe the output pathway from the ear to the cortex and how sound properties of encoded. (powershow.com)
  • We conclude that, in addition to fast diffusion mediated by mobile Ca 2+ buffer, multiple Ca 2+ extrusion pumps are required for phase-locking at the auditory hair cell ribbon synapse. (jneurosci.org)
  • To date it remains unclear how exactly the hair cell receptor potential is converted into an afferent firing pattern at this unusual synapse. (jneurosci.org)
  • Our lab is using dendritic patch clamp recordings to examine mechanisms of synaptic transmission at this first, critical synapse in the auditory pathway. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • While this compensatory plasticity in the auditory system relies on robust dendritic sprouting and novel synapse formation, the compensatory plasticity in the cercal escape circuitry shows little obvious dendritic sprouting and instead may rely on shifts in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strength. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The adult cricket auditory system is capable of compensating for the unilateral loss of an ear with robust dendritic sprouting of deafferented dendrites followed by de novo synapse formation with the contralateral afferents [ 3 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The afferent pathway sends information toward the brain and the efferent pathway sends information toward the sensory organs. (finetuned.org)
  • However, also (sensory) neural systems other than the auditory system can initiate and modulate tinnitus. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • In addition, there are normally relatively few synaptic connections in the pathway from sensory input to motor output and these connections, often involving an electrical component, have a high fidelity to ensure fail safe transmission. (biologists.com)
  • The cortical processing of sensory, visual, auditory stimuli or fantasies may trigger an erection. (urology-textbook.com)
  • The auditory system involves highly complicated inner ear structures, many afferent and efferent nerve pathways and a great amount of nuclei that form a complex meshwork. (hear4uaudiology.com)
  • Sympathetic ganglia comprises the thousands of afferent and efferent nerve cell bodies that run along either side of the spinal cord, connecting major organ systems, such as the renal system, to the spinal cord and brain. (nih.gov)
  • The signal travels along the auditory pathway from the cochlear nuclear complex proximally to the inferior colliculus. (medscape.com)
  • The peripheral segments of the cochlear and vestibular nerves join at the lateral part of the internal auditory canal (IAC) to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The suppression of the cochlear microphonic suggests that dopamine receptor influence is not confined to the primary afferent dendrite may also include the active process of the outer hair cells. (edu.au)
  • But it has been proved experimentally that sound stimulating cochlear pathway stimulates activity of hypothalamus. (kypho.com)
  • 2014). The brainstem auditory circuits, which consist of the cochlear nucleus (CN) and the superior olivary complex (SOC) are also tonotopically organized. (unibas.ch)
  • The "mouth" of the internal auditory canal (IAC) is called the porus acusticus. (medscape.com)
  • Auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry is a neurologic test of auditory brainstem function in response to auditory (click) stimuli. (medscape.com)
  • Normal adult auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry waveform response. (medscape.com)
  • Auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry typically uses a click stimulus that generates a response from the basilar region of the cochlea. (medscape.com)
  • They affect all hubs of auditory processing down to the cochlea, including structures in the auditory midbrain - the primary source of the scalp-recorded complex auditory brainstem response (cABR). (finetuned.org)
  • Here, we investigated the potential mechanism in a pair of interneurons (TN1 neuron) of the afferent auditory pathway, known for its contralateral inhibitory input in directional hearing. (um.edu.my)
  • Proper perception of sounds in the environment requires auditory signals to be encoded with extraordinary temporal precision up to tens of microseconds, but how it originates from the hearing organs in the periphery is poorly understood. (jneurosci.org)
  • Afferent signals pass via the pudendal nerve to the sacral erection center, and efferent signals reach via the inferior hypogastric plexus the erectile tissue. (urology-textbook.com)
  • 2009). The tonotopic organization of the auditory nuclei are considered to be developmentally hardwired, however, elaborate processes of refinement are essential to achieve the precision of the adult tonotopic circuits (Kandler et al. (unibas.ch)
  • This presentation will classify ototoxic agents according to their effects on the peripheral or central auditory system both in laboratory animals and humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Tinnitus is mostly initiated by damage to the peripheral auditory system, specifically by exposure to loud noise or a blast [ 1 , 2 ]. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • 3. The stereocilia are polarized and respond to tiny movements and bend towards the kinocilium causing depolarization (K + channels open) and releases more neurotransmitter and the afferent neuron depolarizes. (msudenver.edu)
  • The central nervous system of the Mediterranean field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus , shows an unusual capacity for compensatory plasticity, most obviously in the auditory system and the cercal escape system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We are particularly interested in plastic changes in the brain that compensate for some aspects of altered auditory input, and how those changes relate to central auditory processing deficits, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • These non-auditory neural systems involved in tinnitus also provide opportunities for the alleviation of tinnitus and the stress-related burden it causes. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • Over the past many years, in order to understand this neural system and complicated pathway, immense research has been done (Prasad & Galetta, 2011). (ukessays.com)
  • The aim of the proposed project is to elucidate these mechanisms in the development of tonotopically organized, converging excitatory and inhibitory connections in the auditory brainstem of mammals. (neurotree.org)
  • We propose that similar to other brain areas, such as the cerebellum and hippocampus, glutamate spillover may play a role in gain control of calyx afferents and contribute to their high-pass properties. (jneurosci.org)
  • In an auditory tone based discriminating fear conditioning experiment, the Hox PG2 mutants are unable to distinguish between two close sound frequencies, compared to the controls. (unibas.ch)
  • Research in the Glowatzki Lab focuses on the auditory system, with a particular focus on synaptic transmission in the inner ear. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • However, the frequency ranges for which the auditory system can use ITDs and ILDs significantly overlap, and most natural sounds will have both high and low frequency components, so that the auditory system will in most cases have to combine information from both ITDs and ILDs to judge the location of a sound source. (wikipedia.org)
  • Afferent processing in the auditory system is only half of the equation. (finetuned.org)
  • The downward-projecting efferent auditory system has a profound effect. (finetuned.org)
  • The auditory system is a two-way street. (finetuned.org)
  • In order to better understand what types of molecular pathways might underlie this compensatory shift in the cercal system, we used a multiple k-mer approach to assemble a terminal ganglion transcriptome that included ganglia collected one, three, and 7 days after unilateral cercal ablation in adult, male animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enriched GO terms included those related to the ubiquitin-proteosome protein degradation system, chromatin-mediated transcriptional pathways, and the GTPase-related signaling system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further exploration of these GO terms will provide a clearer picture of the processes involved in compensatory recovery of the cercal escape system in the cricket and can be compared and contrasted with the distinct pathways that have been identified upon deafferentation of the auditory system in this same animal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2005) as well as in the auditory system (Kandler et al. (unibas.ch)
  • DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Tonotopy, the orderly representation of sound frequency is a fundamental organizing principle of the auditory system. (neurotree.org)
  • These aberrant SG projections are not developmentally refined and are still maintained in the adult mutants as observed in the auditory pure tone stimulation experiments. (unibas.ch)
  • Deafferentation is related to the decrease of afferent connections with the nerve cells and "Central gain" means that the central auditory pathways can generate hyperactivity to compensate for this loss of information. (tinact.eu)
  • This allowed us to reveal the Ca 2+ extrusion mechanisms that are required for phase-locking at auditory hair cell ribbon synapses. (jneurosci.org)
  • Thus, we looked into the development of synapses between the SG afferents and the AVCN bushy cells, the giant Endbulb of Held synapses. (unibas.ch)
  • The positive peaks of the waveforms reflect combined afferent (and likely efferent) activity from axonal pathways in the auditory brain stem. (medscape.com)
  • General visceral afferent: General sensations from viscera, sense of stretch, compression or distension and pain sensation due to lack of oxygen following ischemia, primarily reach the autonomic center of brain (dorsal nucleus of vagus) and spinal cord (T1 - L2 and S2 - S4 segments). (kypho.com)
  • It suggested that occipitotemporal region, a part of the ventral pathway associated with the face recognition, while the occipitoparietal region, part of the dorsal pathway correlated with the spatial location. (ukessays.com)
  • This article discusses the anatomy of the auditory pathway (see the following images), as well as a few physiologic considerations and clinical applications. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we demonstrated that CNP activates the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and that this activation contributed to the elongation of the hypertrophic zone in the growth plate. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • However, previous studies of Ca 2+ handling in auditory hair cells have often been conducted in immature hair cells, with elevated extracellular Ca 2+ concentration, or through steady-state stimulation that may not be physiologically relevant. (jneurosci.org)
  • The auditory condition was verified by visual examination of the external ear canal, pure tone audiometry, and tympanometry. (scielo.br)
  • Although the ABR provides information regarding auditory function and hearing sensitivity, it is not a substitute for a formal hearing evaluation, and results should be used in conjunction with behavioral audiometry whenever possible. (medscape.com)
  • Somatic afferent: Exteroceptive sensations, e.g. touch/pressure and pain/temperature sensations are carried via ventral and lateral spinothalamic tracts respectively. (kypho.com)
  • C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) stimulates endochondral bone formation through binding to its specific receptor, guanylyl cyclase (GC)-B. However, CNP/GC-B signaling dynamics in different stages of endochondral bone formation have not been fully clarified, especially in terms of the interaction between the cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathways. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • In our present study, we investigate the role of Hox PG2 genes in the tonotopic organization of the brainstem auditory circuits, with focus on AVCN. (unibas.ch)
  • The experiments will be important for understanding how neuronal activity participates in the formation and reorganization of auditory circuits involved in sound localization. (neurotree.org)
  • Although much is known about the activation of escape circuitry by the primary afferent inputs that signal approach of predators, such as acoustic,acousticolateralis, visual and mechanosensory inputs, far less is known about how the same circuits are engaged by abiotic stressors such as high or low temperature, or anoxia. (biologists.com)
  • The proposed research may provide new insights into human communication disorders such as speech perception, specific language impairment and dyslexia that result from impaired auditory processing and that likely have developmental components. (neurotree.org)
  • The temporal operculum contains Heschl's gyrus which serves as the primary auditory complex. (radiopaedia.org)
  • First described by Jewett and Williston in 1971, ABR audiometry is the most common application of auditory evoked responses. (medscape.com)
  • Until recently, people assumed that passively evoked ABRs (Auditory Brainstem Responses) reflected one-way processing-that of the afferent, ear-to-brain path. (finetuned.org)
  • while still a faithful representation of afferent processing, it is modulated by the total of an individual's experience with the evoking sound. (finetuned.org)
  • The outer ear includes a flag (with its cone shape) amplifies the sound intensity and repay the brutality of the passage of air to the air confined in the external auditory canal. (neuromatiq.com)
  • A study by Bramhall et al indicated that in persons with normal pure-tone auditory thresholds, those with a history of greater noise exposure tend to have smaller ABR wave I amplitudes at suprathreshold levels. (medscape.com)
  • As well, the exposure to solvent s can effect the afferent and efferent auditory pathways. (cdc.gov)
  • 1994). It confirmed the functional difference between two pathways while participants performed object recognition and spatial location task. (ukessays.com)
  • They have produced when pathways increase caused to evaluate participants that are excreted manipulations. (worldclassbows.com)