Adult neurogenesis microglia. Medical search. Frequent questions

To explore this issue, we investigated the role of microglia in the function of the adult olfactory bulb network in which both sensory afferents and local microcircuits are continuously molded by the arrival of adult-born neurons. (pasteur.fr)
Recent findings indicate a regulatory role of microglia on neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ). (unibas.ch)
Effects of acoustic trauma on the auditory system of the rat: The role of microglia. (rochester.edu)

However, neurogenesis is limited to the hippocampus and SVZ, and the RMS is one mechanism neurons use to relocate from these areas. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, astrocytes derived from the neurogenic hippocampus and SVZ, but not from the non-neurogenic spinal cord, promote proliferation and neuronal fate commitment of multipotent adult neural stem cells in culture, suggesting a role in the RMS. (wikipedia.org)
Despite these discrepancies, it is generally believed that the adult human hippocampus continues to generate new neurons. (nature.com)
In the monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) hippocampus, proliferation of neurons in the subgranular zone was found in early postnatal life, but this diminished during juvenile development as neurogenesis decreased. (nature.com)
We conclude that recruitment of young neurons to the primate hippocampus decreases rapidly during the first years of life, and that neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus does not continue, or is extremely rare, in adult humans. (nature.com)
Kornack, D. R. & Rakic, P. Continuation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the adult macaque monkey. (nature.com)
Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. (nature.com)
Adult-born granule cells (abGCs) project to the CA2 region of the hippocampus, but no previous studies have assigned a behavioral function to this circuit. (researchgate.net)
Absence of interleukin-1 receptor 1 increases excitatory and inhibitory scaffolding protein expression and microglial activation in the adult mouse hippocampus. (lu.se)
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis, the process of formation of new neurons, occurs throughout life in the hippocampus. (biomedcentral.com)
Major depressive disorder was linked with decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. (rug.nl)
Interestingly, irradiated microglia in the SVZ, but not hippocampus, upregulated several genes coding for growth factors known to promote stem cell maintenance, proliferation and survival. (gu.se)
The specific upregulation of these stem cell-related genes in irradiated SVZ microglia could potentially contribute to the recovery of the stem cell population seen in the SVZ, which was lacking in the hippocampus. (gu.se)
11 ] first proved that astrocytes within adult hippocampus are able to accelerate the proliferation of stem cells and instruct them to become neurons. (degruyter.com)
Two primary areas are regarded as neurogenic niche categories in the adult mammalian human brain: the subventricular area (SVZ) of the horizontal ventricles and the subgranular area (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus of hippocampus. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
Adaptive peripheral immune response increases proliferation of neural precursor cells in the adult hippocampus. (mdc-berlin.de)
Melatonin modulates cell survival of new neurons in the hippocampus of adult mice. (mdc-berlin.de)

Deafferentation of the olfactory bulb resulted in a transient activation of microglia and a concomitant reduction of adult olfactory bulb neurogenesis. (pasteur.fr)
However, more research has shown the negative effect and activation of microglia also resulted in reduced neurogenesis. (rug.nl)
Methylphenidate exposure induces dopamine neuron loss and activation of microglia in the basal ganglia of mice. (madinamerica.com)

Astrocytes form gap junctions and are closely associated with the vasculature and its basal lamina in the adult SVZ and subsequently in the RMS. (wikipedia.org)
Astrocytes express a number of secreted and membrane-attached factors both in vitro and in vivo that are known to regulate proliferation and fate specification of adult neural precursors as well as neuronal migration, maturation, and synapse formation. (wikipedia.org)
In the adult SVZ, astrocytes express Robo receptors and regulate the rapid migration of SLIT1-expressing neuroblasts through the RMS. (wikipedia.org)
Adult SVZ astrocytes also appear to release glutamate to regulate the survival of neuroblasts. (wikipedia.org)
Although injuries in the mammalian central nervous system lead to profound proliferation of astrocytes, which cluster at the lesion site to form a gliotic scar, neurogenesis does not take place. (frontiersin.org)
Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of GATA3 significantly increased the number of GFAP/SOX2 double positive astrocytes and expression of pro-neural factor ASCL1, but failed to induce neurogenesis, suggesting that GATA3 is required for enhancing the neurogenic potential of primary human astrocytes and is not sufficient to induce neurogenesis alone. (frontiersin.org)
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia are the major types of glial cells in the CNS. (encyclopedia.pub)
We then discuss emerging roles for each glial cell type (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells and microglia) in regulating the development and plasticity of the nervous system. (biologists.com)

Maternal intake of omega-3 (n-3 PUFAs) and omega-6 (n-6 PUFAs) polyunsaturated fatty acids impacts hippocampal neurogenesis during development, an effect that may extend to adulthood by altering adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

They closely interact with endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in distinct niches of the adult brain. (biomedcentral.com)
There are two major brain areas where neural stem cells are located and neurogenesis occurs. (rug.nl)

The early decline in hippocampal neurogenesis raises questions about how the function of the dentate gyrus differs between humans and other species in which adult hippocampal neurogenesis is preserved. (nature.com)
Sanchez-Pascual I., O'Laoi R., El M'Ghari I., Kocher-Braissant J., Ellisman MH, Toni N . "Fine processes of Nestin-GFP positive radial glia-like stem cells in the adult dentate gyrus ensheathe local synapses and vasculature. (chuv.ch)
Assessment of microglia in the dentate gyrus using immunofluorescence for Iba1 and CD68 uncovered sex-specific effects of diet, which may contribute to observed differences in neurogenesis. (fatcat.wiki)
Withdrawal from chronic amphetamine produces persistent anxiety-like behavior but temporally-limited reductions in monoamines and neurogenesis in the adult rat dentate gyrus. (madinamerica.com)
Their norepinephrine and serotonin levels in the dentate gyrus of the brain were reduced immediately following treatment, showing evidence of reduced neurogenesis, or new neuron growth, but the levels did not remain low by the end of the study. (madinamerica.com)

The neurogenic response to lesion consists of neuroinflammation that activates resident in town microglia cells. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
Fosgonimeton, a small-molecule positive modulator of the neurotrophic hepatocyte growth factor system, inhibits LPS-mediated neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia. (athira.com)

Vascular cells are known to play a prominent role in regulating proliferation of adult neural precursors. (wikipedia.org)
Regardless of their polarization, microglia inhibited NSC proliferation, increased NSC migration, and accelerated NSC differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
However, neural stem cell proliferation in humans is limited neurogenesis is maybe a way to improve neurodegenerative diseases. (rug.nl)
We found that a single dose of 6 Gy at postnatal day 9 leads to long-lasting decreases in both stem cell proliferation, as well as neurogenesis, in the adult rat. (gu.se)
In an Aβ mouse model of AD, fosgonimeton improved cognitive performance in both Y-maze and Morris water maze trials, protected hippocampal neurons from degeneration, and promoted cell proliferation in the subgranular zone, showing potential to support adult neurogenesis. (athira.com)

Although it was originally believed that neurons could not regenerate in the adult brain, neurogenesis has been shown to occur in mammalian brains, including those of primates. (wikipedia.org)
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, engulf and eliminate cellular debris during brain injury and disease. (pasteur.fr)
Recent observations have extended their roles to the healthy brain, but the functional impact of activated microglia on neural plasticity has so far been elusive. (pasteur.fr)
Microglia are the resident brain macrophages and they have been traditionally studied as orchestrators of the brain inflammatory response during infections and disease. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, microglia has a more benign, less explored role as the brain professional phagocytes. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, microglia phagocytoses brain-specific cargo, such as axonal and myelin debris in spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis, amyloid-β deposits in Alzheimer's disease, and supernumerary synapses in postnatal development. (frontiersin.org)
Recent data, however, has shown that unchallenged microglia phagocytose apoptotic cells during development and in adult neurogenic niches, suggesting an overlooked role in brain remodeling throughout the normal lifespan. (frontiersin.org)
Microglia are the brain resident macrophages. (frontiersin.org)
Toni N ., Song H., Ming GL "Tangential migration of neuronal precursors of glutamatergic neurons in the adult mammalian brain", PNAS 2015 July 13. (chuv.ch)
Braun S., Moss J., Toni N. , Jessberger S. "Programming hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells into oligodendrocytes enhances remyelination in the adult brain after injury" Cell Reports , 2015 Jun 23;11(11):1679-85. (chuv.ch)
Microglia Are Essential to Masculinization of Brain and Behavior. (mbfbioscience.com)
Microglia-the resident immune cells of the brain-are activated after brain lesions, e.g., cerebral ischemia, and polarize towards a classic "M1" pro-inflammatory or an alternative "M2" anti-inflammatory phenotype following characteristic temporo-spatial patterns, contributing either to secondary tissue damage or to regenerative responses. (biomedcentral.com)
Refining the understanding of microglia activation and their modulatory effects on NSCs is likely to facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic concepts supporting the innate regenerative capacity of the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
The absence or the hyperstimulation of microglia affected α-syn transfer in the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
Microglia represent the innate immune system in the brain and help to maintain homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Microglia of the aged brain: primed to be activated and resistant to regulation. (brainrescue.com)
2017). Microglia across the lifespan: from origin to function in brain development, plasticity and cognition. (brainrescue.com)
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, play important roles during development. (dundee.ac.uk)
These early developmental contacts are highly reminiscent of somatic purinergic junctions that are instrumental for microglia-neuron communication in the adult brain. (dundee.ac.uk)
For a long time, the generation of new neurons in the adult mammalian brain was disputed. (rug.nl)
Microglia cells continuously survey the healthy brain in a ramified morphology and, in response to injury, undergo progressive morphological and functional changes that encompass microglia activation. (biomedcentral.com)
The microglia process length/cell and number of endpoints/cell was quantified from immunofluorescent confocal images of brain regions using a skeleton analysis method developed for this study. (biomedcentral.com)
Microglia were both hyper- and de-ramified in striatal and cortical brain regions (respectively) after 60 min of focal cerebral ischemia. (biomedcentral.com)
What Do Microglia Really Do in Healthy Adult Brain? (ox.ac.uk)
In inflammation, stroke, aging, or infection, microglia have been shown to contribute to brain pathology in both deleterious and beneficial ways, which have been studied extensively. (ox.ac.uk)
However, less is known about their role in the healthy adult brain. (ox.ac.uk)
This review presents the case for repositioning microglia as key contributors to the maintenance of homeostasis and cognitive processes in the healthy adult brain, in addition to their classical role as sentinels coordinating the neuroinflammatory response to tissue damage and disease. (ox.ac.uk)
FAs and their metabolites are critical for brain homeostasis and influence many neural functions, including cell survival, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. (encyclopedia.pub)
Microglia, the resident immune cells in the CNS, have been studied extensively with regard to their roles in inflammation and disease, but less is known about their functions in the developing and adult brain ( Casano and Peri, 2015 ). (biologists.com)
I. Hellström NA, Zachrisson O, Kuhn HG and Patrone C. Rapid quantification of neurons and stem/progenitor cells in the adult mouse brain by flow cytometry. (gu.se)
Hippocampal neurogenesis is normally changed by human brain injury. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
In this function we researched the function of Simply no from inflammatory beginning in the regulations of hippocampal neurogenesis after a human brain slander. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
Neural precursor cells from adults have exceptional proliferative and differentiative capability in vitro yet respond minimally to in vivo brain injury due to constraining mechanisms that are poorly defined. (rupress.org)
Neurogenesis in the intact adult brain. (mdc-berlin.de)
Physical activity and the regulation of neurogenesis in the adult and aging brain. (mdc-berlin.de)
Overall, our findings highlight the importance of TEs as regulatory agents and their dynamic activity during development, adult life, and disease in the human brain. (lu.se)
Taken together, our results suggest that post-transcriptional mechanisms play an important role in the brain both during development and in the adult brain. (lu.se)

In contrast, when mice were treated with an antiinflammatory drug to prevent microglial activation, olfactory deafferentation did not reduce adult neurogenesis, showing that activated microglial cells per se, and not the lack of sensory experience, relates to the survival of adult-born neurons. (pasteur.fr)
Since changes in reproductive hormone levels can also increase the probability of anxiety disorders in women, we examined the effects of ELA on adult female mice across the estrous cycle. (researchgate.net)
It is now well-established that the hippocampal CA2 region plays an important role in social recognition memory in adult mice. (researchgate.net)
JAK2 inhibition is neuroprotective and reduces astrogliosis after quinolinic acid striatal lesion in adult mice. (mbfbioscience.com)
We test our hypothesis by feeding adult female and male mice with n-3 PUFA balanced or deficient diets. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
Our study reveals that female mice are more susceptible than males to the effect of dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio on AHN and microglia. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
First, we compared α-syn cell-to-cell transfer between host mice with a normal number of microglia to mice in which we had pharmacologically ablated 80% of the microglia from the grafted striatum. (biomedcentral.com)
LPS exposure led to a strong activation of microglial cells (as determined by microglia morphology, cytokine production and an upregulation in genes involved in the inflammatory response in the LPS-injected mice by RNA sequencing analysis). (biomedcentral.com)
Additive effects of physical exercise and environmental enrichment on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. (mdc-berlin.de)

However, evidence suggests that microglia play a role in cognition and learning in adulthood and, at a cellular level, may modulate adult neurogenesis. (ox.ac.uk)

In accordance with the nomenclature of peripheral macrophages, activated microglia that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) and lead to neuronal loss and to impairment of tissue repair are categorized as "classically" activated (M1). (biomedcentral.com)

Under inflammatory conditions, reactivated microglia can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on different aspects of adult neurogenesis, depending on the balance between secreted molecules with pro- and anti-inflammatory action. (wikipedia.org)

Since neurotrophic factors are the primary architects of neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, the findings from preclinical and clinical studies that assess changes in neurogenesis and neurotrophic factors and their relationship to cognitive performance in schizophrenia, and how these mechanisms might be impacted by APD treatment, may provide valuable clues in developing therapies to combat cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. (benthamscience.com)
The "alternative" activation results in M2 microglia polarization, releasing neurotrophic factors and promoting healing and repair [ 13 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

On the other hand, contribution of microglia to cognition and behavior is only beginning to be understood. (ox.ac.uk)

Bumetanide induces post-traumatic microglia-interneuron contact to promote neurogenesis and recovery. (figshare.com)
Wei Wu, Ph.D., Senior Scientist II, Athira Pharma, presented preclinical research demonstrating the cellular mechanisms by which fosgonimeton induces anti-inflammatory effects in BV2 microglia cells. (athira.com)
Synaptic network activity induces neuronal differentiation of adult hippocampal precursor cells through BDNF signaling. (mdc-berlin.de)

Altman, J. & Das, G. D. Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. (nature.com)
Early Postnatal Lesion of the Medial Dorsal Nucleus Leads to Loss of Dendrites and Spines in Adult Prefrontal Cortex. (mbfbioscience.com)
By using advanced methods, here we provide evidence that microglial processes form specialized contacts with the cell bodies of developing neurons throughout embryonic, early postnatal, and adult neurogenesis. (dundee.ac.uk)
Early postnatal microglia are endogenously activated and may therefore express an increased sensitivity to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). (unibas.ch)
Microglia are an inherent cellular component of the early postnatal SVZ and undergo specific developmental changes that are disrupted by neonatal HI injury. (unibas.ch)

Thus, adult neurogenesis represents another means, apart from molecular, synaptic, or morphological changes of an individual cell, to alter the functional circuitry depending on the demand. (biomedcentral.com)

Microglia originate from yolk sac-primitive macrophages and auto-proliferate into adulthood without replacement by bone marrow-derived circulating cells. (ox.ac.uk)

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively characterize the spatiotemporal pattern of microglia morphology during the evolution of cerebral injury after IS and reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
Quantitative analysis reveals a significant spatiotemporal relationship between microglia morphology and evolving cerebral injury in the ipsilateral hemisphere after IS and reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)

In this review we directly extrapolate basic phagocytic mechanisms from bone marrow-derived tissue macrophages to the less-known processes of microglia, but would like to point out that these assumed similarities might not fully hold true to the yolk sac-derived microglia. (frontiersin.org)
Particularly, yolk sac-derived macrophages including microglia may possibly have different tasks since they are confronted with different target structures, mainly apoptotic cells during developmental tissue remodeling, while bone marrow-derived macrophages have a higher chance to be confronted with pathogens, mainly during defense against invading microbes. (frontiersin.org)

Within the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are the resident immune cells that mediate and regulate inflammatory processes. (biomedcentral.com)

CD11b expression, but not iNOS expression, was increased in regions of hyper- and de-ramified microglia during the course of ischemic stroke and 24 h of reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
SVZ microglia in the adult rat are sought to adopt a supportive phenotype after ischemic stroke. (unibas.ch)

Finally, SVZ microglia appear to show trophic support for neurosphere generation in vitro in a concentration dependent manner. (unibas.ch)

NMDA and benzodiazepine receptors have synergistic and antagonistic effects on precursor cells in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. (mdc-berlin.de)
Differential 24 h responsiveness of Prox1-expressing precursor cells in adult hippocampal neurogenesis to physical activity, environmental enrichment, and kainic acid-induced seizures. (mdc-berlin.de)

Increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and activated microglia are present in PD and activated microglia can promote α-syn aggregation. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results suggest that under resting, non-inflammatory conditions, microglia modulate the transfer of α-syn. (biomedcentral.com)
and ii) alternatively activated (cytoprotective) microglia that support an anti-inflammatory response and prevent classical microglial activation. (biomedcentral.com)
In these circumstances, microglia cells discharge inflammatory reactive and cytokines air and nitrogen types like Zero [13]. (cancer-ecosystem.com)

In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), the innate immune response is orchestrated by microglia. (frontiersin.org)

At the transcriptomic level, SVZ microglia adopt a complex phenotype, that resembles neither the M1 or M2 polarization state, but instead shares commonly expressed genes with microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. (unibas.ch)

In a resting state, microglia are involved in the maintenance of cell homeostasis surveying their microenvironment and communicating with the neuronal tissue via extremely motile processes and protrusions [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the dichotomy between those opposed microglia phenotypes potentially offers new therapeutic options to support regenerative processes: A better understanding of the distinct components of microglia activation and polarization might enable us to reduce harmful and to enhance beneficial functions. (biomedcentral.com)
In general, ramified cells have small somas and an extensive arborization of dynamic processes, necessary for active surveillance of microglia microdomains. (biomedcentral.com)
Salvage of interneurons may normalize ambient gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in the preservation of adult neurogenesis processes as well as contributing to bumetanide-mediated improvement of cognitive performance. (figshare.com)

Dissociation of doublecortin expression and neurogenesis in unipolar brush cells in the vestibulocerebellum and dorsal cochlear nucleus of the adult rat. (rochester.edu)

Ependymal cells actively regulate neuronal fate specification of adult neural precursors through release of Noggin. (wikipedia.org)
Microglia also actively regulate adult neurogenesis. (wikipedia.org)

In this study, researchers exposed adult male rats to amphetamine for two weeks and monitored them for four weeks of withdrawal. (madinamerica.com)
In male rats, TRAP significantly increased hippocampal neurogenesis, while in females, TRAP increased granule cell layer width. (nature.com)

We conclude that the status of the resident microglia in the olfactory bulb is an important factor directly regulating the survival of immature adult-born neurons. (pasteur.fr)
Cannabinoid receptor CB1 mediates baseline and activity-induced survival of new neurons in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. (mdc-berlin.de)

Gebara E., Bonaguidi M., Beckervordersandforth R., Sultan S., Udry F., Gijs P., Lie C., Ming G., Song H., Toni N . "Morpho-functional characterization of adult neural hippocampal stem cells reveals two morphotypes of radial glia-like cells. (chuv.ch)

Studies have shown that the absence of microglia results in cognitive and learning deficits in rodents during development, but this effect is less pronounced in adults. (ox.ac.uk)

Under basal conditions, apoptotic corpses of newly generated neurons are rapidly phagocytosed from the niche by unactivated microglia in the adult SGZ. (wikipedia.org)

In the adult subgranular zone (SGZ), dense clusters of dividing cells were found to be anatomically close to the vasculature, especially capillaries. (wikipedia.org)

Although bi-directional communication between microglia and neuronal progenitors or immature neurons has been demonstrated, the main sites of interaction and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. (dundee.ac.uk)
Intermediate progenitors in adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Tbr2 expression and coordinate regulation of neuronal output. (mdc-berlin.de)

Unique to the adult SVZ, ependymal cells lining the ventricular wall are in close association with neural precursors and their progeny, acting like a shield to protect the "neurogenic niche", a zone in which stem cells are retained after embryonic development for the production of new cells of the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
We show here that the adult olfactory bulb hosts a large population of resident microglial cells. (pasteur.fr)
Under resting conditions, microglia are dynamic cells that constantly survey their surroundings for infection and cellular distress [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As such, the dichotomous nature of these cells continues to confound our understanding of microglia-mediated injury after IS and reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
Adult neurogenesis consists of growth, migration, fate and differentiation determination, success, growth, and incorporation of newborn baby cells into the preexisting neuronal network. (cancer-ecosystem.com)

The vasculature also provides the substrate for new neuron migration after injury in the adult striatum. (wikipedia.org)
Journal Article] Pioneer Factor NeuroD1 Rearranges Transcriptional and Epigenetic Profiles to Execute Microglia-Neuron Conversion. (nii.ac.jp)

Our findings illustrate that microglia activation after stroke includes both increased and decreased cell ramification. (biomedcentral.com)
Our findings represent a solid basis for future research on SVZ microglia. (unibas.ch)

Here, based on the branching process theory and biological evidence, we developed a computational model that represents the early stage hippocampal neurogenic cascade and allows prediction of the overall efficiency of neurogenesis in both normal and diseased conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
During neurogenesis, in the early levels especially, such as growth, the neurogenic response mediated by NO is dependent on the pathophysiological condition of the tissues, supply of NO, and period of publicity [15]. (cancer-ecosystem.com)

GATA3 promotes neural progenitor state but not neurogenesis. (frontiersin.org)

New neurons have been associated with learning and memory as well as mood control, and impaired neurogenesis has been linked to depression, schizophrenia, autism and cognitive decline during aging. (biomedcentral.com)

Figure 4: The SGZ forms during macaque development but new neurons are rare in adults. (nature.com)
Here, and in the accompanying poster, we review the origins of glia and discuss their diverse roles during development, in the adult nervous system and in the context of disease. (biologists.com)

Moreover, poor spontaneous recovery from cerebral injury is associated with the incorrect timing of microglia recruitment, excessive or insufficient numbers of microglia, and an inappropriate microglia polarization [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy37

Organisms14

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs35

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Psychiatry and Psychology17

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Health Care5

Role of microglia3

Hippocampus17

Activation of microglia3

Astrocytes8

Altering adult hippocampal neurogenesis1

Neural stem2

Dentate gyrus5

Neuroinflammation2

Proliferation5

Brain37

Mice9

Modulate adult1

Secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines1

Beneficial and detrimental1

Neurotrophic factors2

Cognition1

Induces3

Postnatal5

Synaptic1

Adulthood1

Morphology2

Macrophages2

Immune cells1

Ischemic stroke2

Trophic support1

Precursor cells2

Inflammatory4

Innate1

Neurodegenerative diseases1

Processes4

Doublecortin1

Regulate2

Rats2

Survival2

Functional1

Deficits1

Apoptotic1

Subgranular zone1

Progenitors2

Cells5

Neuron2

Findings2

Neurogenic2

Progenitor1

Depression1

Development2

Cerebral injury1