• They are highly regulated by peroxisome proliferator activated receptors, which led to their involvement in lipid metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • By quantifying individual lipid species, researchers can gain insight into the regulation of lipid metabolism in various biological systems. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • Chronic high glucose dramatically influences β-cell lipid metabolism via substrate availability, changes in the activity and expression of enzymes of glucose and lipid metabolism, and modifications in the expression level of key transcription factors. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Impact of short- and medium-chain organic acids, acylcarnitines, and acyl-CoAs on mitochondrial energy metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • The most common approach involved is the use of gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization (GC-FID) detection to study either the total lipids in overall fatty acid metabolism or lipid fractions of plasma/serum. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • In entomophilous species, lipids are major products of both sporophytic and gametophytic metabolism during pollen development. (nih.gov)
  • The intestinal microbiota impact obesity, fatty liver diseases, and weight loss by way of the ability to induce the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism ( 6 , 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The main biological process affected based on gene expression analysis was lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, no major changes in the expression of lipid metabolism genes were observed in the colon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We hypothesized that, using long-term dietary intervention studies, dietary fatty acid composition may modulate gene expression and lipid metabolism in the intestine, and that especially EPA and DHA may stimulate expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fatty acids are liberated by the enzymatic action of phospholipase A on phospholipids ( Probes for Lipid Metabolism and Signaling-Section 17.4 ) and also by various other lipases. (thermofisher.com)
  • Fatty acid oxidation disorders are lipid metabolism disorders that are caused by a lack or deficiency of the enzymes needed to break down fats, resulting in delayed mental and physical development. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This acyl-CoA is linked to carnitine by the action of CPT I, with simultaneous transport across the mitochondrial membrane barrier. (medscape.com)
  • The results showed that there was no significant change in mitochondrial proteomes or respiratory chain supercomplex formation in skeletal muscle of weight-loss mice, but oxidative phosphorylation efficiency significantly increased. (news-medical.net)
  • Finally, by analyzing the lipidome of skeletal muscle in weight-loss mice, the authors found that weight loss accelerated the remodeling of mitochondrial cardiolipin (CL) acyl-chains to increase tetralinoleoyl CL (TLCL) content, a species of lipids thought to be functionally critical for the respiratory enzymes. (news-medical.net)
  • These findings suggest that carnitine supplementation relieves lipid overload and glucose intolerance in obese rodents by enhancing mitochondrial efflux of excess acyl groups from insulin-responsive tissues. (nih.gov)
  • [ 1 ] Intracellular carnitine deficiency impairs the entry of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix. (medscape.com)
  • This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which is required to break down (metabolize) a group of fats called short-chain fatty acids. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Without sufficient amounts of this enzyme, short-chain fatty acids are not metabolized properly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Entry into the beta-oxidation cycle requires the action of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, the first enzyme in the sequence, which removes electrons from the alpha-carbon and the beta-carbon, introducing a double bond. (medscape.com)
  • Risk stratification by residual enzyme activity after newborn screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehyrogenase deficiency: data from a cohort study. (medscape.com)
  • The enzyme catalyzes a step of lipid A biosynthesis. (cathdb.info)
  • The membrane-bound aldehyde dehydrogenase from ' Acetobacter rancens ' CCM 1774, solubilized from the membrane fraction by treatment with surfactants and subsequently purified to homogeneity, was characterized with respect to the M r of the dimeric enzyme (145000), pH optimum (5·1), pI value (5·3), substrate specificity towards straight-chain aldehydes, substrate inhibition and the effects of various inhibitors and ions. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Annular lipids are proposed to provide a connection for super-complex formation with the photosystem-I reaction center and the LHCII kinase enzyme for transmembrane signaling. (rcsb.org)
  • The encoded enzyme is able to catalyze the hydrolysis of a broad range of bioactive lipids, including those from the three main classes of fatty acid amides, N-acylethanolamines, fatty acid primary amides and N-acyl amino acids. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • This enzyme has a preference for monounsaturated acyl chains as a substrate. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • The interfacial regions of model phospholipid bilayers have a thickness of 8 to 10 Å, although they can be wider in biological membranes that include lipid molecules whose head groups have complex carbohydrates, found in the gangliosides or lipopolysaccharides [1] . (wikidoc.org)
  • The crystal structure of yeast PITP Sec14p reveals a large hydrophobic pocket to accommodate the acyl chains of phospholipid molecules. (embl.de)
  • The attachment position of the fluorophore determines whether it is located in the nonpolar interior or at the water/lipid interface when the phospholipid analog is incorporated into a lipid bilayer membrane ( Figure 13.2.1 in Fatty Acid Analogs and Phospholipids-Section 13.2 ). (thermofisher.com)
  • Biochemical, molecular, and clinical characteristics of children with short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency detected by newborn screening in California. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are complex lipids that consist of three fatty acid molecules esterified to a glycerol molecule. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • Phospholipids are complex lipids that contain a phosphate group, a glycerol molecule, and two fatty acid molecules. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • Sphingolipids are complex lipids that contain a sphingosine or a similar long-chain base. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • The results from GC-FID analysis target the conversion of fatty acyl chains on complex lipids into fatty acid methyl esters. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • Application of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) helps in the identification and quantitation of highly-abundant complex lipids in human whole blood. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • A lipid bilayer or bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) is a membrane or zone of a membrane composed of lipid molecules (usually phospholipids ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Metabolic outcomes included insulin tolerance tests, indirect calorimetry and mass spectrometry-based profiling of acyl-carnitine esters in tissues and plasma. (nih.gov)
  • Certain fluorescent fatty acids ( Fatty Acid Analogs and Phospholipids-Section 13.2 ) are readily metabolized by live cells to phospholipids, mono-, di- and triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters and other lipid derivatives. (thermofisher.com)
  • Regulation of the intramitochondrial free CoA also is affected, with accumulation of acyl-CoA esters in the mitochondria. (medscape.com)
  • Combined biochemical, bioinformatic, and morphological data conclusively established for the first time that XXT3, together with XXT4 and XXT5, adds xylosyl residue specifically at the third glucose in the glucan chain to synthesize XXXG-type XyGs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency is a condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats into energy, especially during periods without food (fasting). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Jethva R, Bennett MJ, Vockley J. Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In 1983, Gregersen et al demonstrated a medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency in a patient with hypoketotic hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)
  • Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in children with non- ketotic hypoglycemia and low carnitine levels. (medscape.com)
  • Population spectrum of ACADM genotypes correlated to biochemical phenotypes in newborn screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Newborn screening for medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in England: prevalence, predictive value and test validity based on 1.5 million screened babies. (medscape.com)
  • Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in Saudi Arabia: incidence, genotype, and preventive implications. (medscape.com)
  • Newborn screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: a global perspective. (medscape.com)
  • Medium-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency: evaluation of genotype-phenotype correlation in patients detected by newborn screening. (medscape.com)
  • Abnormal screening in a healthy infant of a mother with undiagnosed medium-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Child Neurology: medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Newborn screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: regional experience and high incidence of carnitine deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: genotype-biochemical phenotype correlations. (medscape.com)
  • Also, a clear melting point disappeared by an addition of cholesterol for both SM and PC membranes while the conformational change of SM terminal chains observed in IR spectra may account for the difference in the depth dependent melting of SM as compared with PC. (nii.ac.jp)
  • The lipid bilayer is a critical component of all biological membranes , including cell membranes , and so is absolutely essential for all life on Earth. (wikidoc.org)
  • Support for the existence of a lipid bilayer in cell membranes came with the discovery by Alec Bangham in 1965 that phospholipids , when introduced into an aqueous environment, spontaneously form liposomes . (wikidoc.org)
  • In particular, the impact of α-spinasterol on the structure and organization of lipid membranes was investigated and compared with those of cholesterol. (mdpi.com)
  • The major force driving the formation of lipid bilayers is the hydrophobic interaction between the tails and their repusion by water. (wikidoc.org)
  • Lipid bilayers have certain elastic properties . (wikidoc.org)
  • In this work, we shed light on this matter through atomic-scale molecular dynamics simulations of eight different one-component lipid bilayers comprised of PCs with 18 carbons in their acyl chains. (sharcnet.ca)
  • One of the challenges of lipid identification using mass spectrometry is the large number of possible lipid species that can be present in a sample. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • To address this challenge, tandem MS (MS/MS) has been developed that allows for the identification of individual lipid species based on their characteristic fragment ions. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • MS/MS has become an indispensable tool for lipid classification because it allows for the detection and quantification of lipid species with high specificity and sensitivity. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • Another advantage of tandem MS is its ability to quantify individual lipid species. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • This is particularly important in the analysis of complex lipid mixtures, where the abundance of different lipid species can vary significantly. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • However, the major drawback of this approach is their inability to structurally characterize the complex lipid species in their native state. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • The thermal responses of membrane lipid composition and function in two bacterial species isolated recently from Heywood Lake sediment in Antarctica have been investigated. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Carnitine supplementation also increased several medium- and long-chain acyl-carnitine species in both plasma and tissues. (nih.gov)
  • Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) possess more than twenty carbon atoms and are the major components of seed storage oil, wax, and lipids. (nature.com)
  • VLCFAs consist of 20 or more carbon atoms and are the key components of the cell membrane and cuticular lipids in plants 9 . (nature.com)
  • The thickness of the hydrocarbon core region is about 27 Å for the model bilayer formed by DOPC lipid whose acyl chains have eighteen carbon atoms and a single double bond (di(C18:1)PC) [2] . (wikidoc.org)
  • The most typical acylation pattern is with 4 - 6 chains ranging from 10 to 16 carbon atoms in length. (scirp.org)
  • They concluded, correctly, that the membrane is two lipid molecules thick and proposed it is made of a bilayer. (wikidoc.org)
  • Lipids are amphiphilic molecules since they consist of polar head groups and non-polar fatty acid tails. (wikidoc.org)
  • These are small balloons of lipid bilayer which can entrap polar molecules inside them. (wikidoc.org)
  • In addition, the presence of the flat cholesterol molecule in the membrane tends to straighten out the hydrocarbon chains, causing two main effects: the membrane becomes even less permeable to small molecules and the thickness of the hydrocarbon region is increased. (wikidoc.org)
  • They also can be described as having an internal lateral pressure or "the sponaneous radius of curvature", which defines the tendency of the lipid molecules to form curved rather than planar surfaces. (wikidoc.org)
  • Finally, Spearman's correlation analysis showed that NAFLD related differential lipid molecules were mainly associated with the genera of Bacteroides, Blautia, Lachnoclostridium, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 , and Turicibacter , which were also significantly correlated with the biological parameters of NAFLD. (frontiersin.org)
  • Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we measure the diffusion coefficient of a variety of cell surface molecules over a temperature range of 24-37°C. Exogenously incorporated fluorescent lipids with short acyl chains exhibit the expected increase of diffusion coefficient over this temperature range. (ncbs.res.in)
  • This gene encodes a member of the oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) family, a group of intracellular lipid receptors that play a key role in the maintenance of cholesterol balance in the body. (nih.gov)
  • 1994). High-res- belongs to the family of intracellular lipid bind- olution crystal structures (Sacchetti ni et al. (lu.se)
  • The structures show that both substrate translocation and release involve movements of the bulky transport domain through the lipid bilayer. (elifesciences.org)
  • Once inside the mitochondrion, the action of CPT II at the inner surface of the membrane releases free carnitine, which exits to the cytosol and leaves behind the acyl-CoA molecule. (medscape.com)
  • We hypothesised that carnitine would facilitate fatty acid export from tissues in the form of acyl-carnitines, thereby alleviating lipid-induced insulin resistance. (nih.gov)
  • These metabolic improvements corresponded with a 2.3-fold rise in circulating levels of acetyl-carnitine, which accounts for 86 and 88% of the total acyl-carnitine pool in plasma and skeletal muscle, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • Carnitine binds acyl residues and helps in their elimination, decreasing the number of acyl residues conjugated with coenzyme A (CoA) and increasing the ratio between free and acylated CoA. (medscape.com)
  • In the tapetum, maximal expression of two marker genes for lipid biosynthesis (sad and ear) occurred at a bud length of 2-3 mm, and the corresponding gene products SAD and EAR were detected by Western blotting in 3-4 mm buds, coinciding with the maximal rates of tapetal lipid accumulation. (nih.gov)
  • Their structural and dynamic properties are known to be strongly affected by unsaturation of lipid hydrocarbon chains, yet the role of the exact positions of the double bonds is poorly understood. (sharcnet.ca)
  • Lipids with longer acyl chains and a higher degree of unsaturation were altered more dramatically compared with shorter and more saturated lipids, suggesting a systematic and reversible lipid remodeling. (lu.se)
  • Despite their overall structural similarity ( Figure 13.1.1 ), natural phospholipids exhibit subtle differences in their fatty acid compositions, degree of acyl chain unsaturation and type of polar head group. (thermofisher.com)
  • A total of 124 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) containing lipids were identified in whole blood across several lipid classes, along with the highly abundant Omega-3 lipids. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • This paper reports on the kinetics of accumulation of these lipid classes during pollen maturation and the expression patterns of several lipid biosynthetic genes and their protein products that are differentially regulated in developing microspores/ pollen grains (gametophyte) and tapetal cells (sporophyte) of B. napus. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast, in developing microspores/pollen grains, maximal expression of the lipid marker genes sad, ear, acp and cyb5 was at the 3-5 mm bud stages, with the SAD and EAR gene products detected in 4-7 mm buds. (nih.gov)
  • Fatty acids can be further classified into saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids based on the presence or absence of double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • The bilayer is composed of two layers of lipids arranged so that their hydrocarbon tails face one another to form an oily core held together by Van der Waals interactions, while their charged heads face the aqueous solutions on either side of the membrane. (wikidoc.org)
  • The most important features are the nature of the lipid head groups and the length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon chains. (wikidoc.org)
  • and (iii) the intracellular storage lipids, which are mostly triacylglycerols. (nih.gov)
  • At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing proteins 2/3 (PNPLA2/3) hydrolyze diacylglycerol (DAG), removing an acyl group to form 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) (He et al. (reactome.org)
  • Most phospholipids are derivatives of glycerol comprising two fatty acyl residues (nonpolar tails) and a single phosphate ester substituent (polar head group). (thermofisher.com)
  • The properties of the bilayer are influenced by a variety of factors, including the lipid composition, temperature and membrane pressure. (wikidoc.org)
  • L'enveloppe mycobactérienne est unique dans le monde bactérien, tant par sa composition riche en composés structurellement exotiques, que par son agencement, avec notamment la présence d'une membrane externe et d'une membrane interne. (ipbs.fr)
  • Label-free CARS microscopy reveals similar triacylglycerol acyl chain length and saturation in myocellular lipid droplets of athletes and individuals with type 2 diabetes. (mpg.de)
  • Chemical imaging of lipid droplets in muscle tissues using hyperspectral coherent Raman microscopy. (mpg.de)
  • Quantitative Mapping of Triacylglycerol Chain Length and Saturation Using Broadband CARS Microscopy. (mpg.de)
  • Four kinds of deuterium-substituted fatty acids were chemically synthesized to prepare 2H-labeled sphingomyelin (SM) as a raft lipid and phosphatidylcholine (PC) as a control lipid. (nii.ac.jp)
  • It plays an essential role in the transfer of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation. (medscape.com)
  • Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful analytical technique that can be used to identify and characterize lipids in complex biological samples. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • Notre approche est illustrée par l'étude de FAAL32, une acyl-AMP ligase et cible potentielle, impliquée dans la biosynthèse des acides gras à très longue chaîne de l'enveloppe des mycobactéries, appelés acides mycoliques. (ipbs.fr)
  • Predicted to enable long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity. (zfin.org)
  • Perilipin 5 mediated lipid droplet remodelling revealed by coherent Raman imaging. (mpg.de)
  • Cleavage of the 3-keto compound at the now unstable alpha-beta carbon bond and transfer of another CoA moiety to the new fragment results in 2 products: acetyl-CoA, composed of the carbonyl and original alpha-carbon from the starting molecule, and a new fatty acyl-CoA that is 2 carbons shorter than the original molecule. (medscape.com)
  • Retaining polar lipid head group identity by linking drugs to acyl chains to increase drug targeting would represent a significant accomplishment. (sbir.gov)
  • The fluorophore can be attached to one (or both) of the fatty acyl chains or to the polar head group. (thermofisher.com)
  • and other sparingly soluble polar lipids. (lu.se)
  • Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Sensing Lipid Raft via Inter-Leaflet Coupling Regulated by Acyl Chain Length of Sphingomyelin. (ebsco.com)
  • Sec14p-like domains in NF1 and Dbl-like proteins indicate lipid regulation of Ras and Rho signaling. (embl.de)
  • For membrane proteins, a third mechanism, based on the interaction of their transmembrane domain (TMD) with lipid microdomains, must also be considered. (biologists.com)
  • Internal lipids mediate crosslinking to stabilize the domain-swapped iron-sulfur protein subunit, dielectric heterogeneity within intermonomer and intramonomer electron transfer pathways, and dimer stabilization through lipid-mediated intermonomer interactions. (rcsb.org)
  • Medium-chain fatty acids accumulating in MCAD deficiency elicit lipid and protein oxidative damage and decrease non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in rat brain. (medscape.com)
  • 3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + UDP-3-O-((3R)- hydroxytetradecanoyl)-alpha-D-glucosamine = UDP-2-N,3-O-bis((3R)-3- hydroxytetradecanoyl)-alpha-D-glucosamine + a holo-[acyl-carrier- protein]. (cathdb.info)
  • In the cytosol, a saturated, straight-chain fatty acid molecule with no double bonds is activated by the action of fatty acyl-CoA synthetase to form its corresponding acyl-CoA. (medscape.com)
  • Lipid A is a glycophospholipidic structure that anchors the LPS molecule to the cellular membrane. (scirp.org)
  • It catalyzes the hydrolysis of long chain fatty acyl thioesters of acyl carrier protein or coenzyme A to form free fatty acid and the corresponding thiol: palmitoyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + palmitate It has a strict specificity for thioesters with a chain link greater than C10. (wikipedia.org)
  • LpxD from Escherichia coli prefers (R,S)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl- carrier protein] over (R,S)-3-hydroxypalmitoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. (cathdb.info)
  • Thus, in the postprandial period especially, there is an excess flux of circulating lipid metabolites that would normally have been 'absorbed' by adipose tissue. (cambridge.org)
  • Long-chain acylcarnitines are also toxic and may have an arrhythmogenic effect, causing sudden cardiac death. (medscape.com)
  • The structure also identified a hydrophobic binding pocket for lipid binding. (embl.de)
  • En combinant une approche in silico et la validation in vitro de l'activité des protéines, nous avons récemment mis en évidence des propriétés structurales et la sélectivité de substrat de ces enzymes. (ipbs.fr)
  • The lack of these enzymes leaves the body short of energy and allows breakdown products, such as acyl-CoA, to accumulate. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Membrane probes include fluorescent analogs of natural lipids, as well as lipophilic organic dyes that have little structural resemblance to natural biomolecules ( Figure 13.2.1 in Fatty Acid Analogs and Phospholipids-Section 13.2 ). (thermofisher.com)
  • Consequently, long-chain fatty acids are not available for beta-oxidation and energy production, and the production of ketone bodies (which are used by the brain) is also impaired. (medscape.com)
  • 1993), as well uptake and translocation of long-chain fatty acids as NMR solution structures (Hodsdon et al. (lu.se)
  • This pattern of expression coincided with accumulation of the intracellular storage and membrane lipid components of pollen. (nih.gov)
  • In disorders of fatty acid oxidation, excessive lipid accumulation occurs in muscle, heart, and liver, with cardiac and skeletal myopathy and hepatomegaly. (medscape.com)
  • Predicted to act upstream of or within lipid metabolic process. (zfin.org)
  • By introducing a single double bond in each acyl chain and varying its position in a systematic manner, we elucidate the effects of a double bond on various membrane properties. (sharcnet.ca)
  • The role of lipids in the assembly, structure, and function of hetero-oligomeric membrane protein complexes is poorly understood. (rcsb.org)
  • This study provides a complete structure analysis of lipid-mediated functions in a multi-subunit membrane protein complex and reveals lipid sites at positions essential for assembly and function. (rcsb.org)
  • These are, in turn, transferred to the electron transport chain with the production of ATP. (medscape.com)
  • In the process, another electron transfer occurs, this time to nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and more ATP is produced by passage down the electron transport chain. (medscape.com)
  • Mass spectrometry can provide information on the molecular structure of lipids, including the number and position of double bonds, the length of the acyl chains, and the presence of functional groups such as phosphates and sugars. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • A decrease in growth temperature produced a shortening of the average fatty acid chain length in rich medium, whereas in poor medium there was a decrease in straight chain, saturated and unsaturated relative to branched-chain fatty acids. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Taken together, QHD may exert beneficial effects by regulating the gut microbiota and thus intervening in serum lipids. (frontiersin.org)
  • Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that play crucial roles in various biological processes. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • This is important because lipids are often found in complex mixtures, such as biological fluids and tissues. (premierbiosoft.com)
  • These differences can produce significant variations in membrane physical properties, in the location of phospholipids in a lipid bilayer and in their biological activity. (thermofisher.com)