Activator protein repressor proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

The NF-kappa-B p50-p50 homodimer is a transcriptional repressor, but can act as a transcriptional activator when associated with BCL3. (hmdb.ca)
The Engrailed homeodomain protein is an 'active' or dominant transcriptional repressor in cultured cells. (biologists.com)
In the absence of Hh, Ci is processed and acts as a transcriptional repressor. (silverchair.com)

Transcription factors are proteins that bind to DNA sequences in order to activate the transcription of genes. (study.com)
Once bound to the DNA, transcription factors also interact with and bind to other regulatory proteins in order to recruit RNA polymerase, the enzyme that catalyzes transcription. (study.com)
Moreover, the gene products of the regulatory genes can be either protein, which serves as transcription factors, or regulatory RNAs. (pediaa.com)
Another difference between structural and regulatory genes is that structural genes encode for proteins or RNA, while regulatory genes encode for transcription factors or regulatory RNA. (pediaa.com)

Typically, these sequences are binding sites for regulatory proteins , which control how much the operon is transcribed. (foobrdigital.com)
These sequences are binding sites for regulatory proteins that turn expression of the operon "up" or "down. (foobrdigital.com)
When the repressor binds to the operator, it prevents RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter and/or transcribing the operon. (foobrdigital.com)
When an activator is bound to its DNA binding site, it increases transcription of the operon (e.g., by helping RNA polymerase bind to the promoter). (foobrdigital.com)
This causes the RNA polymerase to bind firmly to the promoter and transcribe the genes of the operon much more frequently, leading to the production of many molecules of mRNA.Where do the regulatory proteins come from? (foobrdigital.com)
In bacteria and archaea , structural proteins with related functions are usually encoded together within the genome in a block called an operon and are transcribed together under the control of a single promoter , resulting in the formation of a polycistronic transcript ( Figure 12.30 ). (pressbooks.pub)
In the lac operon, CAP (catabolite activator protein) is the activator, while the gene product of the lac I gene is the repressor. (pediaa.com)

This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of the CPEB family of proteins that bind to defined groups of mRNAs and act as either translational repressors or activators to regulate their translation. (nih.gov)
CPEB-1 is an RNA-binding protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), a short U-rich motif in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of certain mRNAs. (nih.gov)

In contrast, the Fushi Tarazu homeodomain protein is an activator, both in cultured cells and in Drosophila embryos, where it activates several known target genes, including its own gene. (biologists.com)
We find a relationship between repressor function and evolutionary age for the KRAB domains, discover that Homeodomain repressor strength is collinear with Hox genetic organization, and identify activities for several domains of unknown function. (stanford.edu)

The genes that encode regulatory proteins are sometimes called regulatory genes . (foobrdigital.com)
Structural genes are the genes that encode either for RNA or proteins with a function other than the regulation of gene expression. (pediaa.com)

Comparison of the structure and DNA-binding properties of the E2 proteins from an oncogenic and a non-oncogenic human papillomavirus. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Hb, Kr, and Kni are zinc-finger gap proteins that act primarily as repressors in specific embryonic domains. (sdbonline.org)
The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins plays an important role during embryonic development in regulating growth, patterning and morphogenesis of many tissues ( Ingham and McMahon, 2001 ). (silverchair.com)

When bound to its operator, a repressor reduces transcription (e.g., by blocking RNA polymerase from moving forward on the DNA). (foobrdigital.com)
The activator protein binds to a specific sequence of DNA, in this case immediately upstream of (before) the promoter where RNA polymerase binds. (foobrdigital.com)
When the activator binds, it helps the polymerase attach to the promoter (makes promoter binding more energetically favorable). (foobrdigital.com)
For example, some proteins activate transcription by recruiting RNA polymerase, some repress transcription by suppressing this recruitment, and others insulate proximal regions from the activity of nearby transcriptional activators or repressors. (ucsc.edu)

NFKB1 appears to have dual functions such as cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappa-B proteins by p105 and generation of p50 by a cotranslational processing. (hmdb.ca)
It functions as a translational repressor that governs the synthesis of the AMPA receptor GluR2 through binding GluR2 mRNA. (nih.gov)
These results provide a resource of 600 human proteins containing effectors and demonstrate a scalable strategy for assigning functions to protein domains. (stanford.edu)
It functions both as a transcriptional activator and repressor to mediate B-cell commitment. (nih.gov)
We characterize QmbHLH genes and identify the functions of QmbHLH proteins in Q. mongolica. (bvsalud.org)
It is a nuclear protein and functions as a transcriptional regulator. (wikipedia.org)

In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappa-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. (hmdb.ca)

EGR-1 has also been found to regulate the expression of VAMP2 (a protein important for synaptic exocytosis ). (wikipedia.org)
Cellular response to estrogens is mediated through estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), which upon binding to ligand and DNA hormone response elements, recruit coactivator and corepressor proteins that regulate the expression of steroid hormone target genes. (biomedcentral.com)

A key characteristic of each transcription factor protein is its DNA binding domain. (ucsc.edu)

Thus, we have undertaken studies to identify other regulators of leukotoxin transcription and to demonstrate how these proteins work together to modulate leukotoxin synthesis. (usda.gov)
A family of inhibitory proteins which bind to the REL PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and modulate their activity. (bvsalud.org)

Previous work identified two proteins in the bacterial cell (IHF, CRP) that directly affect toxin level by either directly or indirectly binding to the cellular DNA code responsible for toxin production. (usda.gov)
At the sub-cellular scale, maps document the spatial organization of proteins, RNA, DNA, and metabolites with nanometer precision and temporal acuity on the order of seconds. (stanford.edu)
E2 is expressed throughout the differentiation-dependent virus life cycle and is functionally regulated by association with multiple viral and cellular proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Here, we show for the first time to our knowledge that HPV16 E2 directly associates with the major capsid protein L1, independently of other viral or cellular proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Whereas regulating gene expression in multicellular organisms allows for cellular differentiation, in single-celled organisms like prokaryotes, it primarily ensures that a cell's resources are not wasted making proteins that the cell does not need at that time. (pressbooks.pub)
These conditions activated the sensor substantiating its potential in identifying new inhibitors and cellular factors related to protein O-glycosylation. (sunolmolecular.com)

The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich motifs of many promoters. (genetex.com)
EGR-1 (Early growth response protein 1) also known as ZNF268 (zinc finger protein 268) or NGFI-A (nerve growth factor-induced protein A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EGR1 gene . (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the EGR family of Cys 2 His 2 -type zinc finger proteins. (wikipedia.org)

Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, and proteolytic processing significantly affect the activity of this protein, which can be an activator or a repressor. (genetex.com)

The placement of a Venus tag a variant of yellow fluorescent protein (20) in the cytoplasmic domain allowed us to localize the sensor regardless of its activation status. (sunolmolecular.com)

CPEB proteins are well conserved in both, vertebrates and invertebrates. (nih.gov)

Otherwise, it may function as a translational inhibitor when dephosphorylated and bind to a protein such as maskin or neuroguidin, which blocks translation initiation through interfering with the assembly of eIF-4E and eIF-4G. (nih.gov)
They bind to regulatory proteins and act as activators to increase gene expression. (study.com)
Some regulatory proteins are repressors that bind to pieces of DNA called operators . (foobrdigital.com)
The small molecule binds to the protein, changing its shape and altering its ability to bind DNA. (foobrdigital.com)
For instance, an activator may only become active (able to bind DNA) when it's attached to a certain small molecule. (foobrdigital.com)
In the CYTOPLASM, I-kappa B proteins bind to the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B. Cell stimulation causes its dissociation and translocation of active NF-kappa B to the nucleus. (bvsalud.org)

CPEB-4 is an RNA-binding protein that mediates meiotic mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation. (nih.gov)
When the repressor is bound to the operator, no transcription occurs and no mRNA is made. (foobrdigital.com)

Most NLRs guard host proteins that are the direct targets of pathogen effectors. (ubc.ca)

While previous studies have recognized small molecule inhibitors of MSI family proteins, none of these studies assessed anti\malignancy activities (Clingman et?al. (thetechnoant.info)

Based on sequence similarity, RNA-binding specificity, and functional regulation of translation, the CPEB proteins have been classified into two subfamilies. (nih.gov)
CPEB-3 is a sequence-specific translational regulatory protein that regulates translation in a polyadenylation-independent manner. (nih.gov)
Based on sequence similarity, the encoded proteins could be either transcriptional repressors or activators. (bvsalud.org)

The bacterial cell is able to control many protein-coding genes (green lines at bottom) with relatively few controls (yellow and purple lines). (creation.com)

Structural genes refer to a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor, while regulatory genes refer to a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. (pediaa.com)

By tiling 238 proteins, we find repressors as short as ten amino acids. (stanford.edu)
The human EGR-1 protein contains (in its unprocessed form) 543 amino acids with a molecular weight of 57.5 kDa , and the gene is located on the chromosome 5 . (wikipedia.org)

In this review, we assess the potential role of putative gut microbiota products in the etiopathogeny of Parkinson's disease, with a special emphasis on functional bacterial amyloid proteins, bacterial biosurfactants, endotoxins and short-chain fatty acids. (techscience.com)
Of the 36,553 protein-coding genes predicted in the study, approximately 95% had functional annotations in public databases. (bvsalud.org)

CPEB-2 is an RNA-binding protein that is abundantly expressed in testis and localized in cytoplasm in transfected HeLa cells. (nih.gov)
All CPEB proteins are nucleus-cytoplasm shuttling proteins. (nih.gov)

Tumor-infiltrated macrophages were isolated from human GC tissues using magnetic beads, gene transcription was determined by real-time PCR, protein expression was monitored using western blots, metabolites were determined using HPLC, and transcriptional regulation was analyzed by the luciferase-based reporter gene system. (cancerindex.org)

Moreover, the gene products of structural genes can be either enzymes, hormones or proteins, which form structural components of the cell. (pediaa.com)

Plant intracellular nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat proteins (NB-LRR, NLRs) function as immune receptors to detect microbial pathogens directly or indirectly. (ubc.ca)

As a result, we identified a third protein (Mlc) that is required for toxin synthesis by binding to the toxin's DNA. (usda.gov)
Furthermore, in low-oxygenated conditions, the previously identified CRP protein works through this newly identified Mlc protein to increase toxin synthesis. (usda.gov)

Suggest a property of the mutant repressor that would explain this phenotype. (wikiversity.org)

Upon co-expression in keratinocytes, L1 reduces nucleolar association of E2 protein, and when co-expressed with E1 and E2, L1 is partially recruited to viral replication factories. (microbiologyresearch.org)

In invertebrates, such as Drosophila , Hh binds its receptor Patched (Ptc) and thereby activates Smoothened (Smo),another transmembrane protein. (silverchair.com)
A repressor protein binds to a site called on the operator. (foobrdigital.com)

Protein O-glycosylation is important in numerous processes including the regulation of proteolytic processing sites by O-glycan masking in select newly synthesized proteins. (sunolmolecular.com)

To illustrate SPOTlight's ability to screen cells based on temporal properties, we chose to develop a photostable yellow fluorescent protein for extended imaging experiments. (stanford.edu)
We screened 3 million cells expressing mutagenesis libraries and identified a bright new variant, mGold, that is the most photostable yellow fluorescent protein reported to date. (stanford.edu)

NF- kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52 and the heterodimeric p65-p50 complex appears to be most abundant one. (hmdb.ca)
Once phosphorylated and recruiting the polyadenylation complex, CPEB-1 may function as a translational activator stimulating polyadenylation and translation. (nih.gov)
Moreover, both SUSA proteins are parts of an SCFSUSA2 E3 ligase, forming SCFSUSA2-NLR complex with CHS1-SOC3 or TN2-SOC3 paired NLR proteins. (ubc.ca)

As a consequence, processing of Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is inhibited and Ci enters the nucleus to act as a transcriptional activator. (silverchair.com)

The cAMP receptor protein (CRP) indirectly increases ltxA expression but the intermediary regulator is unknown. (usda.gov)

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a periodontal pathogen, synthesizes leukotoxin (LtxA), a protein that helps the bacterium evade the host immune response. (usda.gov)

What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)

2001), where the protein is usually also expressed in stem cells and/or other precursor cell populations. (thetechnoant.info)

Only a subset of proteins in a cell at a given time is expressed. (pressbooks.pub)
Pax5A transcription factor is the major isoform of B-cell-specific activator protein. (nih.gov)

Interestingly, functionally redundant SNIPER1 and SNIPER2 can control the protein levels of diverse sNLRs and the interactions between SNIPER1 and sNLRs appear to be through the common nucleotide-binding (NB) domains of sNLRs. (ubc.ca)

Characterization of the human papillomavirus E2 protein: evidence of trans-activation and trans-repression in cervical keratinocytes. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Here, we develop HT-recruit, a pooled assay where protein libraries are recruited to a reporter, and their transcriptional effects are measured by sequencing. (stanford.edu)

First, analyses of ltxA RNA expression from defined leukotoxin promoter mutations in the chromosome identify -69 to -35 as the key control region and indicate that an activator protein modulates leukotoxin transcription. (usda.gov)

In addition to demonstrating different interactions between CRP and Mlc and their effects on periodontal toxin production, we also discovered how the IHF protein decreases toxin production by blocking Mlc binding to the toxin DNA. (usda.gov)

Therefore, we conclude that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) toxin production does not solely rely on the proteins previously identified but requires additional factors, as well. (usda.gov)

Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
The human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 protein is a multifunctional protein essential for the control of virus gene expression, genome replication and persistence. (microbiologyresearch.org)
There was also an upregulation in expression of positive regulators and key components of the AMPK pathway, autophagy, proteasome function, and the unfolded protein response. (nature.com)
They act as repressors that increase gene expression by binding to DNA. (study.com)
They inhibit transcription and decrease gene expression by binding to repressors. (study.com)
Transcription is the first step in gene expression, which occurs when information stored in DNA is used to make a protein. (study.com)
Based on patterns of tissue-specific expression, protein interactions, and cis-element analysis, QmbHLH genes may be extensively involved in the growth and development of Q. mongolica. (bvsalud.org)

When araC mutants were first anaylzed, people concluded that AraC protein acts as an activator, not a repressor. (wikiversity.org)

In chapter 2, by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, genetic analysis and biochemical assays, I identified the differential pairings of typical NLR receptor SOC3 with atypical NLR proteins CHS1 or TN2 to guard the homeostasis of the E3 ligase SAUL1. (ubc.ca)

Anatomy11

Organisms10

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs119

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes81

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Transcriptional repressor3

Transcription factors4

Operon7

MRNAs2

Homeodomain2

Genes that encode2

Oncogenic1

Embryonic2

Polymerase4

Functions6

Kinases1

Regulate the expression2

Characteristic1

Modulate2

Cellular6

Zinc finger3

Phosphorylation1

Localize1

Vertebrates1

Bind6

MRNA2

Effectors1

Small molecule1

Sequence3

Bacterial cell1

Regulatory genes1

Amino2

Functional2

Cytoplasm2

Metabolites1

Hormones1

Intracellular1

Synthesis2

Mutant1

Reduces1

Binds2

Regulation1

Yellow fluores2

Complex3

Nucleus1

Indirectly1

Pathogen1

Gene protein2

Cells1

Cell2

Functionally1

Characterization1

Recruit1

Promoter1

Demonstrating different1

Factors1

Expression7

Acts1

Genetic1