Activates afferent pathways. Medical search. Frequent questions

Capsaicin, the main pungent ingredient in 'hot' chilli peppers, elicits a sensation of burning pain by selectively activating sensory neurons that convey information about noxious stimuli to the central nervous system. (nih.gov)
They found two peptide molecules that specifically and powerfully activated these sensory nerves, and experiments with lab-synthesized versions of the same molecules confirmed that these chemicals could activate pain-sensing neurons on their own. (neurosciencenews.com)
These results suggest that high temperature activates the Mauthner neurons to trigger C-start escape behaviour. (biologists.com)
2010) have shown that activating VTA DA neurons optogenetically can induce similar potentiation of AMPAR transmission as single exposure of cocaine. (grantome.com)
The synaptic properties, including AMPA/NMDA ratio, RI and mini-EPSCs, of specific afferent pathway onto VTA DA neurons will be measured across the training sessions of appetitive reward learning. (grantome.com)
We found that LPBn neurons are activated following both acute and chronic stressor exposure and that a portion of those neuron project to the BNST. (uvm.edu)
We describe a novel pathway, consisting of inhibition by dynorphin, somatostatin and corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala that project to the parabrachial nucleus (PB). (iasp-pain.org)
We show that this pathway regulates the activity of pain-related neurons in PB, and that, in chronic pain, this inhibitory pathway is suppressed, and that this suppression is causally related to pain perception. (iasp-pain.org)
The first aim addresses whether neural secretory reflexes triggered by mucosal stroking and activation of 5-HT1P receptors present on intrinsic afferent neurons stimulate chloride secretion. (usda.gov)
In general, these studies are expected to provide important insights into the neural reflex pathways that govern the fluidity of the intestinal contents, and in particular, the role of substance P-containing neurons during normal or pathophysiologic states of inflammation. (usda.gov)
We previously showed that some corneal afferent fibers preferentially contact parabrachial-projecting neurons in the rostral pole of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, but the role of these projection neurons in transmitting noxious information from the cornea has not been established. (elsevierpure.com)
In the present study, we show that noxious stimulation of the corneal surface activates neurons in the rostral pole of the nucleus caudalis, including parabrachially projecting neurons that receive direct input from corneal afferent fibers. (elsevierpure.com)
We also confirmed that corneal afferent fibers identified with cholera toxin B preferentially target trigeminal dorsal horn neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus. (elsevierpure.com)
This getting possibly reflects a limitation with the Fos immunohistochemical approach or it may mean that the descending projections have effects by modulating ongoing activity, but not elicited new activity, or by activating various, and not necessarily much more, neurons within the gustatory brainstem. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
The distinct behavioral effects may very well be resulting from alteration in the sensitivity of gustatory neurons to tastants by the descending pathway (Lundy and Norgren 2001, 2004) or as a consequence of activation of a various ensemble of neurons within the gustatory brainstem when electrical and intra-oral stimulation occurred concurrently. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
These information imply that projections in the CeA raise the number of neurons in these areas which might be activated by NaCl and could modulate each premotor and sensory processing of salt taste within the brainstem. (angiotensinreceptor.com)

The neural pathways that can mediate motor-evoked potentials to all muscles of the lower limbs are highly dependent on the stimulation parameters. (victoryoverparalysis.org)
The emetic center can be activated by afferent neural pathways from digestive (eg, pharynx, stomach, small bowel) and nondigestive (eg, heart, testes) organs, the chemoreceptor trigger zone located in the area postrema on the floor of the 4th ventricle (containing dopamine and serotonin receptors), and other central nervous system centers (eg, brain stem, vestibular system). (msdmanuals.com)

In particular, sound-evoked spikes in auditory afferent fibers in vivo are phase-locked to sound frequencies up to 5 kHz, but it is not clear how hair cells can handle intracellular Ca 2+ changes with such high speed and efficiency. (jneurosci.org)
Given that phase-locking can be achieved in auditory afferent fibers for frequencies up to ∼5 kHz ( Taberner and Liberman, 2005 ), exocytosis from hair cells must be tightly controlled with sufficient temporal precision required. (jneurosci.org)
Corneal pain is mediated by primary afferent fibers projecting to the dorsal horn of the medulla, specifically the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. (elsevierpure.com)
The electrical stimuli on the skin preferentially activate low-threshold, myelinated nerve fibers. (medscape.com)
The afferent input from these fibers inhibits propagation of nociception carried in the small, unmyelinated C fibers by blocking transmission along these fibers to the target or T cells located in the substantia gelatinosa (laminae 2 and 3) of the dorsal horn. (medscape.com)
The proposed mechanism for closing the gate is inhibition of the C-fiber nociception by impulses in activated myelinated fibers. (medscape.com)

The cloned capsaicin receptor is also activated by increases in temperature in the noxious range, suggesting that it functions as a transducer of painful thermal stimuli in vivo. (nih.gov)
Sensory stimuli from food activate dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve in the medulla (activating the parasympathetic nervous system). (wikipedia.org)
Pain originating from the gastrointestinal (GI) system ascends to the brain via the same tri-neuronal pathways that convey noxious somatic stimuli. (frontiersin.org)

The third aim is to determine whether substance P activates neurokinin receptors on epithelial cells to stimulate chloride secretion and prostaglandin synthesis. (usda.gov)
Some of the receptors are cation channels, which can directly depolarize the nociceptor upon activation, while other receptors activate second messenger systems to change neuronal excitability by changing expression of, or modifying the function of, other cation channels. (frontiersin.org)
This produces a depolarization that may allow CALMH1 channels to open and release ATP, which serves as a neurotransmitter to activate closely associated nerve afferents expressing P2X2, P2X3 receptors and adjacent type III cells expressing P2Y4 receptors. (genome.jp)
5-HT and GABA provide negative paracrine feedback onto receptor cells by activating 5-HT1A and GABAA, GABAB receptors, respectively. (genome.jp)

1.) Vagovagal reflex: Distention, or stretching, activates an afferent pathway which in turn stimulates efferent response from the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve. (wikipedia.org)
Certain vagal signals from the gut can instigate an anti-inflammatory reflex with afferent signals to the brain activating an efferent response, releasing mediators including acetylcholine that, through an interaction with immune cells, attenuates inflammation. (mcmaster.ca)

These afferent nerve pathways enter the brain at the area of the medulla, and cascade up into the higher centers of the brain, where they may influence perception, decision making and other cognitive processes (7). (elephantjournal.com)

Epidural Stimulation can activate both afferent and efferent pathways. (victoryoverparalysis.org)
When an acupuncture needle is inserted into a designated point on the body and mechanical or electrical stimulation is delivered, various neural and neuroactive components are activated. (qigonginstitute.org)
There exist several central pathways to convey NAU-induced acupuncture signals, Electroacupuncture (EA) frequency-specific neurochemical effects are related to different peripheral and central pathways transmitting afferent signals from different frequency of NAU stimulation. (qigonginstitute.org)
In other words, the behavioral impact of LH stimulation may very well be on account of multisynaptic pathways originating in the LH, the activation of which might not be detected in brainstem structures applying Fos immunohistochemistry. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
The main aim was to elucidate whether stimulation of individually selected microelectrodes can selectively activate the anti-nociceptive pathways without activating networks that provoke side effects. (lu.se)
These results show that granular and high-resolution PAG/DRN stimulation enables potent, specific, safe, and durable analgesia by blocking the nociceptive-evoked motor, sensory and affective responses without significant activation of pathways provoking adverse side effects. (lu.se)

We examine the physiological mechanisms that underpin these three outcomes and review literature showing that SPB can activate anti-inflammatory pathways, increase lung capacity and, in turn, improve aerobic endurance, emotional well-being, and sleep quality. (frontiersin.org)

The vagus appears to differentiate between non-pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria even in the absence of overt inflammation and vagal pathways mediate signals that can induce both anxiogenic and anxiolytic effects, depending on the nature of the stimulus. (mcmaster.ca)
The heart's afferent neurological signals directly affect activity in the amygdala and associated nuclei, an important emotional processing center in the brain. (elephantjournal.com)

Stretch activates two reflexes: a short reflex mediated through the myenteric nerve plexus, and a long reflex mediated through the vagus nerves and brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
There is now strong evidence from animal studies that gut microorganism can activate the vagus nerve and that such activation plays a critical role in mediating effects on the brain and behaviour. (mcmaster.ca)

In addition, L. lactis NZ9000-SeNPs significantly attenuated the reduction of the expression levels of occludin and claudin-1, dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, and activation of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated signaling pathway induced by ETEC K88. (bvsalud.org)

Therefore, activation of gustatory brainstem centers by afferent taste input altered the behavioral effect of the pathway descending in the CeA. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
The pons relays afferent information from the bladder to higher brain centers, which in turn communicate with the periaqueductal gray matter, a relay station that collects higher brain center intput and processes this in order to signal the PMC to trigger or suppress the voiding reflex. (medscape.com)

Mapping Cortical Integration of Sensory and Affective Pain Pathways. (iasp-pain.org)

The purpose of this review is to facilitate an understanding of the pathways and mediators involved in the development and central transmission of the itch sensation, to describe the methods available to evaluate itch, and to provide a basis for its rational therapy. (asahq.org)

To evaluate the effect of HDBS in PAG/DRN on the nociceptive pathways related to pain perception, microelectrode recordings were made in cortical areas known to be involved in the sensory-discriminative and affective aspects of pain. (lu.se)

Next, we examined if activation of PACAPergic LPBn afferents in the BNST could modulate anxiety-like behavior. (uvm.edu)

Once the critical afferent pathway and critical time window are identified, I will use CaMKII-driven-Halo 3.0 AAV to inhibit the identified pathway in vivo to understand the role of it during the appetitive learning. (grantome.com)

Functional neurorehabilitation promotes neural reorganization by stimulating subjects without deep pain perception, leading to a faster recovery when compared to spontaneous recovery, and achieving fewer compensatory errors, or even deviations to neuropathic or adaptive pain pathways, such as spasticity. (mdpi.com)
The Togo starburst tarantula's venom struck them as being particularly interesting because it appeared to activate a particular type of sodium channel within sensory nerves that was not a part of known pain pathways. (neurosciencenews.com)
Inflammation Afferent pain pathways: a neuroanatomical review. (netlify.app)
An amygdalo-parabrachial pathway regulates pain perception and chronic pain. (iasp-pain.org)
The parabrachial (PB) complex mediates both ascending nociceptive signaling and descending pain modulatory information in the affective/emotional pain pathway. (iasp-pain.org)
We find that the efficacy of this CeA-LPB pathway is suppressed in chronic pain. (iasp-pain.org)
These findings demonstrate that the CeA-LPB pathway is critically involved in pain regulation, and in the pathogenesis of chronic pain. (iasp-pain.org)
We propose that this amygdalo-parabrachial pathway is a key regulator of both chronic and acute pain, and a novel target for pain relief. (iasp-pain.org)
Evidence suggests that long term stress facilitates pain perception and sensitizes pain pathways, leading to a feed-forward cycle promoting chronic visceral pain disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). (frontiersin.org)
This review will discuss the potential neuronal pathways and mechanisms responsible for stress-induced exacerbation of chronic visceral pain. (frontiersin.org)
Here we will briefly review visceral pain pathways and their modulation by (i) stress in adulthood and (ii) following exposure to neonatal stress. (frontiersin.org)
Ascending pain transmission is mediated primarily by pathways to either the thalamus or parabrachial nuclei. (elsevierpure.com)

Therefore, these researchers conclude that there exists a gut-brain axis pathway whereby inflammation in the gut causes an increase in brain inflammation. (tylerjwenzel.com)

In addition, the muscles used for escape need to be activated fully and synchronously to generate the maximum force possible, and thus fast and efficient propulsion away from danger. (biologists.com)

Our lab has demonstrated an important role of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in stress and emotional behavior. (uvm.edu)

By injecting CaMKII-driven-ChR2 AAV to candidate brain regions projecting to the VTA, I will be able to isolate specific glutamatergic afferent pathway and in vitro slice electrophysiology will be used for quantitative analysis. (grantome.com)
The brain and the immune system communicate through different pathways. (bioseek.eu)
When partners had mutually cooperative interactions, brain regions involved in reward processing were activated. (berkeley.edu)
In any gut-brain axis study, it is important to demonstrate the pathway that connects the signal in one organ to the response in the other. (tylerjwenzel.com)
There are many pathways that could be responsible for this observation - some could be categorized as a gut-brain axis pathway, while others would not be categorized this way. (tylerjwenzel.com)
This example is not an example of a gut-brain axis pathway because the signal causes a change in the brain does not originate from the gut - it originated from the drinking water. (tylerjwenzel.com)
In other words, since this relationship is a correlation, it is not a gut-brain axis pathway. (tylerjwenzel.com)
Information from the heart, including feeling sensations, is sent to the brain through several afferents. (elephantjournal.com)
The HDBS-induced analgesia could be sustained for at least 4 hours and did not provoke significant side effects on behaviour, spontaneous activity, and brain states and it had a minor effect on the tactile afferent pathway to the cortex. (lu.se)
Overall, the brain receives input via afferent pathways that ascend from the bladder and provide feedback on how full the bladder is. (medscape.com)

In addition, there are normally relatively few synaptic connections in the pathway from sensory input to motor output and these connections, often involving an electrical component, have a high fidelity to ensure fail safe transmission. (biologists.com)

While exact mechanisms behind both disorders remain to be fully understood, the trigeminovascular system represents one possible common pathophysiological pathway and network of both disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
The purpose of this review is to highlight new discoveries in pathways and mechanisms of pruritus and to summarize up-to-date knowledge about treatment of itching after surgery. (asahq.org)

The gastric phase is a period in which swallowed food and semidigested protein (peptides and amino acids) activate gastric activity. (wikipedia.org)

Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is the central integration hub for afferents from upper airway (somatosensory/gustatory), respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular (baroreceptor and chemoreceptor) and other systems. (hindawi.com)

However the decrease in pH caused by activation of parietal cells further activates gastric chief cells. (wikipedia.org)
Although much is known about the activation of escape circuitry by the primary afferent inputs that signal approach of predators, such as acoustic,acousticolateralis, visual and mechanosensory inputs, far less is known about how the same circuits are engaged by abiotic stressors such as high or low temperature, or anoxia. (biologists.com)
We found that activation of this pathway dramatically increased anxiety-like behavior. (uvm.edu)

Further, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are activated and release vesicular serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (genome.jp)

Gastric chief cells are primarily activated by ACh. (wikipedia.org)

Lastly, we examined if inactivation of PACAPergic LPBn afferents in the BNST could prevent the anxiogenic effects of acute stressor exposure. (uvm.edu)

The reward system is also activated when people make anonymous charitable donations, according to another study . (berkeley.edu)

Such neuronal translocation constitutes an additional not generally recognized clearance pathway for inhaled solid UFP, whose significance for humans, however, still needs to be estab- lished. (cdc.gov)

In this review, we examined the efficacy of acupuncture with regard to urinary incontinence, and assessed the levels of the autonomic efferent and afferent pathways and the depth of the needle insertion in the acupuncture. (spandidos-publications.com)

Another question I would like to study is which afferent pathways to the VTA are activated and how they are modified during the appetitive learning. (grantome.com)

A continued focus on their shared pathophysiological pathways may be important in paving future treatment avenues that could benefit both migraine and cluster headache patients. (biomedcentral.com)

Weak acids may also activate sour cells by penetrating the cell membrane and leading to closure of resting K+ channels and membrane depolarization. (genome.jp)

Anatomy26

Organisms2

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes13

Disciplines and Occupations1

Neurons16

Neural pathways2

Fibers6

Stimuli3

Receptors4

Efferent response2

Medulla1

Stimulation6

Anti-inflammatory1

Signals2

Nerve2

Receptor1

Centers2

Sensory and affective1

Mediators1

Related to pain perception1

Modulate1

Vivo1

Pain12

Inflammation1

Muscles1

Emotional1

Brain10

Input1

Mechanisms2

Amino acids1

Gastrointestinal1

Activation3

Norepinephrine1

Primarily1

Acute1

Reward1

Humans1

Review1

Study1

Important1

Channels1