Activates activation induced cytokine tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15. Medical search. Frequent questions

It can activate both the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, and acts as an autocrine factor to induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
TL1, a novel tumor necrosis factor-like cytokine, induces apoptosis in endothelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
This receptor has been shown to activate NF-κB and MAPK8 / JNK , and induce cell apoptosis . (wikidoc.org)
[7] DR6 induces apoptosis when it is over expressed, however the manner in which the death signal is intracellularly transduced is currently unknown. (wikidoc.org)
If a T cell receives signal 1 without signal 2, it may undergo apoptosis or become altered so that it can no longer be activated, even if it later receives both signals ( Figure 24-62 ). (nih.gov)
Murine PD-1 mRNA expression has been shown to be correlated with activation-induced apoptosis in a mouse T-cell hybridoma cell line and murine thymocytes [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The tumor tissues were analyzed using apoptosis antibody arrays, real time PCR and western blot. (biomedcentral.com)
The results suggested that BF-rTK + GCV induced tumor apoptosis without autophagy and necroptosis occurrence. (biomedcentral.com)
The apoptosis was transduced by multiple signaling pathways mediated by FasL and TNFR2 and mainly activated the mitochondrial control of apoptosis via Bid and Bim, which was rescued by silencing Bid or/and Bim . (biomedcentral.com)
However, BF + GCV only induced apoptosis via Fas/FasL signal pathway accompanied with increased P53 expression. (biomedcentral.com)
BF-rTK + GCV induced tumor apoptosis mediated by FasL and TNFR2 through the mitochondrial control of apoptosis via Bid and Bim without inducing necroptosis and autophagy. (biomedcentral.com)

Objective To identify the role of mature nerve growth factor (mNGF), its immature form proNGF and their receptors in arthritis inflammation. (bmj.com)
This cytokine is a ligand for receptors TNFRSF13B /TACI, TNFRSF17 /BCMA, and TNFRSF13C /BAFF-R. This cytokine is expressed in B cell lineage cells, and acts as a potent B cell activator. (wikidoc.org)
[4] BAFF is the natural ligand of three unusual tumor necrosis factor receptors named BAFF-R (BR3), TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor), and BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen), all of which have differing binding affinities for it. (wikidoc.org)
All these ligands act as homotrimers (i.e. three of the same molecule) interacting with homotrimeric receptors, [6] although BAFF has been known to be active as either a hetero- or homotrimer (can aggregate into 60-mer depending on the primary structure of the protein). (wikidoc.org)
NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3 and NOTCH4 are transmembrane receptors that transduce juxtacrine signals of the delta‑like canonical Notch ligand (DLL)1, DLL3, DLL4, jagged canonical Notch ligand (JAG)1 and JAG2. (spandidos-publications.com)
Small‑molecule γ‑secretase inhibitors (AL101, MRK‑560, nirogacestat and others) and antibody‑based biologics targeting Notch ligands or receptors [ABT‑165, AMG 119, rovalpituzumab tesirine (Rova‑T) and others] have been developed as investigational drugs. (spandidos-publications.com)
T-cell activation and dysfunction relies on direct and modulated receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
As a member of the TNF family , LT-α binds to various receptors and activates the NF-κB pathway , thus promoting immune regulation through the innate immune response. (wikidoc.org)
Formation of LT-α 1 -β 2 complex enables binding to LT-β receptors and subsequent activation of signaling pathways. (wikidoc.org)
Activation of LT-β receptors is capable of inducing cell death of cancerous cells and suppressing tumor growth. (wikidoc.org)

In ex vivo experiments the effects of proNGF differ from those of mNGF, suggesting that the balance of p75NTR and TrkA expression represents a critical factor in regulating mNGF/proNGF functions, determining which intracellular pathways and biological activities are triggered. (bmj.com)
Contrary to NGF, proNGF administration increased inflammatory cytokines but not interleukin (IL)-10 expression, inducing a stronger activation of p38 and JNK pathways. (bmj.com)
Western blot analyses of RANKL-induced signaling pathways showed that conditional knockout of PDK1 in osteoclasts inhibited the early nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, which consequently suppressed the downstream induction of NFATc1. (bvsalud.org)
Activation of DR3 by TL1A induced the formation of a signaling complex containing TRADD, TRAF2, and RIP and activated the NF-κB and the ERK, JNK, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. (enzolifesciences.com)
Genotoxic damage causes robust alterations to pathways associated with B cell activation and increased proliferation, suggesting that genotoxic damage initiates not only the normal B cell maturation processes but also mimics activated B cell response to antigenic agents. (biomedcentral.com)
Induces osteoclastogenesis by activating multiple signaling pathways in osteoclast precursor cells, chief among which is induction of long lasting oscillations in the intracellular concentration of Ca (2+) resulting in the activation of NFATC1, which translocates to the nucleus and induces osteoclast-specific gene transcription to allow differentiation of osteoclasts. (cusabio.com)
Interaction between BAFF and BAFF-R activates classical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathways. (wikidoc.org)
These stimulations activate a broad range of signaling cascades, such as canonical and non-canonical NF- κ B pathways, mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) pathways and calcium signaling, which in turn activate downstream transcriptional regulators to drive osteoclastogenesis. (frontiersin.org)
Death receptor 6 ( DR6 ), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 ( TNFRSF21 ), is a cell surface receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which activates the JNK and NF-κB pathways. (wikidoc.org)
Of these, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) create an immunosuppressive microenvironment through various pathways. (iiarjournals.org)
This effect was associated with decreased activation of pathways linked to neurotrophin and glutamate receptor signaling. (researchgate.net)
We are beginning to understand the power of co-inhibitors in the context of lymphocyte homeostasis and the pathogenesis of leukemia, which involves several newly described co-inhibitory pathways, including the programmed death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
As a cytotoxic protein, LT-α causes the destruction of cancerous cell lines, activates signaling pathways, and effectively kills transformed tumor cells. (wikidoc.org)
[15] Activation of signaling pathways such as NF-κB ultimately leads to various cellular fates, including cell proliferation and cell death. (wikidoc.org)

Tumors exhibit significant myeloid cell infiltrates, which are actively recruited to the tumor microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
Finally, we will comment on the mechanisms regulating myeloid cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment and on the potential of myeloid cells as new targets for cancer therapy. (hindawi.com)
Notch signaling cascades crosstalk with fibroblast growth factor and WNT signaling cascades in the tumor microenvironment to maintain cancer stem cells and remodel the tumor microenvironment. (spandidos-publications.com)
Germline mutations in the NOTCH1 , NOTCH2 and NOTCH3 genes cause Adams-Oliver syndrome, Alagille syndrome and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, respectively ( 4 ), and DLL4-NOTCH3 signaling in human vascular organoids induces basement membrane thickening and drives vasculopathy in the diabetic microenvironment ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Conclusion: Our study suggests that the RANKL/RANK pathway contributes to the development and maintenance of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and denosumab may be a promising adjuvant therapy targeting TAMs in cancer of apocrine origin. (iiarjournals.org)
For example, Paget's cells release soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (sRANKL) into the tumor microenvironment, stimulating RANK + TAMs to produce CCL17, which recruits Tregs into the lesional skin of patients with extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) ( 11 , 17 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Accordingly, investigating the characteristics of cancer-related factors is important to determine the immunological background of the tumor microenvironment in each type of skin cancer. (iiarjournals.org)
In the bone microenvironment, breast cancer cells produce osteoclast (OC)-activating cytokines, including parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP), prostaglandin E 2 (PEG 2 ), and interleukin-11 (IL-11) [ 5 ], which can increase expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) by osteoblasts (OBs). (oncotarget.com)
γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)
Therefore, an in-depth understanding of γδ T cells that play conflicting roles in the tumor microenvironment is necessary. (explorationpub.com)

TL1A (TNFSF15), a ligand belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is expressed predominantly by endothelial cells and monocytes. (enzolifesciences.com)
It is now known that new blood vessels originate from preexisting vessels by activation, proliferation and migration of endothelial cells through a process named "angiogenesis" [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Specific growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), stimulate the proliferation and migration of naturally quiescent endothelial cells, resulting in the formation of new vessel structures during embryonic development and tumor growth [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
This suggested that EPCs are able to differentiate into endothelial cells and that such cells are incorporated into sites of active angiogenesis including ischemia, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis in adult organisms [ 16 , 17 ]. (hindawi.com)

Inflammation induced by wear particles derived from prosthetic biomaterials is a major cause of osteolysis. (bvsalud.org)
It is presently unknown whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ activation prevents inflammation in adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, occurs at different stages during embryonic development, physiological processes such as wound healing and reproduction, and numerous diseases, including inflammation, tumor progression, and metastasis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Knockout studies in mice suggested that this gene plays a role in T helper cell activation, and may be involved in inflammation and immune regulation. (wikidoc.org)
In addition, the effects of macrophages in the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their role in inducing fibrosis, activating T cells, reducing colitis, and treating intestinal inflammation were also reviewed in this paper. (frontiersin.org)
Chronic inflammation is connected to neoplastic transformation, and it is known that patients with autoimmune diseases have increased risks for some types of tumors [ 3 , 4 ], with neoplastic transformation often occurring [ 5 - 8 ]. (medsci.org)
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a modulator of tumor-associated inflammation, is known to be positively correlated with tumor grade and severity of malignancies, but its exact role remains unclear. (oncotarget.com)
During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
4] After allergen exposure, that produced exceptionally large quantities of airway inflammation is orchestrated mainly by cytokine IL-9. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, BF-rTK + GCV showed to repress the inflammation of tumor through downregulating TNF-α expression. (biomedcentral.com)
A Deficiency in the Cytokine TNFSF14/LIGHT Limits Inflammation and Remodeling in Murine Eosinophilic Esophagitis. (ucsd.edu)

Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI), also known as TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A) and TNF superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15), is protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF15 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. (wikipedia.org)
METHODS: In our study, we used a receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK) promoter-driven Cre-LoxP system to conditionally delete the PDK1 gene in osteoclasts in mice. (bvsalud.org)
In vivo, we discovered that osteoclast-specific knockout of suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption function, and osteoclast-specific gene expression (Ctsk, TRAP, MMP-9, NFATc1). (bvsalud.org)
B-cell activating factor ( BAFF ) also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF13B gene . (wikidoc.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. (wikidoc.org)
OBJECTIVE- We identified lipocalin 2 ( Lcn2 ) as a gene induced by dexamethasone and tumor necrosis factor-α in cultured adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
NK cells were subsequently analyzed for changes in surface marker expression, cytokine production, gene expression changes, and cytotoxic function using flow cytometry, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
The PD-1 gene is a CD28 family member that is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
FUNCTION: This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-α) or tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTA gene . (wikidoc.org)
In other studies, mice with gene knockout of LT-α showed enhanced tumor growth, implicating possible protective role of LT-α in cancer. (wikidoc.org)
[15] The production of NF-kB1 and ReIA increases rates of gene transcription of cytokines and inflammatory-inducing molecules. (wikidoc.org)
Directly targeting therapeutic suicide gene to a solid tumor is a hopeful approach for cancer gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Treatment of a solid tumor by an effective vector for a suicide gene remains a challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
Meanwhile, three human digestive system xenograft tumor models (colorectal cancer colo320, gastric cancer MKN-45 and liver cancer SSMC-7721) and a breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) model were employed to validate the universality of BF-rTK + GCV in solid tumor gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Survival analysis results of multiple cancer models confirmed that BF-rTK + GCV system has a wide field of application in solid tumor gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer gene therapy approaches include the direct killing of tumor cells by injecting a therapeutic gene into the tumor cell or employing vaccine strategies to deliver an immunomodulatory gene that stimulates the immune system to recognize tumor antigens [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-TK + GCV) system is currently one of the best-studied tumor suicide gene therapy systems [ 9 - 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Several antigens have been used as targets for CAR-T cell therapy against MM, including B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), CD19, CD138, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 7 (SLAM7), and immunoglobulin light chains. (biomedcentral.com)
Inadequate level of BAFF will fail to activate B cells to produce enough immunoglobulin and will lead to immunodeficiency. (wikidoc.org)
The most common example of this type of fusion protein combines the hinge and Fc regions of an immunoglobulin (Ig) with domains of a cell-surface receptor that recognizes a specific ligand (Box 1). (coek.info)

Homeostatic osteoclastogenesis is effectively induced by RANKL (Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand). (frontiersin.org)
As we previously reported, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling on M2 macrophages promotes the production of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines to maintain the immunosuppressive tumor environment of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD). (iiarjournals.org)

Aiming at wear particle-induced periprosthetic aseptic osteolysis, this review separately discusses the molecular mechanism of regulation of ROS formation and inflammatory response through intervention of macrophage/osteoclast RANKL-MAPKs-NF-κB pathway. (bvsalud.org)
TNF and RANKL are members of the TNF superfamily. (frontiersin.org)
Osteoclast differentiation is induced by the master osteoclastogenic factor, RANKL, which acts in concert with M-CSF and ITAM-mediated co-stimulatory signaling. (frontiersin.org)
Understanding the mechanistic difference between RANKL-mediated physiological and TNF-mediated inflammatory osteoclastogenesis, and especially TNF-induced intrinsic inhibitory mechanisms, will strengthen the development of therapeutic approaches to treat pathological bone destruction in disease settings and prevent negative side effects on bone remodeling and immunity. (frontiersin.org)
Since EMPD is a skin adenocarcinoma of apocrine gland origin that expresses high levels of RANKL and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 7, and EMPD is associated with the presence of RANK + M2 macrophages, we hypothesized that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in adenocarcinomas such as PCAC might also express RANKL and MMP7. (iiarjournals.org)

X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), a transcription factor, affects the metabolism of bones in various ways. (bvsalud.org)
The secreted decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a soluble protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily blocks the action of TL1A. (enzolifesciences.com)
The shelf life is related to many factors, storage state, buffer ingredients, storage temperature and the stability of the protein itself. (cusabio.com)
[5] TACI binds worst since its affinity is higher for a protein similar to BAFF, called a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). (wikidoc.org)
These include members of the Bcl-2 protein family, course, and extent of programmed cell death will aid man- which have both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic activity agement of patients with severe infections. (cdc.gov)
[2] The DR6 is an alpha-helical integral membrane receptor protein that shows evidence that it has something to do with the inhibition of blood vessels forming on tumors which would allow them to grow larger. (wikidoc.org)
Tumor cells can induce, through exposition of amyloid precursor protein (APP), DR6-mediated endothelial cell necroptosis allowing tumors metastasis. (wikidoc.org)
[8] APP ( amyloid precursor protein ) is the natural ligand of DR6 and is first cleaved into Aβ and N-APP. (wikidoc.org)
Today's webinar, "Breakthrough in Stem Cell Activation: The First Oral Protein Complex for Tissue Regeneration. (chiroeco.com)
Really excited today to talk about breakthrough in stem cell activation through an oral protein complex. (chiroeco.com)
The expression of Lcn2 is induced during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis in a CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-dependent manner. (diabetesjournals.org)
For this purpose, WIN 55,212-2 was injected in pregnant wistar rats from gestation day 5 to 20 and a detailed analysis of the levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as of the signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) was carried out in adult offspring. (researchgate.net)
We further demonstrated that in vitro administration of pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly upregulated expression levels of CCL2 and CXCL1 as well as phosphorylation (activation) of the stress-associated transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 in cultured astrocytes prepared from cerebral cortices of neonatal rats. (researchsquare.com)

On activated T cells, TL1A functions specifically via its surface-bound receptor DR3, (a member of the death-domain containing TNF receptor family) to promote cell survival and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. (enzolifesciences.com)
Pathophysiologically, asthma exert different effects at different concentrations, can is characterized by constriction of airway smooth synergize or antagonize the effects of other cytokines muscle, hyper secretion of mucus, edema and airway and regulated in a complex manner and function via hyper responsiveness (AHR),[3] mucus secretion and cytokine cascade. (cdc.gov)
Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)

It is closely associated with B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) receptor, transmembrane activator, calcium modulator, and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Selective AHR deletion in eosinophils depleted Clec4a4+ eosinophils, augmented innate lymphocytes producing type 2 cytokines, and enhanced helminth clearance. (stanford.edu)
First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Lymphotoxin alpha, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family , is a cytokine produced by lymphocytes . (wikidoc.org)
A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member that is expressed on activated antigen-presenting cells such as B-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. (bvsalud.org)

CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated that PDK1 performs an important role in osteoclastogenesis and prostate cancer-induced osteolysis by modulating the PDK1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Recent studies have uncovered key intrinsic mechanisms by which TNF acts on osteoclast precursors to restrain osteoclastogenesis, including the mechanisms mediated by RBP-J signaling, RBP-J and ITAM (Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) crosstalk, RBP-J mediated regulatory network, NF- κ B p100, IRF8, and Def6. (frontiersin.org)

TL1a is upregulated by the proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1 and also by immune complexes (IC). (enzolifesciences.com)

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS AND RESULTS- First, we examined whether the PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 prevents lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Cytokines secreted by adipocytes, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, and interleukin-6, are implicated in NAFLD. (wjgnet.com)

On the other hand, phagosomes are formed when the pathogen is engulfed by macrophages and fuse with lysosomes to release enzymes and toxic substances, resulting in killing or having cytotoxic effects on bacteria and tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nih.gov)
To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
Based on effector function, NK cells are divided into two major subsets: more cytotoxic NK cells (CD56 dim CD16 + ) and more cytokine-secreting NK cells (CD56 bright CD16 dim/- ) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Among immune cells, Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are potent inhibitors of cancer immunity, and their presence within solid tumors is generally associated with a poor prognosis. (mdpi.com)

The antitumor effect provided by natural killing has been observed in tumors of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origins and reported in diverse in vivo models and clinical series ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)

instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)

Although tumor cells were first thought to drive the cellular events underpinning tumor angiogenesis and growth, considerable evidence has now emerged for the central role of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in this phenomenon [ 8 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Macrophages play a significant role in many processes, such as the human immune function, parasite infection, and tissue remodeling by secreting cytokines and producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. (frontiersin.org)
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) bioactivity in culture supernatants of peritoneal macrophages from homozygous mice is undetectable in response to all TLR stimuli tested ( i.e. , lipid A, zymosan A, lipoteichoic acid, lipopeptide, poly I:C and CpG ODN). (utsouthwestern.edu)

Leptin and adiponectin can augment the oxidation of fatty acid in liver by activating the nuclear receptor super-family of transcription factors, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. (wjgnet.com)

Remarkably, Clec4a4+ eosinophils were instructed by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that imprints many gut immune cells. (stanford.edu)
However, a class of important immune-modulators is conspicuously absent: agents that utilize the power of innate immune cells to eradicate tumors. (frontiersin.org)

The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
Their advantage lies in the ability to perceive tumors with a low mutation load, thus establishing the first line of defense against pathogens. (explorationpub.com)

OBJECTIVE- Chronic activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in white adipose tissue leads to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are involved in the development of insulin resistance. (diabetesjournals.org)

Myeloid cells are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that play a critical role during growth and metastasis of malignant tumors. (hindawi.com)
Myeloid cells promote tumor growth by stimulating tumor angiogenesis, suppressing tumor immunity, and promoting metastasis to distinct sites. (hindawi.com)
Bone is a unique environment storing a variety of growth factors, and is one of the most common target sites for distant metastasis of breast cancer [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
[3] [6] However, mice with overexpression of LT-α or LT-β showed increased tumor growth and metastasis in several models of cancer. (wikidoc.org)

Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nih.gov)
In this final section , we discuss the multiple signals that help activate a T cell and how a helper T cell , once activated to become an effector cell , helps activate other cells. (nih.gov)
T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. (cdc.gov)

Moreover, deletion of PDK1 in osteoclasts ameliorated osteolysis and rPDK1educed bone resorption markers in the murine model of prostate cancer-induced osteolysis. (bvsalud.org)

However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)

TNF (Tumor necrosis factor) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in immunity and inflammatory bone destruction. (frontiersin.org)
We also highlight the therapeutic approaches aiming at targeting these regulators to enhance anti-tumor immunity. (mdpi.com)
The interaction of PRRSV with the immune system is believed to be of critical importance for defining immunological and clinical outcomes of the infection and, along with other factors, is associated with an inefficient development of the adaptive immunity. (biomedcentral.com)

They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)

Methods Real-time PCR, western blot and ELISA were performed to evaluate NGF, proNGF, their receptor and cytokine expression in synovial tissue and cells of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and controls. (bmj.com)
proNGF effects depend on its binding to p75NTR, as inhibition of p75NTR with neutralising antibodies or LM11A-31 abolished proNGF-induced production of IL-6 in patients' mononuclear cells, while inhibition of TrkA did not. (bmj.com)
BCMA, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, is exclusively expressed in a subpopulation of B cells, normal plasma cells, and malignant plasma cells. (biomedcentral.com)
As the only bone resorbing cells in vivo, osteoclasts play important roles in cancer-induced osteolysis. (bvsalud.org)
Bone marrow-derived macrophage cells (BMMs) were extracted and induced to differentiate osteoclasts in vitro to explore the role of PDK1 in osteoclasts. (bvsalud.org)
Among these, Siglec-8 is a CD33-related family member selectively expressed on human mast cells and eosinophils, and at low levels on basophils. (mdpi.com)
These cells can participate in inflammatory responses by releasing mediators that attract or activate other cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of allergic and non-allergic diseases. (mdpi.com)
There is compelling clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the recognition and eradication of tumors. (frontiersin.org)
Nascent transformed cells elicit NK cell activation and are eliminated. (frontiersin.org)
Therapeutic intervention aims to reverse tumor-induced NK cell suppression and sustain NK cells' tumorlytic capacities. (frontiersin.org)
NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we discuss the role of myeloid cells in promoting tumor angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
Importantly, during tumor progression, myeloid cells are implicated in promoting tumor angiogenesis, causing resistance against antiangiogenic therapies in cancer, and suppressing the immune response during cancer [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
In 1971, Dr. Judah Folkman observed that neovascularization occurs around tumors and proposed that new blood vessel growth is necessary to supply nutrients and oxygen to tumor cells during exponential tumor growth [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Subsequent studies described a VEGFR2 and AC133 expressing subpopulation of these CD34 positive circulating cells that could form endothelial colonies in vitro [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
So one is to activate stem cells and the second is to regenerate tissue. (chiroeco.com)
The 4-1BB receptor (CDw137), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, has been shown to costimulate the activation of T cells. (rupress.org)
Immunohistochemical staining of MMP1 and MMP25 as well as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 5 in the lesional skin from five patients with PCAC showed a substantial number of MMP1-bearing cells and MMP25-bearing cells, as well as CCL5-producing cells, that were distributed in the lesional skin. (iiarjournals.org)
To investigate whether tenascin-C and tenascin-R may play important functional roles in the lesioned central nervous system, we have analysed their expression in the olivocerebellar system of the adult rat after 3-acetylpyridine-induced degeneration of nerve cells in the inferior olivary nucleus. (researchgate.net)
NKG2D is an activating NK cell surface receptor that recognizes ligands, such as MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence (MIC) A and B and UL16-binding proteins (ULPBs), displayed on the surfaces of stressed cells, thereby preventing non-specific killing by bringing NK cells into close proximity with their targets [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, increasing data have shown that peripheral T-cell tolerance is an essential property of the specific immune response to tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, it has been shown that the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) is highly expressed in leukemia cells. (biomedcentral.com)
PD-1 is expressed on activated T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells. (biomedcentral.com)
However, more recent studies have revealed the potential collaboration of other helper T cells and their cytokines in this process. (cdc.gov)
The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. (cdc.gov)
[6] Hence depending on the context, LT-α may function to prevent growth of cancer cells or facilitate the development of tumors. (wikidoc.org)
When expressed in tumors, TK converts the non-toxic precursor GCV into GCV- 3-phosphate, a toxic substance that kills tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
However, the clinical application of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells has certain limitations. (explorationpub.com)
First, γδ T cells exposed to complicated cytokine networks are potentially affected by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. (explorationpub.com)
These cells may be a key factor ultimately mediating the deviation of the antagonistic response between tumor inhibition and tumor promotion. (explorationpub.com)
According to current challenges, there is a need to explore innovative immunotherapies, maximize the tumor-killing efficacy of γδ T cells, and attenuate or eliminate tumor immunosuppression. (explorationpub.com)

[6] LT-α plays an important role in innate immune regulation and its presence has been shown to prevent tumor growth and destroy cancerous cell lines. (wikidoc.org)

This cytokine is also found to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, and thus may function as an angiogenesis inhibitor. (wikipedia.org)

A potential disadvantage of BCMA is that soluble BCMA can be released or shed from tumors into the the surrounding tissues and into the circulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Taken together, these features of RAGE allow the receptor to propagate cellular dysfunction in a number of pathophysiologically relevant situations, most often dictated by the formation and persistence of ligands in the tissues. (jci.org)

Using mice lacking the DNA hydroxymethylase TET2, we showed the requirement for TET2 in optimal production of hallmark cytokines by ILC3s and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by inflammatory ILC2s. (stanford.edu)
The production of cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-12 is normal in PanR1 mutants. (utsouthwestern.edu)

Canonical Notch signaling activates the transcription of BMI1 proto‑oncogene polycomb ring finger, cyclin D1, CD44, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, hes family bHLH transcription factor 1, hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1, MYC, NOTCH3, RE1 silencing transcription factor and transcription factor 7 in a cellular context‑dependent manner, while non‑canonical Notch signaling activates NF‑κB and Rac family small GTPase 1. (spandidos-publications.com)
Chemokines such as chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) are critical signaling factors regulating post-TBI neuroinflammation. (researchsquare.com)

Here we compare transcriptional responses to physiological DNA breaks with responses to genotoxic DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation. (biomedcentral.com)
While it is known that genotoxic agents, such as IR, activate transcriptional programs involved in maintaining the integrity of the genome, we also want to investigate whether or not the genotoxic breaks could affect lymphocyte-specific maturation transcriptional responses similar to those we observed following RAG-induced physiological DSBs. (biomedcentral.com)
By comparing the transcriptional responses to both types of DNA damage, we can compare the similarities in the responses to damage as well as the differences induced by genotoxic damage. (biomedcentral.com)
A rat TBI model was established by air pressure contusion while lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure was used to induce inflammatory-like responses in cultured astrocytes. (researchsquare.com)
The PanR1 ('pan-resistance') phenotype was detected in a screen of ENU-induced G1 mutant mice for altered responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands ( TLR Signaling Screen ). (utsouthwestern.edu)
As described below, these diverse situations range from the complications of diabetes and cellular perturbation in amyloidoses to immune and inflammatory responses and tumor cell behavior. (jci.org)

Two main advantages of BCMA as an antigen for CAR-T therapy are the potential reduction of on-target/off-tumor toxicity and the lack of antigen-dependent reduction in CAR-T cell expansion [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These results suggest genotoxic damage may induce a unique cancer-prone phenotype and processes mimicking activated B cell response to antigenic agents, as well as the normal B cell maturation processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Since its discovery in 2000, initial in vitro studies have found that the engagement of Siglec-8 with a monoclonal antibody or with selective polyvalent sialoglycan ligands induced the cell death of eosinophils and inhibited mast cell degranulation. (mdpi.com)
Cytokines, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, and especially checkpoint inhibitors constitute valuable elements in the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. (frontiersin.org)
NK cell infiltration into tumor tissue is associated with better disease prognosis in colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and lung carcinomas ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
Notch signaling is aberrantly activated in breast cancer, non‑small‑cell lung cancer and hematological malignancies, such as T‑cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma. (spandidos-publications.com)
Phase III clinical trials of Rova‑T for patients with small‑cell lung cancer and a phase III clinical trial of nirogacestat for patients with desmoid tumors are ongoing. (spandidos-publications.com)
The free serum levels of this DR6 are heightened with anti-cell death factors in patients that have later stage ovarian cancer. (wikidoc.org)
The two signals that activate a helper T cell. (nih.gov)
A) A mature antigen-presenting cell can deliver both signal 1 and 2 and thereby activate the T cell. (nih.gov)
Their two main functions are direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the release of cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
PTX3 expression was also up-regulated in a bone metastatic breast cancer cell line and further enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα. (oncotarget.com)
[1] [2] Belonging to the hematopoietic cell line, LT-α exhibits anti-proliferative activity and causes the cellular destruction of tumor cell lines. (wikidoc.org)
[6] Absence of LT-β on cell surfaces will diminish the ability of LT-α to form LT-α 1 -β 2 , thus decreasing its effective ability as a cytokine . (wikidoc.org)
Finally, it retrospectively analyze the activation strategies and clinical relevance of existing γδ T cell adoptive immunotherapies. (explorationpub.com)

Low AKR1B10 expression induced M2 macrophage polarization and promoted the malignant phenotype of GC. (portlandpress.com)
In heterozygotes, TLR-induced TNF activity is approximately one-eighth of wild type levels, consistent with a dominant phenotype ( 1 ) (Figure 1). (utsouthwestern.edu)

It is the sole known ligand for death receptor 3, and it can also be recognized by decoy receptor 3. (wikipedia.org)
This cytokine is a ligand for receptor TNFRSF25 (death receptor 3) and TNFRSF6B (decoy receptor 3). (wikipedia.org)

These observations stimulated an intensive search for the mechanisms regulating tumor angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)

This study shows for the first time that in inflamed synoviae the high levels of proNGF, with activated synovial fibroblasts as its major source, and high levels of p75NTR, the specific receptor of proNGF, correlate with the severity of clinical symptoms in patients with arthritis. (bmj.com)

For example, there is evidence that HT patients have a high risk of thyroid cancer, the most common endocrine malignancy, than the general population [ 9 - 15 ]. (medsci.org)

Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF11B/OPG and to TNFRSF11A/RANK. (cusabio.com)

During osteoclast differentiation, in a TMEM64 and ATP2A2-dependent manner induces activation of CREB1 and mitochondrial ROS generation necessary for proper osteoclast generation. (cusabio.com)

Some studies have found that high levels of antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are related to HT-related thyroid tumors. (medsci.org)
Western Blot: TNF-alpha Antibody [NBP1-19532] - Scutellarin attenuates hypertension-induced brain expression of NF-kappaB, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-18. (novusbio.com)

The potential therapeutic applications emerging from the roles of these cytokines will be discussed as well. (cdc.gov)

Since TAMs have been detected both in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer ( 8 , 12 - 14 ), their variable immunosuppressive function is determined by the stimulation from each cancer type and the corresponding stromal factors ( 11 , 13 , 15 , 16 ). (iiarjournals.org)

Anatomy6

Organisms3

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes17

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Apoptosis11

Receptors13

Pathways15

Microenvironment10

Endothelial cells4

Inflammation12

Gene19

Immunoglobulin3

Receptor activator of nuclear2

RANKL5

Protein13

Secretion3

Cyclophilin ligand interactor1

Lymphocytes4

Osteoclastogenesis2

Proinflammatory1

Adipocytes2

Cytotoxic4

Solid tumors1

Hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic1

Targeting tumor cells1

Macrophages3

Peroxisome prolifer1

Immune cells2

Pathogens2

Nuclear1

Metastasis4

Effector3

Bone resorption1

Cancerous cells1

Immunity3

Antigen -pres1

Cells32

Innate1

Proliferation1

Tissues2

Interleukin2

Motif2

Responses6

Cell15

Phenotype2

Decoy receptor2

Angiogenesis1

Clinical1

Malignancy1

Binds1

Differentiation1

Antibody2

Therapeutic1

Immunosuppressive1