Acid hydrolysis. Medical search. Frequent questions

Alkaline hydrolysis Enzymatic hydrolysis Acid catalysis Speight, James G. (2 November 2016). (wikipedia.org)
The enzymatic hydrolysis of the peels by cellulase, β-glucosidase, and pectinase enzymes resulted in 72% dissolution of the peels, including 18.7% galacturonic acid and 53.3% of a total of glucose, fructose, galactose, and arabinose. (ncsu.edu)
the enzymatic hydrolysis was the best when using hemicellulase at a concentration of 0,001 g/g, followed by cellulase hydrolysis at a concentration of 0,083 µL/g. (unpad.ac.id)
Enzymatic hydrolysis enhanced the SC, HY, and HPR to 34.52 g L −1 , 283.91 mL H 2 g −1 TS, and 3266.86 mL H 2 L −1 d −1 , respectively, at 45 °C, pH 5.0, and 1.17 mg enzyme mL −1 . (elsevierpure.com)
Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis can be performed if enhanced HPR is required. (elsevierpure.com)
Gonzales, RR, Kim, JS & Kim, SH 2019, ' Optimization of dilute acid and enzymatic hydrolysis for dark fermentative hydrogen production from the empty fruit bunch of oil palm ', International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , pp. 2191-2202. (elsevierpure.com)
In the present paper, a new analytical procedure is presented, based on the reductive amination of the carbohydrates obtained via acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysaccharides before quantification by means of high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) and UV-detection. (degruyter.com)
This approach was suitable for the analysis of neutral carbohydrates and uronic acids obtained via enzymatic hydrolysis from bleached pulps. (degruyter.com)
In the case of unbleached pulps, the enzymatic hydrolysis was not complete and unhydrolyzed nano-scaled and micro-scaled particles remained in the hydrolysates as detected by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. (degruyter.com)
A microdialysis probe equipped with a 5-mm polysulfone (SPS 4005) membrane, with a molecular-weight cut-off of 5 kDa, was used to sample the hydrolysis products of native wheat starch at 90 degrees C. Characteristic fingerprint separations were achieved by anion exchange chromatography after enzymatic hydrolysis. (lu.se)

Acid hydrolysis is used to prepare monosaccharide with the help of acids, such as: Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid Trifluoroacetic acid Formic acid Nitric acid Acid hydrolysis can be utilized in the pretreatment of cellulosic material, so as to cut the interchain linkages in hemicellulose and cellulose. (wikipedia.org)
Dual functional polymeric solid acid catalysts are synthesized to facilitate cellulose dissolution and catalyze its hydrolysis and dehydration reactions. (confex.com)
It is possible to tune independently the relative ratio as well as the chain length, chain density of the two polymeric nanostructures to optimize the catalytic activity for cellulose hydrolysis and dehydration reactions. (confex.com)
Our synthesized solid acid catalysts demonstrate over 97% total reducing sugar yields for cellulose hydrolysis in various ratios of mixed ionic-liquid/gamma-valerolactone solvents in less than 6 hours at 130 o C. Moreover, at slightly elevated temperature of 135 o C, HMF yield of over 70% has been achieved. (confex.com)
Cellulose hydrolysis is an extensively studied process due to its relevance in the fields of biofuels, chemicals production, and renewable nanomaterials. (elsevierpure.com)
The results revealed that hydrolysis proceeds via an intermediate semi-fibrous stage before objects reminiscent of cellulose nanocrystals were formed. (elsevierpure.com)
The acid hydrolysis residues were characterized for their elemental, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents, and then tested in a small-scale pyrolyzer using silica sand and a commercial ZSM-5 catalyst. (aston.ac.uk)

For the case of esters and amides, it can be defined as an acid catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. (wikipedia.org)
Carboxylic acids can be produced from acid hydrolysis of esters. (wikipedia.org)
The mechanism for the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters (and transesterification). (khanacademy.org)
N-Boc-L-phenylalanine is a derivative of Phenylalanine used in enantioselective hydrolysis of amino acid esters. (advancedchemtech.com)
Nowadays, researchers have used potassium hydroxide catalyzed hydrolysis of esters is sometimes known as saponification because of its relationship with soap making. (biomedcentral.com)
The kinetics of base hydrolysis of glycine, histidine, and methionine methyl esters in the presence of [Pd(pip)(H2O)2]2+ complex, where pip is piperazine, is studied in aqueous solutions, at T = 25°C, and I = 0.1 mol dm−3. (edu.pl)
A typical high-purity grade of lanolin is composed predominantly of long chain waxy esters (approximately 97% by weight) with the remainder being lanolin alcohols , lanolin acids and lanolin hydrocarbons . (wikipedia.org)
Lanolin's complex composition of long-chain esters, hydroxyesters, diesters, lanolin alcohols, and lanolin acids means in addition to its being a valuable product in its own right, it is also the starting point for the production of a whole spectrum of lanolin derivatives, which possess wide-ranging chemical and physical properties. (wikipedia.org)

The kinetics of the hydrolysis of benzaldehyde substituted (X) - phenyl methyl acetals and substituted (Y)-benzaldehyde phenyl methyl acetals were measured in pivalate , acetate, d1-deutero-acetate, beta-chloropropionate, formate and chloroacetate buffers, and in hydrochloric and deutero-chloric acids. (gla.ac.uk)
Vårum, Kjell M. Chemical Characterisation of Chitin and its Kinetics of Hydrolysis in Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid. (ntnu.no)

Our solid acid catalysts consist of two neighboring polymer chains, a poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) polymer chain catalyzing biomass hydrolysis and its subsequent dehydration to 5-hydroxymethyfurfural (HMF), and a poly (vinyl imidazolium chloride) ionic liquid (PIL) polymer chain helping solubilize lignocellulosic biomass and enhance the catalytic activity. (confex.com)
These solid acid catalysts are stable and maintain high catalytic activity after repeated runs. (confex.com)
Bronsted and Hammett linear free energy relationships were found to correlate the ca catalytic constants obtained from the hydrolysis of both (X) and (Y) substituted-acetyl series. (gla.ac.uk)
Catalytic mechanism corresponding to the hydrolysis of a glucuronic acid methyl ester (with the sugar moiety shown as R) by OtCE15A. (lu.se)

The effects of time, acid concentration, temperature and solid concentra-tion on dilute-acid hydrolysis of orange peels were investigated. (ncsu.edu)
Dilute-acid hydrolysis up to 210°C was not able to hydrolyze pectin to galacturonic acid. (ncsu.edu)
Dilute acid hydrolysis would be a viable pretreatment for biohydrogen production from EFB. (elsevierpure.com)

In organic chemistry, acid hydrolysis is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the cleavage of a chemical bond via a nucleophilic substitution reaction, with the addition of the elements of water (H2O). (wikipedia.org)
Acid hydrolysis does not usually refer to the acid catalyzed addition of the elements of water to double or triple bonds by electrophilic addition as may originate from a hydration reaction. (wikipedia.org)
It seemed not unreasonable to assume that the same process occurs also in the hydrolysis reaction. (gla.ac.uk)
In an ester hydrolysis reaction using a dilute base what is the pH change before and after the reaction occurs. (stackexchange.com)
Develop various selective C-C coupling reaction chemistries via a slate of catalysts to build the carbon chain length starting from furans and long-chain functionalized molecules, such as fatty acids or their derivatives. (udel.edu)
The parameters effect of ethanolic KOH concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time to free fatty acid (FFA%) were investigated using D-Optimal Design. (biomedcentral.com)
Hydrolysis reaction of J. curcas seed oil . (biomedcentral.com)
The reaction can be catalyzed by acid, base, or lipase, but it also occurs as an un-catalyzed reaction between fats and water dissolved in the fat phase at suitable temperatures and pressures [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
On a laboratory scale, alkaline hydrolysis is carried out with only a slight excess of alkali, typically potassium or sodium hydroxide in ethanol, refluxing for 1 h, and the FAs recovered after acidification of the reaction mixture. (biomedcentral.com)
The kinetic was investigated by monitoring the rate the hydrogen gas evolved during hydrolysis , using a laboratory made thermostated reaction cell . (bvsalud.org)
Under strongly acidic conditions, the rates of hydrogen evolution produced by amine boranes hydrolysis appear to be much slower than those predicted by a pseudo-first order reaction and using the rate constants reported in the literature . (bvsalud.org)
The relatively high efficiencies of H2Se observed with amine borane reduction of inorganic SeIV at elevated acidities can be addressed to the action of borane intermediates, most probably amine borane cations , formed during amine borane hydrolysis in the same reaction conditions. (bvsalud.org)
To investigate the influenced parameters of acid hydrolysis, biomass type (SCB, mixed biomass MB (SCB and SSP in 1:1 ratio by weight) and SSP), initial acid concentration (64-80 wt%), reaction time (30-90 min) and solid loading (10-20%w/w) were optimized by using Taguchi method. (tci-thaijo.org)
The optimized conditions were obtained with mixed biomass type, the initial acid concentration of 64 wt%, reaction time of 60 min and solid loading of 10%w/v. Under these conditions, 0.51 g/g of reducing sugar was achieved without furfural formation although ethanol yield was relatively low compared to that of Taguchi experimental runs. (tci-thaijo.org)

The result indicated that biomass type highly influenced the acid hydrolysis on sugar yield and furfural formation. (tci-thaijo.org)

the initial rate of hydrolysis of methyj. (askiitians.com)
the initial rate of hydrolysis of methyj acetate(1M) by a weak acid (HA, 1M) is 1/100th of that of a strong acid ( HX, 1M) at 25 degree celcius. (askiitians.com)

Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of triacylglycerol Figure 1 . (biomedcentral.com)

Enzyme-mediated enantioselective hydrolysis of a PEG-supported substrate. (scirp.org)
Herein, we describe the enzyme-mediated enantioselective hydrolysis of aliphatic dicarboxylic acid diesters, and also report the methodical study of the substrate specificity. (scirp.org)

and (4) ketonic decarboxylation of fatty acids followed by aldol condensation. (udel.edu)
Fatty acids (FAs) are important as raw materials for the biotechnology industry. (biomedcentral.com)
Hydrolysis of oils and fats is the applied term to the operation in which ethanolic KOH reacts with oil to form glycerol and fatty acids (FAs). (biomedcentral.com)
Lipase catalyzes hydrolysis of triglycerides to produce fatty acids and glycerol. (medscape.com)

If there is an excess of butanol in acid while there is only a limited amount of ester, you would see transesterification occur. (khanacademy.org)
at the mechanism of acid promoted ester hydrolysis. (khanacademy.org)
But when I add the ester, it will react and form an alcohol and carboxylic acid, which is acidic. (stackexchange.com)
The rate of ester hydrolysis for glycine methyl ester is studied at different temperature and dioxane/water solutions of different compositions. (edu.pl)
Hydrolysis of amino ester compounds yields para -aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a well-known allergen, as an intermediate metabolite. (medscape.com)

The results obtained were all indicative of an A-SE2 mechanism in the general acid catalysed hydrolysis of aromatic aryl methyl acetals, with concerted proton transfer to phenolic oxygen and carbon-phenolic oxygen bond fission in the rate limiting step and where incipient carbonium ion stability and leaving group ability, rather than a high relative degree of proton transfer in the transition state, were commensurate to faster hydrolysis rates. (gla.ac.uk)
The mechanism for the hydrolysis of 2′-deoxyribonucleosides is examined using computational chemistry techniques. (uleth.ca)
Initially, a model capable of accurately predicting the mechanism and activation barrier for the uncatalyzed hydrolysis of 2′-deoxyuridine is designed. (uleth.ca)
Finally, the concepts developed during the generation of the uncatalyzed hydrolysis model are applied to the mechanism of action of a glycosylase enzyme, namely human uracil DNA glycosylase. (uleth.ca)
an A1 mechanism of hydrolysis explains the observed effects. (worktribe.com)
This evidence indicates a different mechanism of hydrolysis to the one accepted in the literature for amine boranes . (bvsalud.org)
Novel crystal structures of a homo-dimeric amino acid transporter (ArtI-Q2N2) in complex with two substrate molecules raise some important questions concerning the general mechanism of Type I importers: (i) are two substrate molecules required to trigger ATP hydrolysis in a homo-dimeric transporter? (hu-berlin.de)

Driselase digestion of cell walls produces disaccharides characteristic of some of the major cell wall polysaccharides, while hydrolysis with TFA yields monosaccharides. (bl.uk)

Acid Hydrolysis of Pretreated Sugarcane Bagasse, Macroalgae Sargassum sp. (tci-thaijo.org)

This includes process optimization of lignocellulose hydrolysis, and fermentation technology for production of organic acids from hemicellulose. (lu.se)
Data from the monitoring of the hydrolysis of wheat starch indicated that, after 1 h, glucose and maltooligosaccharides up to DP 7 were the main hydrolysis products and thus enabled optimization of a liquefication step during the production of L-lactic acid. (lu.se)

Hydrolysis of lanolin yields lanolin alcohols and lanolin acids. (wikipedia.org)
a peptide that yields two amino acids on hydrolysis. (dictionary.com)

The hydrolysis rates measured in buffer solutions, of the twelve acetals studied were found to be dependent on the concentration of undissociated acid and shown to be authentic examples of general acid catalysis, with reference to current opinions that such observations might be manifestations of solvent, electrolyte or buffer effects. (gla.ac.uk)
of general acid catalysis in acetal hydrolysis, although relief of steric strain through carbonium ion formation is also relevant. (gla.ac.uk)
The hydrolysis of benzaldehyde methyl acetyl acylal, the possible intermediate of acetate anion nucleophilic attack on benzaldehyde phenyl methyl acetal, was found to be general acid catalysed, and is believed to be the first reported example of buffer catalysis in acylal hydrolysis. (gla.ac.uk)
have also been tentatively studied, however, they have only moderate catalysis and lack the desiring stability in the hydrolysis conditions. (frontiersin.org)

The optimum results were obtained at 116°C, 0.5% sulfuric acid concentration, 6% solid fraction, and 12.9 min retention time. (ncsu.edu)
An energy crop (Miscanthus) was treated hydrothermally to produce levulinic acid (LA). Temperatures ranging between 150 and 200 °C, sulfuric acid concentrations 1-5 wt. (aston.ac.uk)
Milk lactose level was determined using neonatal intensive care unit follow-up clinic phenol reagent and sulfuric acid [ 4,5 ]. (who.int)

The term is also applied to certain nucleophilic addition reactions, such as in the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of nitriles to amides. (wikipedia.org)
In this study potassium hydroxide (KOH)-catalyzed reactions were utilized to hydrolysis Jatropha curcas seed oil. (biomedcentral.com)

Vårum, Kjell M. Depolymerization and De-N-acetylation of Chitin Oligomers in Hydrochloric Acid. (ntnu.no)
RYANODEX is supplied in 20 mL vials containing 250 mg dantrolene sodium and the following inactive ingredients: 125 mg mannitol, 25 mg polysorbate 80, 4 mg povidone K12 and sufficient sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment. (rxlist.com)

On the other hand, the following chemical hydrolysis of the remaining (S, S)-diesters and (S)-monoesters gave the (S)-alcohol. (scirp.org)
Behavior and kinetic of hydrolysis of amine boranes in acid media employed in chemical vapor generation. (bvsalud.org)
In order to explain this unexpected higher efficiency of amine boranes with respect of THB, the kinetic of hydrolysis of AB, TBAB and DMAB was investigated in acid media typically employed in chemical vapor generation for trace element determination . (bvsalud.org)

Complex matrices such as food typically require acid hydrolysis prior to solvent extraction, to free bound lipids and to facilitate the extraction. (buchi.com)
The main derivatisation routes include hydrolysis , fractional solvent crystallisation , esterification , hydrogenation , alkoxylation and quaternisation . (wikipedia.org)

SSP) as a single feedstock and its mixture in two-step concentrated acid hydrolysis followed by yeast fermentation in order to produce reducing sugar with minimal formation of furfural, and bioethanol. (tci-thaijo.org)

These studies have used to hydrolysis of FAs depends on the types of catalysts, types of vegetable oils and also depends on the different variables such as temperature and time to achieve 100% hydrolysis of vegetable oils. (biomedcentral.com)
Subsequently, the acid-hydrolysate underwent enzymatic saccharification under various temperature, pH, and enzymatic loading conditions. (elsevierpure.com)
Moreover, according to the available hydrolysis study for the substance, Methyl formates' susceptibility to hydrolysis increases with pH as well as with temperature. (europa.eu)
Sample collection took termination of lipids was performed by acid place from February to April 2003 at an av- hydrolysis, while proteins were determined erage maximum outside temperature range as nitrogen content of the milk sample, then of 25-30 °C. multiplied by a specific factor to obtain the protein content [ 4,5 ]. (who.int)

Greish, YE & Brown, PW 1999, ' Hydrolysis of tetracalcium phosphate in the presence of a poly(alkenoic acid) ', Journal of Materials Research , vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 4637-4642. (uaeu.ac.ae)

In the perspective of hydrolysis dehydrogenation, finding high active and low-cost catalysts to make AB completely release its hydrogen under moderate conditions is a key point for this system. (frontiersin.org)
Normally, the kidneys excrete hydrogen ions (H + ) through the formation of titratable acids and ammonium. (medscape.com)

ii) do only homo-dimeric amino acid transporters contain two substrate binding sites or does this hold also for hetero-dimeric systems? (hu-berlin.de)

A general method for the synthesis of a series of previously unknown N -(heteroaryl)- and N -(aryl)aminotetrazoles through the tandem electrocyclization/hydrolysis of azidohydrazones was accomplished. (hse.ru)

Thus, the assessment of the long-term toxicity of the substance is based on the available experimental data for the hydrolytic products: formic acid and methanol. (europa.eu)

The racemic diesters were easily prepared by the coupling of racemic alcohols with dicarboxylic anhydrides followed by esterification or with dicarboxylic acids. (scirp.org)
Then, we had noticed that the dicarboxylic acids would be a substitute for PEG spacer in Scheme 1, and the corresponding dicarboxylic acid diesters 4 could be a substrate for hydrolytic enzymes (Scheme 3). (scirp.org)

Under acid hydrolysis conditions, starch is converted to what? (nethercraft.net)

2016 "Kinetic studies on biodiesel production using a trace acid catalyst", Catalyst Today. (esf.edu)

Recent advances in the study of acetal hydrolysis and the use of acetals in model systems for the investigation of enzymically catalysed hydrolysis are reviewed. (gla.ac.uk)
The d1-acetic acid catalysed d4-methanolysis of benz-aldehyde phenyl methyl acetal was followed in a high resolution N. M. R. spectrometer and the initial bond fission found to occur between carbon and the phenolic oxygen. (gla.ac.uk)

T he chronic test with formic acid using Daphnia magna as test species was performed according to OECD TG 211. (europa.eu)

Temperatures of 175 and 200 °C and acid concentration of 5 wt. (aston.ac.uk)
This study showed that ethanolic KOH concentration was significant variable for J. curcas seed oil hydrolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
The conjugate base can accept H + and the weak acid can relinquish it, thereby minimizing changes in free H + concentration. (msdmanuals.com)

The kinetic data are fit under the assumption that the hydrolysis proceeds in one step. (edu.pl)

The hydrolysis of AB (AB, NH 3 BH 3 ) with the help of transition metal catalysts has been identified as one of the promising strategies for the dehydrogenation in numerous experiments. (frontiersin.org)

Preferential release of aspartic acid during the hydrolysis of proteins. (wikidata.org)

As an initial screen the products of the two assays (Driselase digestion and TFA hydrolysis) were separated by paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography. (bl.uk)
Products of the hydrolysis of chlorophylls in which the phytic acid side chain has been removed and the carboxylic acids saponified. (bvsalud.org)

why you did not protonate oxygen atom that is next to R prime and formed an alcohol and left as a good L.G then molecule of water came and nucleophilically attacked carbonyl carbon then we deprotonated the oxygen atom and finally we have formed our carboxylic acid. (khanacademy.org)

The nucleic acid metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis. (ntu.edu.sg)
Metabolic processes in the human body continually produce acid and, to a lesser degree, base. (msdmanuals.com)
This "fixed" or "metabolic" acid load cannot be exhaled and therefore must be neutralized or excreted by the kidneys. (msdmanuals.com)

The hydrolysis of p-methylbenzaldehyde methyl S-phenyl thioacetal was carried out in weak acid buffers, and the results suggested, although not conclusively, that this substrate might also be catalysed by undissociated acid. (gla.ac.uk)
Finally, by random mutagenesis, we hope to isolate suppressor mutations in HisJ/HisQM that allow homo-dimeric variants (HisM2P2 and HisQ2P2) to transport substrate coupled to ATP hydrolysis. (hu-berlin.de)

A buffer is made up of a weak acid and its conjugate base. (msdmanuals.com)

It is created by one of three mechanisms: (1) increased production of acids, (2) decreased excretion of acids, or (3) loss of alkali. (medscape.com)

Several reports have appeared on the hydrolysis of oils and fats using enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
Though several studies which have appeared on the use of enzymes for hydrolysis of fats and oils. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms13

Chemicals and Drugs154

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Phenomena and Processes41

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Enzymatic hydrolysis10

Cellulose7

Esters8

Kinetics2

Catalytic4

Dilute-acid hydrolysis3

Reaction14

Biomass1

Rate of hydrolysis2

Alkaline1

Enantioselective hydrolysis2

Fatty4

Ester5

Mechanism7

Polysaccharides1

Sugarcane Bagasse1

Optimization2

Yields2

Catalysis4

Sulfuric acid3

Reactions2

Hydrochloric2

Chemical3

Solvent2

Fermentation1

Temperature4

Phosphate1

Hydrogen2

Amino acid1

Aryl1

Methanol1

Diesters2

Starch1

20161

Acetal2

Formic1

Concentration3

Proceeds1

Catalysts1

Proteins1

Products2

Carboxylic acid1

Metabolic3

Substrate2

Weak acid1

Production1

Fats2