• If unavailable, they will be replaced by non-EFAs, changing the behaviour of the phospholipid molecules and affecting the tertiary and quaternary structures of membrane-bound receptors and associated neurotransmitters. (cambridge.org)
  • Here we revisit tau protein aggregation at primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • The p53 protein, to exert its function, binds in a sequence-specific manner to the DNA-binding sites by forming a tetramer, via four self-assembling p53 molecules, which are stabilized by protein-protein and base-stacking interactions [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • For instance, pathological vasculature is more permeable in comparison to healthy tissue, thus an accumulation of high molecular weight molecules and nanoparticles is possible in the interstitial space of tumours. (europa.eu)
  • Class I and class II molecules allow antigen presentation to the specific T-cell receptor via a specific structural groove in its tertiary structure. (medscape.com)
  • Class III MHC molecules include several proteins with other immune functions, such as cytokines, heat shock proteins, and parts of complement system. (medscape.com)
  • Tertiary structure prediction of FLOT1 and screening inhibitors against it helped in finding key molecules with potential therapeutic properties. (phcog.com)
  • In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gives rise to regions of the polypeptide that form regular 3D structural patterns called secondary structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The viral particle is composed of a protein capsid that contains a positive-sense RNA molecule of about 8,500 nucleotides that is infectious and encodes a single polyprotein, which is processed in infected cells by cis - and trans -acting viral proteases ( 55 ) to yield different polypeptide precursors and the mature viral proteins ( 9 , 62 ). (asm.org)
  • The folding of integral membrane proteins clearly differs from that of soluble proteins since the membrane environment imposes constraints on polypeptide secondary and tertiary structural features quite different from those imposed by an aqueous environment. (yale.edu)
  • People with Alzheimer's disease also have excess beta-amyloid 42, a protein that clumps together to form plaques between neurons. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Plaques are fragments of a protein called beta-amyloid, which build up in areas between nerve cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If amyloid accumulation is the driving cause of Alzheimer's disease, then therapies that either decrease amyloid-beta production or increase its degradation could be beneficial, especially if they are started early enough," says the first author of this study, Mathew Blurton-Jones. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides is considered to play a crucial role in the generation of the disease. (phcog.com)
  • Aβ peptide is generated by the proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein by two distinct proteases β and γ-secretase. (phcog.com)
  • Cofactors such as glycosaminoglycans and metal ions have been found associated with amyloid deposits in vivo and shown to affect protein assembly kinetics in vitro. (silverchair.com)
  • A characteristic of several CAP proteins is their formation of amyloid -like structures in the presence of lipids. (silverchair.com)
  • In the case of oligomerization events, monomeric proteins are synthesized and inserted into the membrane, and these monomers subsequently interact in a side-to-side fashion to form complexes that involve helix-helix interactions similar to those found within polytopic helical membrane proteins. (yale.edu)
  • In this work, protein-protein interactions, tertiary structure prediction, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were performed. (phcog.com)
  • The equilibrium state observed in our optical and NMR studies contains many native-like structural features, including a well-structured alpha-helical sub-domain, a short Trp59-heme distance and solvent-shielded heme environment, but lacks the native Met80 sulfur-iron linkage and shows major perturbations in side-chain packing and other tertiary interactions. (protabank.org)
  • In addition, the effect of identified candidate mutations on protein stability and interactions was assessed quantitatively with well-established computational methods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to their large surface area and ability to interact with proteins and peptides, graphene oxides offer valuable physiochemical and biological features for biomedical applications and have been successfully employed for optimizing scaffold architectures for a wide range of organs, from the skin to cardiac tissue. (mdpi.com)
  • Replacements L38E and L41E, involving charge acquisition at residues predicted to contribute to the hydrophobic interface, reduced the dimerization signal in the protein ligation assay and prevented the detection of dimer/multimer species in both transiently expressed 3A proteins and in synthetic peptides reproducing the N terminus of 3A. (asm.org)
  • A conceptual underpinning for much of the work in the group is that, for helical transmembrane proteins, the protein folding process can be considered to occur in two kinetically separated and therefore energetically distinct stages. (yale.edu)
  • Sialin is a transmembrane protein that normally clears the lysosome of monosaccharides such as sialic acid, which result from the enzymatic breakdown of glycoproteins and other substances. (medicinelearners.com)
  • The causes of the loss of function of the transmembrane protein sialin in the infantile as well as in the adult form can be traced back to a defect or a mutation in the SLC17A5 gene. (medicinelearners.com)
  • The agents such as nucleic acids, therapeutic enzymes, proteins and certain antibiotics cannot cross the cell membrane and, therefore such problems can be overcome by using nano delivery systems. (europa.eu)
  • PrP d , in comparison with the normal prion protein PrP c , clearly differs in secondary and tertiary structures ( 4 , 5 ) and in biochemical characteristics ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • To directly assess the functional effects of these mutations, site-directed mutant receptors were transiently expressed in CHO-K1 cells and cAMP accumulation stimulated by recombinant eelLH (rec-eelLH) was measured by homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assays. (preprints.org)
  • This belies the fact that the dry weight of the mammalian brain is approximately 80% lipid (the highest of any organ) and also the steady accumulation of data demonstrating the crucial role of lipids, particularly long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), in modulating neural function. (cambridge.org)
  • When expressed as a recombinant protein in transfected cells, PV 3A cofractionates with endoplasmic reticulum markers ( 66 ), and its single transient expression can disrupt the secretory apparatus ( 23 ) and decrease major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression ( 22 ). (asm.org)
  • Conversely, the degradation of endoplasmic reticulum and misfolded proteins, and of those linked to UPS-independent degradation, is not affected by CLD. (duke.edu)
  • The viral genome encodes four structural capsid proteins (VP1 to VP4) and seven nonstructural (NS) proteins, the leader Lb/ab protease, and proteins encoded in the P2 (2B and 2C) and P3 (3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D) regions ( 9 ). (asm.org)
  • Domains can either serve as modules for building up large assemblies such as virus particles or muscle fibres, or can provide specific catalytic or binding sites as found in enzymes or regulatory proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, we summarize the classifification, structure and function of chs enzymes, the biosynthetic pathway of chitin of filamentous fungi. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The other type of inflammation is a slow accumulation of T-cells and B-cells in the absence of major blood brain barrier damage in the connective tissue spaces of the brain, such as the meninges and the large perivascular Virchow Robin spaces, where they may form aggregates or in most severe cases structures in part resembling tertiary lymph follicles. (frontiersin.org)
  • In primitive land plants, two additional unique classes of AQPs, GlpF-like intrinsic protein (GIPs) and hybrid intrinsic proteins (HIPs) have been described and are presumed to have been lost in the course of evolution [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To test this, we aligned 97 protein sequences consisting of homologs of UMAMIT clade I from 27 plant species and created sequence logos containing the 51 residues identified in the structural analysis ( Supplementary Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We are interested in how the primary sequences of membrane proteins determine their three dimensional structures, and hence their functions. (yale.edu)
  • The betA gene sequence reported in this study contains several base substitutions with that of reported sequences in GenBank, resulting in the altered amino acid sequences of the translated proteins. (scialert.net)
  • Moreover, the sequence analysis of choline dehydrogenase from our isolate shows several base substitutions with that of reported sequences in GenBank, resulting in the altered amino acid sequences of the translated proteins. (scialert.net)
  • This review critically focuses on opportunities to employ protein-graphene oxide structures either as nanocomposites or as biocomplexes and highlights the effects of carbonaceous nanostructures on protein conformation and structural stability for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. (mdpi.com)
  • at acidic pH, titration of Asp residues shifts the equilibrium toward membrane insertion and tissue accumulation. (yale.edu)
  • So-called hydrops fetalis, an accumulation of tissue fluid that extends over large parts of the fetus, can usually be detected in prenatal diagnostics using ultrasound. (medicinelearners.com)
  • However, when encapsulated in a nanocarrier, the increased size allows entrance into the tumour vasculature but inhibits escape, leading to accumulation in the tumour tissue. (europa.eu)
  • Leptin, the protein product of the ob gene, is a hormone that is secreted principally by adipose tissue (adipocyte-derived hormone). (researchgate.net)
  • Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of the expression of histone deacetylases, and aggregation of pathogenic forms of proteins are among the most common and significant pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. (actanaturae.ru)
  • Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides which can bind to target cells specifically by distinct tertiary structures even without knowledge of characteristic protein profiles on cell surface. (edu.hk)
  • Characteristic of the sialic acid storage disease, which is also referred to as neuraminic acid storage disease, is a functional restriction or a total loss of function of the transport protein sialin. (medicinelearners.com)
  • The primary structure (string of amino acids) of a protein ultimately encodes its uniquely folded three-dimensional (3D) conformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Various interior dynamics including self organization of macromolecules, protein conformation, movement of human thoracic diaphragm, formation of logarithmic spiral in nature were discussed in the light of potential energy of self gravity and kinetic energy of metabolic energy. (webmedcentral.com)
  • Nature often brings several domains together to form multidomain and multifunctional proteins with a vast number of possibilities. (wikipedia.org)
  • People with Alzheimer's disease have abnormal accumulations of a protein called tau that collects inside neurons. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Past research has indicated that Alzheimer's occurs when two abnormal brain structures - plaques and tangles - damage and kill nerve cells, causing the memory, thinking and behavioral problems associated with the disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Evidence suggests that the process of Alzheimer's disease begins more than a decade before clinical symptoms appear, suggesting we may need to intervene earlier to have a major impact on the course of the disease, particularly when using therapies designed to prevent the development of abnormal protein structures - plaques and tangles - that are abundant in the brains of people with Alzheimer's," says Snyder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Other research has suggested that targeting these abnormal structures could treat Alzheimer's. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Research from Temple University in Philadelphia, PA, for example, suggests that chronic sleep deprivation may cause these abnormal brain structures . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • 100nm) and detrimental accumulation in hepatocytes should be also considered. (edu.hk)
  • Ivan M. Vikhlyantsev Amyloids are insoluble fibrous protein aggregates, and their accumulation. (silverchair.com)
  • The denaturant-induced intermediate also resembles alkaline forms of cytochrome c with altered heme ligation, suggesting that disruption of the native methionine ligand favors accumulation of structurally analogous states both in the presence and absence of non-native ligands. (protabank.org)
  • To distinguish BSE from scrapie and to examine the molecular characteristics of the protease-resistant prion protein (PrP res ), we used a specifically designed Western blot method to test isolates from 648 sheep and 53 goats. (cdc.gov)
  • The last criteria enabled mapping of the protease cleavage site of the PrP protein fragment obtained after PK digestion ( 14 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Phylogenetic analysis showed similar numbers of AQPs clustered in five distinct subfamilies including the plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), the tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), the nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs), the small basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs), and the uncharacterized intrinsic proteins (XIPs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The other RAP2.4 proteins mediate the fine-control and adjust the relative availability of 2CPA, sAPx and tAPx. (fu-berlin.de)
  • β -catenin has many binding partners that mediate a diverse set of cellular functions, and the protein probably acts as a 'hub' on which many cellular signaling networks impinge. (chemdiv.com)
  • The basic unit of the p53 protein consists of three major functional domains such as an N-terminal transactivation domain (TAD), a core DNA-binding domain (DBD)-the main target for mutations, and a C-terminal regulatory domain (CTD) ( Figure 1 A) [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • PrLDs-containing proteins have been involved in different organisms' regulatory processes. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Non-target of hepatocytes and PBCs will facilitate reducing siRNA accumulation in liver and escaping from MPS uptake, respectively. (edu.hk)
  • Moreover, L6 aptamer facilitated the distribution of the siRNAs in bone and reducing their accumulation in liver in normal rats. (edu.hk)
  • ACADL is not only a key protein in the liver metabolism, but also an important regulator in lipid metabolism [ 8 , 9 ]. (animbiosci.org)
  • 12 Other important effects of leptin include increase in glucose utilization, inhibition of lipogenesis, stimulation of fatty acid oxidation, and reduction of trigliceride accumulation in liver and skeletal muscles, accounting for leptin's insulin-sensitizing properties. (researchgate.net)
  • Because they are independently stable, domains can be "swapped" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimeric proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • All body systems are vulnerable to secondary injuries due to penetrating fragments and tertiary injuries due to acceleration and blunt force trauma. (health.mil)
  • It is present in most antiparallel β structures both as an isolated ribbon and as part of more complex β-sheets. (wikipedia.org)
  • in poliovirus (PV), the interaction between the RNA replication complex and intracellular membranes appears to be accomplished by proteins 3A and 2C, which have membrane-binding properties ( 11 , 60 ). (asm.org)
  • Although the jury is still out on the exact roles plaques and tangles play in the development of Alzheimer's, studies have suggested that build up of these proteins begins long before symptoms develop. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Generally proteins have a core of hydrophobic residues surrounded by a shell of hydrophilic residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • A molecular model of the FMDV 3A protein, derived from the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the poliovirus 3A protein, predicted a hydrophobic interface spanning residues 25 to 44 as the main determinant for 3A dimerization. (asm.org)
  • Further, a strong direct correlation was observed between the minimum inhibitory concentration values and the distance of the mutated residues in the three-dimensional structures of rpoB and katG to their respective drugs binding sites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This group of genes code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances. (medscape.com)
  • Proteolytic events included removal of a peptide from the surface of the precursor molecule that connected the NH2- and COOH-termini of the mature protein. (rupress.org)
  • Some simple combinations of secondary structure elements have been found to frequently occur in protein structure and are referred to as supersecondary structure or motifs. (wikipedia.org)
  • that is defined by four sequence motifs and a highly conserved tertiary structure. (silverchair.com)
  • Like the other six RAP2.4 proteins, Rap2.4 h promotes APx mRNA accumulation. (fu-berlin.de)
  • This study shows the CLD of RanBP2 promotes selectively the accumulation of a subset of reporter substrates of the UPS, such as the ubiquitin (Ub)-fusion yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) degradation substrate, Ub(G76V)-YFP, and the N-end rule substrate, Ub-R-YFP. (duke.edu)
  • Based on distance-based protein folding tools, we predict the substrate-transporting cavity of UMAMIT29. (frontiersin.org)
  • When concentrations lower than 51 mg kg1 Bay 11-7085 of Se were added to the substrate, results showed a similar accumulation in mushrooms at the three flush times. (ikksignal.com)
  • Protein structure evaluation showed a hydrophilic aromatic/arginine (ar/R) selectivity filter (SF) in PIPs whereas other subfamilies mostly contained a hydrophobic ar/R SF. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The substance does not indicate a significant potential for accumulation, when taking into account the predicted behaviour concerning absorption and metabolism. (europa.eu)
  • Although the denaturant-induced unfolding transition of cytochrome c was initially thought to be a cooperative process, recent spectroscopic studies have shown deviations from two-state behavior consistent with accumulation of an equilibrium intermediate. (protabank.org)
  • Accordingly, the vast bulk of biological research, from genetics to psychopharmacology and from the study of signal transduction systems to in vivo molecular imaging, has placed the neurotransmitter and its target proteins centre-stage. (cambridge.org)
  • Most of the mutations causing FAP are nonsense or frameshift mutations, and can result in premature stop codons thus produce truncated APC proteins ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • All known mutations in the gene lead to incorrect coding of the protein sialin. (medicinelearners.com)
  • Protein structure and interaction modelling are used to understand the functional effects of putative mutations and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms leading to resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A subset of the mutations identified in rpoB and katG were predicted to affect protein stability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • TSEs are characterized by accumulation in the brain of a disease-associated isoform (PrP d ) of a host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP c ) ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • β-Catenin is a fascinating protein with many important cellular and developmental functions. (chemdiv.com)
  • Numerous in vitro experiments have indicated that betaine acts as an osmoprotectant by stabilizing both the quaternary structure of proteins and cellular membrane against the adverse effects of high salinity and extreme temperatures ( Gorham, 1995 ). (scialert.net)
  • The cyclophilin-like domain (CLD) of Ran-binding protein-2 (RanBP2/Nup358) associates specifically with at least one subunit, S1, of the base subcomplex of the 19S RP, but the functional implications of this interaction on the UPS activity are elusive. (duke.edu)
  • Protein-protein interaction study of FLOT1 deciphered the interactors playing key role in AD. (phcog.com)
  • The roles of b-catenin are 'classically' defined: as an adhesion protein and as a signaling protein, transducing extracellular signals to the nucleus to modify gene expression. (chemdiv.com)
  • Despite the well-known fact that primiRNAs are acting as non-protein-coding RNAs, the published data suggest that, in the plant genomes, some pri-miRNAs can also be found in polysomes, and the expression of these miRNA precursors may results in formation of micropeptides which may be involved in regulation of gene expression. (fortunepublish.com)
  • β -(1,6)-branched glucan of the cell wall is bound to proteins or other polysaccharides, the composition of which may vary according to the fungal species, although it generally comprises highly mannosylated glycoproteins and mannoproteins. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In addition, the overexpression of pBASTA-CtCHI in transgenic Arabidopsis infiltrated with floral dip transformation showed relatively higher expression level and increased flavonoid accumulation than wild type. (springeropen.com)
  • The present study characterizes an inhibitor of endomembrane protein trafficking, TE1 (trafficking and endocytosis inhibitor 1/TENin1) that reduces gravitropic root bending in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. (portlandpress.com)
  • The study aimed to explore the protein coding ability of the pri-miR156a in Brassicaceae plants using bioinformatics analysis of the available proteomes and translatomes reported for Arabidopsis thaliana. (fortunepublish.com)
  • The transient expression in tobacco mesophyll cells using Green Fluorescent Protein tagging determined the subcellular localization of CtCHI in cell membrane and nucleus. (springeropen.com)
  • it may contribute to the molecular and subcellular compartmentation of the turnover of properly folded proteins and modulation of the expressivity of several neurological diseases. (duke.edu)
  • In this work, FMDV 3A homodimerization was evidenced by an in situ protein fluorescent ligation assay. (asm.org)
  • Next, using genetically modified plants, which express fluorescent protein and are responsive to the level of auxin, we demonstrated the possibility to deliver encapsulated agrochemicals into cells. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, nuclear accumulation of NFAT3 was attenuated markedly in RSK2-/- cells compared with wild-type RSK2+/+ cells. (nih.gov)
  • One study has suggested that a single ancestral enzyme could have diverged into several families, while another suggests that a stable TIM-barrel structure has evolved through convergent evolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • As depicted in Figure 1 , the cell wall comprises a twin-layer structure, the innermost layer of which is a relatively conserved structural skeletal layer (crosslinked chitin-glucan inner layer) comprising chitin and β -(1,3)-branched glucan, whereas the heterogeneous outer layer consists of other polysaccharides and glycoproteins [ 19 ] [ 20 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • However, the cytotoxicity of these polymers was drastically reduced by modification of tertiary amino group present in the block copolymers. (europa.eu)
  • First, transbilayer alpha-helices are formed (stage I) and second, the helices interact within the bilayer to form a specific globular tertiary structure (stage II). (yale.edu)
  • Previously, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including micro-RNAs (miRNAs) and other long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been generally considered unable to encode proteins both in plants and animals [1-9]. (fortunepublish.com)
  • NS proteins are involved in crucial aspects of the viral cycle and pathogenesis, such as rearrangements of intracellular membranes required for endomembrane recruitment and the lysis of host cells ( 1 , 12 , 14 , 18 , 73 ). (asm.org)
  • Sialic acid storage disease is a very rare, genetically determined lysosomal storage disease in which the protein sialin is incorrectly encoded. (medicinelearners.com)
  • Discriminant molecular features of the prion protein can also be investigated by immunohistochemical analysis ( 18 ) or ELISA ( 19 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Neurological features of tertiary syphilis. (innvista.com)
  • Likewise, the position corresponding to K199 of L. lactis YahD features K, Q or R, but not N, in the most closely related proteins (cf. (dna-metabolism.com)
  • There are two main types of secondary structure: α-helices and β-sheets. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another common super-secondary structure is the β-α-β motif, which is frequently used to connect two parallel β-strands. (wikipedia.org)
  • A ) Simplified representation of the secondary structure showing domain organization of the human p53 protein (Uniprot #P04637). (encyclopedia.pub)