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Real-time analysis of mitochondrial bioenergetics using Seahorse Bioscience system following AAV infection elicited a complete damage to mitochondrial respiration capacity in dopaminergic neurons. (alliedacademies.org)
Furthermore, we could show for the first time that inhibition of caspases by QVD significantly ameliorated aSyn-induced cell death and improved mitochondrial function in human dopaminergic neurons. (alliedacademies.org)
Overall, our findings show that cytosolic as well as mitochondrial targeted expression of aSyn is detrimental to dopaminergic neurons and inhibition of caspases amended this aSyn toxicity. (alliedacademies.org)
Decreased dopaminergic inhibition of pyramidal neurons in anterior cingulate cortex maintains chronic neuropathic pain. (iasp-pain.org)
Maj J. "The influence of dopaminergic agents on the serotoninergic neurons" Pol J Pharmacol Pharm . (erowid.org)
Agents which stimulate DA receptors may influence secondarily 5-HT neurons and thus the interaction between dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems would exist. (erowid.org)
This study optimized conditions for the differentiation of hONPs towards dopaminergic neurons. (scirp.org)
Several neurotrophic factors were detected in the pre-transfected hONPs which have potential roles in the maintenance, survival and proliferation of dopaminergic neurons. (scirp.org)
Survival and engraftment of dopaminergic neurons manufactured by a Good Manufacturing Practice-compatible process. (ca.gov)
BACKGROUND AIMS: We have previously reported a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compatible process for generating authentic dopaminergic neurons in defined media from human pluripotent stem cells and determined the time point at which dopaminergic precursors/neurons (day 14 after neuronal stem cell [NSC] stage) can be frozen, shipped and thawed without compromising their viability and ability to mature in vitro. (ca.gov)
One important issue we wished to address is whether dopaminergic precursors/neurons manufactured by our GMP-compatible process can be cryopreserved and engrafted in animal Parkinson disease (PD) models. (ca.gov)
METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of freshly prepared and cryopreserved dopaminergic neurons in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat PD model. (ca.gov)
Histologic analysis at the end point of the study (6 months post-transplantation) showed robust long-term survival of donor-derived tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)(+) dopaminergic neurons in rats transplanted with day 14 dopaminergic neurons. (ca.gov)
CONCLUSIONS: Dopaminergic neurons manufactured by a GMP-compatible process from human ESC survived and engrafted efficiently in the 6-OHDA PD rat model. (ca.gov)
Due to mechanisms that are still insufficiently understood, the specific degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta leads to resting tremor, bradykinesia, and gait- and balance deficits. (lu.se)
Because of this local degeneration of a relatively small population of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, PD has been considered an especially interesting candidate for cell-replacement therapy. (lu.se)
First, we utilized single cell sequencing to dissect the differentiation of stem cells to midbrain dopaminergic neurons. (lu.se)
The first part of the thesis (Paper I, II, III) shows the development and improvement of a hESC-based system of for virus-mediated direct reprogramming of human glial progenitor cells into both induced dopaminergic neurons (iDANs) and GABAergic interneurons. (lu.se)

Because of these profound effects on ligand specificity, reverse transcription-PCR was used to understand the expression of the FL and ED receptor isoforms at the level of single neurons. (jneurosci.org)
A study was therefore undertaken to investigate the action of sigma receptor ligands on single neurons. (aspetjournals.org)
Nicotinic responses to locally applied ACh onto single neurons of the guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus were studied using intracellular recording techniques. (aspetjournals.org)
DTG (10 microM) did not affect the depolarization (mediated by 5-HT3 receptors) induced by pressure application of 5-HT onto single neurons. (aspetjournals.org)

Ascending neurons provide sensory and motor feedback to the brain, whereas descending neurons carry sensory and motor-related information from the brain to central pattern generators in the posterior ganglia. (springer.com)
Descending neurons can thus initiate and modify behavior based on sensory input, and other higher order processing that takes place in the brain. (springer.com)
Indeed, orchestrating complex behavior using only 1100 descending neurons (Hsu and Bhandawat 2016 ), requires efficient integration of sensory input and motor output, as well as higher-order processing, such as learning. (springer.com)
OXT population activity reflects the sensorimotor transformation of the noxious stimulus, with some neurons encoding sensory information and others correlating more strongly with large-angle swims. (iasp-pain.org)
In addition to motor neurons, V2bs inhibit other prominent interneuron classes including V2a, V1 and other V2b neurons, but neither of two categories of dorsal horn sensory neurons. (biorxiv.org)
Are Sensory Neurons in the Cortex Committed to Original Trigger Features? (intechopen.com)
Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
Caenorhabditis elegans senses and navigates its complex chemical environment using a small subset of sensory neurons [ 22 - 24 ]. (plos.org)
The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)
Mn accumulates in the inner ear (cochlea) following acute in vivo treatment and in vitro studies show that uM levels of Mn damage sensory hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) in the inner ear. (cdc.gov)

Pyramidal neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a prefrontal region involved in processing the affective components of pain, display hyperexcitability in chronic neuropathic pain conditions, and their silencing abolishes hyperalgesia. (iasp-pain.org)
We show that dopamine, through D1 receptor (D1R) signaling, inhibits pyramidal neurons of mouse ACC by modulation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. (iasp-pain.org)
Here we provide a protocol for integrating in vivo recording with optogenetic manipulation of genetically-defined subsets of prefrontal cortical and subicular pyramidal neurons. (jove.com)
Because ChR2 and NpHR are genetically targetable, we describe the use of this technology to control the electrical activity of specific populations of neurons ( i.e. , pyramidal neurons) embedded in heterogeneous tissue with high temporal precision. (jove.com)
We describe herein the hardware, custom software user interface, and procedures that allow for simultaneous light delivery and electrical recording from transduced pyramidal neurons in an anesthetized in vivo preparation. (jove.com)
Within the forebrain, CaMKIIα expression is exclusive to glutamatergic pyramidal neurons 9 . (jove.com)
In the present experiments, we used the highly selective AMPA receptor antagonist LY 303070 to pharmacologically isolate KA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and tested their sensitivity to ethanol. (aspetjournals.org)
These results suggest that in addition to its well-described depressant effect on NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, ethanol has an even greater inhibitory effect on glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by KA receptors in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. (aspetjournals.org)

Using five control induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines and seven iPSC lines generated from fAD patients, we investigated the effects of mutations on the Aβ secretome in human neurons generated in 2D and 3D. (nature.com)

We discuss their similarities with previously published visual neurons, in the optic lobes and ventral nerve cord, and suggest that they can be classified as target-selective, looming sensitive and optic flow sensitive, based on these similarities. (springer.com)
In addition, they provide an understanding of the neurophysiology of visual neurons that are likely to affect behavior. (springer.com)
To this aim, through electrophysiology in cats, we explored that visual neurons, throughout the cortical column, have a tendency to alter their inherent properties even when presented a non-visual stimulus. (intechopen.com)

Furthermore, mirror neurons show visual responses that are concerned with the actions of others and motor-related activity during execution of the same grasping action. (mit.edu)
Thirty-three of 54 neurons that were defined as mirror neurons showed visual responses to the experimenter's action and motor responses. (mit.edu)
Thirteen of these mirror neurons were classified as hand-type. (mit.edu)
These results suggest that activity of hand manipulation-related and mirror neurons in anterior intraparietal/PFG plays a fundamental role in monitoring one's own body state based on visual feedback. (mit.edu)
The mirror neurons were initially described in the rhesus monkey's premotor cortex. (bvsalud.org)
Characteristically, the firing rate of mirror neurons increases not only during performance of a goal-directed action, but also when the animal is observing a similar action performed by another subject. (bvsalud.org)
These results led to the hypothesis that mirror neurons are components of a circuit involved with providing information crucial to social interactions, such as intention recognition, and that its malfunctioning could underlie social inabilities characteristic of autism, for instance. (bvsalud.org)

Here, anatomical and molecular phenotypes of the cortical neuron populations that express FOXP2 were characterized. (datadryad.org)

Zebrafish oxytocin neurons drive nocifensive behavior via brainstem premotor targets. (iasp-pain.org)

Scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology have peeked into the brains of young zebrafish and tracked the flow of information through the brain at the scale of individual neurons. (mpg.de)
This new stimulation approach, which combines FluidFM for gentle and precise positioning with a microelectrode array read-out, makes it possible to modulate the activity of individual neurons chemically and simultaneously record their induced activity across the entire neuronal network. (uzh.ch)

In vivo imaging revealed that a large and distributed fraction of zebrafish OXT neurons respond strongly to noxious inputs, including the activation of damage-sensing TRPA1 receptors. (iasp-pain.org)
Gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vivo confirm the role of IRF3 in mediating the acute satiety-evoking effects of leptin in AgRP neurons, while live-cell imaging in vitro indicate that leptin can activate neuronal IRF3 in a cell autonomous manner. (biorxiv.org)
Finally, we employ CUT&RUN to uncover direct transcriptional targets of IRF3 in AgRP neurons in vivo . (biorxiv.org)
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes the survival of dopamine neurons in vitro and in vivo, and intracranial delivery of GDNF has been tested in six clinical trials for treating PD. (lu.se)
Using zebrafish as a high-throughput system to screen for factors that can specify Hcrt neurons in vivo, we identified the LIM homeobox transcription factor Lhx9 as necessary and sufficient to specify Hcrt neurons . (bvsalud.org)
In this thesis, human glia-to-neuron direct conversion and engineered viral vectors are explored using pre-clinical in vitro and ex vivo models. (lu.se)

The use of stem cell-derived dopamine neurons or deep brain stimulation (DBS) represents two alternative approaches to treat Parkinson's Disease. (lu.se)
DBS is a widely used FDA-approved treatment and stem cell-derived dopamine neuron replacement has now evolved to the first in-human clinical trials. (lu.se)

1991) work had suggested that multiplicative interactions among groups of neighboring synapses could greatly enhance the processing power of a neuron relative to a unit with only a single global firing threshold. (mit.edu)
Physiological communication between neurons is dependent on the exchange of neurotransmitters at the synapses. (uzh.ch)
Traditional random cultures allow limited access to subcellular compartments (axons, dendrites, synapses) due to extensive and haphazard growth of neurons. (sbir.gov)
It increases the number of synapses or connections between neurons. (medscape.com)

Experimental control over intact neural activity has employed loss-/gain-of-function tools ( e.g. , electrical stimulation, pharmacological modulation, lesion) that do not provide the required selectively for controlling specific populations of neurons, either on a temporal or spatial scale. (jove.com)
However, we found that the proportions of Phox2a cells that expressed these genes were similar to the proportions reported for all lamina I ALS neurons, suggesting that Phox2a is not differentially expressed among cells belonging to these populations. (gla.ac.uk)

Observations of I-V curves during and in absence of refractoriness are cast into a model that is used to predict both the subthreshold response and spiking activity of the neuron to novel stimuli. (nih.gov)
We describe how the neurons can be identified based on their receptive field properties, and how they respond to moving targets, looming stimuli and to widefield optic flow. (springer.com)
Our results highlight the importance of using several visual stimuli as the neurons can rarely be identified based on only one response characteristic. (springer.com)
Using a combination of optical, behavioral and genetic approaches in the larval zebrafish, we describe a novel role for hypothalamic oxytocin (OXT) neurons in the processing of noxious stimuli. (iasp-pain.org)

However, the descending neurons, which connect the optic lobes with the motor command centers of the ventral nerve cord, remain less studied. (springer.com)
The descending neurons thus constitute a bottleneck for information conveyed to motor command centers. (springer.com)
In particular, in 3 dimensions the Euclidean distance between the neuronal cell body centers of neurons seems to play a very subtle role, as the probabilities of connections are practically constant within a certain finite range of distance. (lu.se)

The predominant expression pattern of either FL or ED isoforms in single embryonic DRG neurons establishes the existence of two subpopulations exhibiting differential responsiveness to trkB ligands, indicating that regulated splicing of the extracellular domain of trkB may serve as a mechanism to restrict neuronal responsiveness to the neurotrophins. (jneurosci.org)
Expression of FOS-IR in MNCs with attenuated ER-β-IR, and the absence of FOS-IR in parvocellular neurons that retain ER-β-IR suggest a role for neuronal activation in the regulation of ER-β expression in MNCs. (jneurosci.org)
Abstract: We study connectivity in a model of a growing neuronal network in dimensions 2 and 3. (lu.se)
Direct neuronal reprogramming of a somatic cell into therapeutic neurons, without a transient pluripotent state, provides new promise for the large number of individuals afflicted by neurodegenerative diseases or brain injury. (lu.se)

We show that V2b neurons are active during fictive swimming, providing on cycle inhibition that mostly leads the motor burst. (biorxiv.org)
Furthermore, V2b inhibition exhibited a distinct pattern of contacts along the R-C axis, providing long-range inhibition to motor neurons and V2as but more localized innervation of inhibitory V1s. (biorxiv.org)

A key feature of the responses of V1 neurons is their selectivity for stimulus orientation. (ssrn.com)
Importantly, however, the responses of descending neurons are not always directly deducible from the responses of their presumed pre-synaptic counterparts (Wu et al. (springer.com)
Notably, OXT neuron activation is sufficient to generate this defensive behavior via the recruitment of brainstem premotor targets, whereas ablation of OXT neurons or loss of the peptide attenuates behavioral responses to TRPA1 activation. (iasp-pain.org)
These data highlight a crucial role for OXT neurons in the generation of appropriate defensive responses to noxious input. (iasp-pain.org)
Ethanol significantly inhibited NMDA EPSCs in these neurons, but these responses were less sensitive to ethanol than KA EPSCs. (aspetjournals.org)

In this study, using larval zebrafish, we mapped local and long-range connectivity of a cardinal spinal population, V2b neurons. (biorxiv.org)
2010) Deletion of the WD40 domain of LRRK2 in Zebrafish causes Parkinsonism-like loss of neurons and locomotive defect. (scirp.org)
Akin to its function in zebrafish , we found that Lhx9 is sufficient to specify Hcrt-expressing neurons in the developing mouse hypothalamus . (bvsalud.org)

Descending neurons synapse with motor neurons or with interneurons that themselves connect with motor neurons (Venkatasubramanian and Mann 2019 ). (springer.com)

These data support Aβ mechanistic tenets in a human physiological model and substantiate iPSC-neurons for modelling fAD. (nature.com)
The prion protein (PrPC) has been suggested to operate as a scaffold/receptor protein in neurons , participating in both physiological and pathological associated events. (bvsalud.org)

Although this chemical signal transmission targets specific receptors and allows for subtle adaptation of the action potential, in vitro neuroscience typically relies on electrical currents and potentials to stimulate neurons. (uzh.ch)
Cell replacement therapy , using Hcrt-expressing neurons generated in vitro , is a potentially useful therapeutic approach, but factors sufficient to specify Hcrt neurons are unknown. (bvsalud.org)

demonstrate through studies on induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons that miR-33a is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of SPG4-related hereditary spastic paraplegia. (portlandpress.com)

Gata3 + V2b neurons send ipsilateral, descending neurons that inhibit their postsynaptic targets. (biorxiv.org)
We found that activation of D 4 receptors, but not D 2 receptors, induced a rapid translocation of α-CaMKII from cytosol to postsynaptic sites in cultured PFC neurons. (aspetjournals.org)

These strategies and tools will facilitate studying GABAergic neurons throughout the mouse brain. (nih.gov)

We show that controlled release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate induces spiking activity in primary rat hippocampal neurons, as measured by concurrent electrical and optical recordings using a microelectrode array and a calcium-sensitive dye, respectively. (uzh.ch)

Methods: To express mHTT only in OXT neurons, we used a novel flex-switch adeno-associated viral vector design to selectively express either mHTT or wild-type HTT in the. (lu.se)
Methods: To express mHTT only in OXT neurons, we used a novel flex-switch adeno-associated viral vector design to selectively express either mHTT or wild-type HTT in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus using OXT-Cre-recombinase mice. (lu.se)
We also performed a mirror experiment to selectively delete mHTT in OXT neurons using the BACHD mouse model. (lu.se)
This suggests that those ALS neurons that respond selectively to skin cooling, which have small cell bodies, may be included among the Phox2a population. (gla.ac.uk)

Identifying the relevant transcriptional regulatory pathways in these neurons has been a priority, yet such attempts have been stymied due to their low abundance and the rich cellular diversity of the ARC. (biorxiv.org)

DTG and (+)-SKF10047 (N-allylnormetazocine) produced a concentration-dependent suppression of the depolarization of enteric neurons evoked by ionophoresis of ACh. (aspetjournals.org)

A peptide mimicking the binding site of laminin onto PrPC (Ln-Î³1) binds to PrPC and induces intracellular Ca2+ increase in neurons via the complex PrPC-mGluR5. (bvsalud.org)

Inactivation of C2 or the closely related C3 neurons with highly specific intersectional driver lines consistently reproduced hyperactive climbing whereas strong or weak artificial depolarization of C2/C3 neurons strongly or mildly decreased climbing frequency. (nature.com)

Neurons are capable of expressing a surprising diversity of trk receptor structural isoforms that arise via alternative splicing ( Barbacid, 1994 ). (jneurosci.org)
Daalen, M. , Kosel, T. , Jeavons, P. and Shawe-Taylor, J. (1994) Emergent activation functions from a stochastic bit stream neuron. (soton.ac.uk)

Recently, brainstem neurons were shown to specifically stop locomotion in mammals. (uni-koeln.de)

Phox2a was preferentially associated with smaller ALS neurons, and with those showing relatively weak neurokinin 1 receptor expression. (gla.ac.uk)

We find that while medium-chain alcohols inhibit the AWC olfactory neurons to drive attraction, these alcohols instead activate AWC to promote avoidance when presented in the background of a second AWC-sensed odorant. (plos.org)

Here, we used this line to test whether Phox2a-positive cells represent a distinct subpopulation among lamina I ALS neurons. (gla.ac.uk)

abstract = "Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that comprises a range of motor and nonmotor symptoms. (lu.se)

Results: Our results show that selective expression of mHTT in OXT neurons was associated with the formation of mHTT inclusions and a 26% reduction of OXT-immunopositive neurons as well as increased anxiety-like behaviours compared with uninjected mice. (lu.se)
However, selective deletion of mHTT from OXT neurons alone was not sufficient to alter the metabolic and psychiatric phenotype of the BACHD mice at this early time point. (lu.se)
Conclusions: Our results indicate that mHTT expression can exert cell-autonomous toxic effects on OXT neurons without affecting the non-motor phenotype at early time points in mice. (lu.se)

The model has a sufficient number of parameters to assess networks of neurons of different types. (lu.se)

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.021. (nih.gov)

We observed the activity of many genetically pre-labeled neurons and then picked the cells that responded to optic flow. (mpg.de)

Starting from choline and acetylcoenzyme A (AcCoA), the enzyme choline O acetyltransferase (ChAT) synthesizes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in neurons, T cells and B cells. (lu.se)

We also review current models for the mechanisms of GABA-mediated synchronization of neural activity, focusing on parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons, which are altered in schizophrenia and whose function has been strongly linked to the production of neural synchrony. (hindawi.com)

Motor neuron diseases MNDS are kind of neurodegenerative diseases, specifically, it affects upper and lowers motor neurons which cause motor signals unable to pass to the exact muscles. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)
Because both of these categories of neurons integrate visual and motor signals, these neurons may play a role in motor control based on visual feedback signals. (mit.edu)

Neurotrophic factor treatments known to promote faster regeneration of motor neurons and CNS neurons have been reported. (scholarsresearchlibrary.com)

In flies, three paired thoracic ganglia are fused with the abdominal ganglion to form the ventral nerve cord (Power 1948 ), which is connected to the anterior brain via the cervical connective containing both ascending and descending neurons. (springer.com)
Nuclear migration of newly born neurons is essential for cortex formation in the brain. (biologists.com)
This approach could be potentially applied directly in the brain by targeting resident cells as a source of new neurons. (lu.se)

Comprising more than 100 million neurons organized in a meshwork of interconnected ganglia, the ENS is orchestrating all intestinal functions including bowel motility, mucosal secretion, modulation of endocrine secretion, blood-flow regulation, and immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Evolutionarily conserved regulation of hypocretin neuron specification by Lhx9. (bvsalud.org)
Regulation of Amyloid ß Oligomer Binding to Neurons and Neurotoxicity by the Prion Protein-mGluR5 Complex. (bvsalud.org)

AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) coordinate homeostatic changes in appetite associated with fluctuations in food availability and leptin signaling. (biorxiv.org)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether these neurons in inferior parietal lobule including the anterior intraparietal area and PFG of macaques represent visual images of the monkey's own hand during a self-generated grasping action. (mit.edu)

We apply this to experiments on the activity of 1000+ neurons in mouse hippocampus, recorded as the animal navigates a virtual environment. (aps.org)
Local neurons within the spinal cord guide activity of specific motor neurons and muscles for execution of different movements. (biorxiv.org)
However, the cellular properties of these neurons and their activity during locomotion are still unknown. (uni-koeln.de)
We find that these neurons display a burst of spikes that coincides with the end of swimming activity. (uni-koeln.de)
Herein, we demonstrated that an existing complex containing PrPC-mGluR5 has an important role in AßO binding and activity in neurons . (bvsalud.org)

ergic innervation from the A9 nigral neurons to the striatum, in particular the putamen. (lu.se)

Anatomy99

Organisms18

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs66

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care3

Dopaminergic18

Single neurons4

Sensory11

Pyramidal8

Human neurons1

Visual neurons3

Mirror neurons7

Cortical Neuron1

Oxytocin neurons1

Individual neurons2

Vivo6

Dopamine2

Synapses4

Populations2

Stimuli4

Centers3

Neuronal4

Inhibition2

Responses5

Zebrafish3

Interneurons1

Physiological2

Vitro2

Therapeutic1

Postsynaptic2

GABAergic1

Hippocampal1

Selectively4

Pathways1

Enteric1

Intracellular1

Depolarization1

19942

Brainstem1

Receptor1

Inhibit1

Distinct1

Neurodegenerative disease1

Mice3

Sufficient1

10.10161

Optic flow1

Neurotransmitter1

Mechanisms1

Motor signals2

Neurotrophic factor1

Brain3

Regulation3

Hypothalamus1

Anterior1

Activity5

Innervation1