• The adiponectin's glucose metabolism effect is mediated through its receptors, adiponectin receptor 1 (adipoR1) and adiponectin receptor 2 (adipoR2). (healthvoice360.com)
  • The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of metabolic risk factors (including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, abdominal obesity and impaired glucose metabolism), which is associated with a twofold increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Ford, 2005), and an even higher risk of T2DM (Grundy, 2008). (bhma.org)
  • The present article discusses how accumulation of triacylglycerol in adipocytes can lead to deterioration of the responsiveness of glucose metabolism in other tissues. (cambridge.org)
  • Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) are clinical conditions involving the impaired uptake and utilization of glucose, altered lipid metabolism, and the disruption of the metabolic signaling pathways that regulate insulin secretion from pancreas ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • IR alters glucose metabolism, resulting in an elevation in insulin production by beta-cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Insulin resistance (IR) is clinically characterized as the inability of insulin to enhance glucose uptake and metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
  • Therefore, if we take into consideration the repercussions of IR on the different organs, it is interesting to differentiate between the outcomes secondary to over activation of signaling pathways that remain sensitive to insulin versus changes that are a consequence of an impaired ability of insulin to regulate glucose metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
  • Besides their effects on glucose and energy metabolism, adipokines are potent modulators of inflammation. (123dok.org)
  • The available energy is gradually depleted and the metabolism displaces from aerobic to anaerobic, less efficient in energy [adenosine triphosphate (ATP)] generation, favoring lactic acid production. (earthwormexpress.com)
  • Abdominal obesity, also known as central obesity and truncal obesity, is the human condition of an excessive concentration of visceral fat around the stomach and abdomen to such an extent that it is likely to harm its bearer's health. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abdominal obesity has been strongly linked to cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other metabolic and vascular diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • An excess of adipose visceral fat is known as central obesity, the "pot belly" or "beer belly" effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers first started to focus on abdominal obesity in the 1980s when they realized it had an important connection to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abdominal obesity was more closely related with metabolic dysfunctions connected with cardiovascular disease than was general obesity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abdominal obesity is linked with higher cardiovascular events among South Asian ethnic population. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abdominal obesity is typically associated with a statistically higher risk of heart disease, hypertension, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (see below). (wikipedia.org)
  • Metabolic syndrome is associated with abdominal obesity, blood lipid disorders, inflammation, insulin resistance, full-blown diabetes, and increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • And it is waistline adipose tissue (central obesity) which seems to be the foremost type of fat deposits contributing to rising levels of serum resistin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Developing asthma due to abdominal obesity is also a main concern. (wikipedia.org)
  • Obesity causes decreased tidal volumes due to reduced in chest expansion that is caused both by the weight on the chest itself and the effect of abdominal obesity on flattening the diaphragms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Research has shed light on obesity and adipose tissue association with multiple metabolic disorders in the last decades. (healthvoice360.com)
  • While abdominal obesity is strongly associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines and hormones that result in insulin resistance, and now high levels of visceral fat add to these conditions. (healthvoice360.com)
  • Abnormal deposition of fat in the adipose tissue due to chronic over nutrition or reduced physical activity or hereditary reasons is called as obesity [1]. (oatext.com)
  • Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat accumulates and may adversely affect one's health. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We previously hypothesized that apoCIII overexpression would compromise fatty acid delivery to adipose tissues and would thus contribute to resistance to diet-induced obesity, similarly to what was described for overexpression of apoCI [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adipose tissue in obesity becomes refractory to suppression of fat mobilization by insulin, and also to the normal acute stimulatory effect of insulin on activation of lipoprotein lipase (involved in fat storage). (cambridge.org)
  • In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms by which brief nutrient excess and obesity lead to insulin resistance and propose that these mechanisms of action are different but interrelated. (jci.org)
  • We then discuss how obesity leads to insulin resistance via a complex interplay among systemic fatty acid excess, microhypoxia in adipose tissue, ER stress, and inflammation. (jci.org)
  • In comparing the factors that contribute to the buildup of excess calories in obesity, an imbalance of energy homeostasis can be considered as the basis. (wjgnet.com)
  • Sinha S, Haque M (September 04, 2022) Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Vascular Impediment as Consequences of Excess Processed Food Consumption. (diabeets.com)
  • Clinical diagnosis is made on the basis of the presence of 3 of 5 conditions: 1) high triglyceride level, 2) low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, 3) high fasting blood glucose level, 4) presence of central obesity (ie, high waist circumference), and 5) high blood pressure ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Obesity is commonly used to imply excess fat, but it is ordinarily classified according to excess weight. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 26 120 180 ] Body mass index (BMI) has been widely used to indicate the level of obesity, though recent studies have found that abdominal or visceral adiposity (vs subcutaneous), as reflected in the waist-to-hip ratio or waist circumference, is a strong criteria for predicting the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome also play an important role in the obesity epidemic because excess body fat impairs insulin sensitivity. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Because obesity has also been related to hormonal abnormalities (elevated cortisol and estrogens and waning androgens, the latter two acting to regulate fat when operating at proper levels), these issues may impede the body's ability to metabolize glucose. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Although IGF-1 is produced by many tissues locally, the liver is the major source of circulating IGF-1. (msdmanuals.com)
  • GH initially exerts insulin -like effects, increasing glucose uptake in muscle and fat, stimulating amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in liver and muscle, and inhibiting lipolysis in adipose tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Patients suffering from lipodystrophies experience reduced body fat, severe insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypoleptinemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (medscape.com)
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is marked by hepatic fat accumulation not due to alcohol abuse. (mdpi.com)
  • Cholesterol is synthesized by virtually all human tissues, although primarily by liver, intestine, adrenal cortex, and reproductive tissues (Figure 18.29). (pharmacy180.com)
  • Before the bile acids leave the liver, they are conjugated to a molecule of either glycine or taurine, producing the conjugated bile salts glycocholic or taurocholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic or taurochenodeoxycholic acid. (pharmacy180.com)
  • More than 95% of the bile salts are efficiently reabsorbed in the intestinal ileum by a sodium-bile salt cotransporter, returned to the blood, and carried by albumin back to the liver where they are taken up by the hepatic form of the cotransporter and reused (enterohepatic circulation, which bile acid sequestrants reduce). (pharmacy180.com)
  • Insulin resistance is defined as an inadequate response by insulin target tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, to the physiologic effects of circulating insulin. (jci.org)
  • The hallmarks of impaired insulin sensitivity in these three tissues are decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, impaired insulin-mediated inhibition of hepatic glucose production in liver, and a reduced ability of insulin to inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue. (jci.org)
  • Intrahepatic fat deposition has been demonstrated in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (wjgnet.com)
  • Leptin and adiponectin can augment the oxidation of fatty acid in liver by activating the nuclear receptor super-family of transcription factors, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. (wjgnet.com)
  • This lipid overspill to non-adipose tissues such as the liver, skeletal muscle and pancreas culminates in ectopic fat storage and the subsequent development of insulin resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • analyses, as well as others (8-11), support the hypothesis that adipose tissue-secreted factors may indeed be potent modulators of inflammation-related disorders such as obe- sity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, thyroid-associated (Graves') ophthalmopathy, breast cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (123dok.org)
  • Most of the circulating testosterone is metabolized in the liver into androsterone and etiocholanolone, which are conjugated with glucuronic acid or sulfuric acid and execrated in the urine as 17-ketosteroids. (medscape.com)
  • In this case, it is the liver that becomes resistant to insulin's suppression of hepatic glucose production. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Lipogenesis rates were similar, while exogenous lipid retention was increased in perigonadal (2-fold) and brown adipose tissues (40 %) of apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, apoCIII overexpression resulted in increased NEFA availability to adipose uptake and decreased adipocyte lipolysis, favoring lipid enlargement of adipose depots. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, in the postprandial period especially, there is an excess flux of circulating lipid metabolites that would normally have been 'absorbed' by adipose tissue. (cambridge.org)
  • When the Fatty acid (FA) oxidation capacity in the muscle decreases, the intramyocellular lipid concentration increases ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Electric pulse stimulation inhibited lipid accumulation on C2C12 myotubes incubated with oleic acid and palmitic acid. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • Consequently, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) due to its secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, and resistin has positioned adipose tissue as a functional organ instead of an energy storage tissue. (healthvoice360.com)
  • However, animal or mainly attributed to the accumulation ing prevalence of uncontrolled weight genetic studies, studies not relevant of intra-abdominal (visceral) fat ( 13 ). (who.int)
  • Visceral fat, also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal fat, is located inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between internal organs and torso, as opposed to subcutaneous fat, which is found underneath the skin, and intramuscular fat, which is found interspersed in skeletal muscle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Techniques such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging made it possible to categorize mass of adipose tissue located at the abdominal level into intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is now generally believed that intra-abdominal fat is the depot that conveys the biggest health risk. (wikipedia.org)
  • One patient required reoperation due to intra-abdominal bleeding. (hindawi.com)
  • One is waist circumference (WC), a measure of truncal fat that includes the visceral (intra-abdominal) depot. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescent girls is usually related to hepato-visceral fat excess and insulin resistance, and associates with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes. (bmj.com)
  • Electron micrograph of a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers wrapped in connective tissue. (earthwormexpress.com)
  • Individualize and titrate the dose of LEVEMIR based on the patient's metabolic needs, blood glucose monitoring results, and glycemic control goal ( 2.2 ). (nih.gov)
  • Make changes to a patient's insulin regimen (e.g., insulin strength, manufacturer, type, injection site or method of administration) under close medical supervision with increased frequency of blood glucose monitoring ( 5.2 ). (nih.gov)
  • The disease is chiefly manifested in the form of elevated levels of blood glucose. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Participants were designated as having metabolic syndrome if they met criteria for 3 of 5 variables: 1) high blood pressure, 2) low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, 3) high fasting blood glucose level, 4) high waist circumference, and 5) high triglyceride level. (cdc.gov)
  • This means that more insulin must be dumped into the bloodstream to remove that extra blood glucose. (wacfitness.com)
  • Visceral fat is composed of several adipose depots including mesenteric, epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), and perirenal fat. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Combination of Resveratrol and Quercetin Attenuates Metabolic Syndrome in Rats by Modifying the Serum Fatty Acid Composition and by Upregulating SIRT 1 and SIRT 2 Expression in White Adipose Tissue - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (qualitycounts.com)
  • Particularly well developed in humans is white adipose tissue (WAT), a major meta- bolic and secretory organ. (123dok.org)
  • Another consequence of aging is the accumulation of so-called senescent cells, normal cells that stop dividing, contribute to tissue aging and secrete substances like cytokines that induce inflammation. (qualitycounts.com)
  • Condition characterized by accumulation in body tissues of deposits of abnormal proteins (amyloids) produced by cells. (w8mdspa.com)
  • Its accumulation results in the decrease of tissue pH from values near neutrality to 5.4-5.8. (earthwormexpress.com)
  • It plays a role in amino acid uptake and fat mobilization from storage. (gymfailedyou.com)
  • The expression of both adipoR1 and adipoR2 increased fatty acid oxidation, improved insulin resistance, and decreased hepatic triglyceride content. (healthvoice360.com)
  • A fat tolerance test evidenced delayed plasma triglyceride clearance and greater transient availability of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) during the post-prandial state in the apoCIII mice plasma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Meanwhile, triglyceride (TG) content was decreased and lipolysis genes expressions, such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) were elevated in the jejunum and ileum of inulin and propionate treated mice. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • Longer-term (24 and 48 h) treatment reduced the expression of lipogenic markers (FA synthase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1) and increased the expression of lipolytic [hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)] and mitochondrial (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1) markers. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • A decrease in the effectiveness of insulin on target tissues consequently leads to a series of irregularities that affect both the biochemistry and physiology of the human body. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Insulin resistance (IR) is recognized as a biological reaction to insulin stimulation in target tissues. (researchsquare.com)
  • Despite the pro-inflammatory factors secreted by VAT, adiponectin is the most abundant anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective adipokine secreted by fatty tissues. (healthvoice360.com)
  • The BMI can neither distinguish between fat and lean tissues nor identify the anatomic location or function of distinct fat depots. (biomedcentral.com)
  • T2DM is a heterogeneous disorder most commonly characterized by insulin resistance, a state of reduced insulin-mediated glucose uptake, in the presence of incapacity of the pancreatic beta cells to produce and provide sufficient insulin to meet the required needs [4]. (oatext.com)
  • A history of 2-3 years of T2DM does not produce irreversible damages to the beta cells, but as long as the energy overload persists through years, irreversible impairment of the beta cells occurs, and insulin is required in order to control plasma glucose [5]. (oatext.com)
  • The expression of regulatory molecules, TGF-β1/2, phospho-Akt (Ser473), PPARα, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and acyl dehydrogenases was analyzed in virus-infected hepatocytes. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • The latter are referred to as essential amino acids and therefore must be obtained from protein in the diet. (w8mdspa.com)
  • A group of synthetic hormones that promote the storage of protein and the growth of tissue, sometimes used by athletes to increase muscle size and strength. (w8mdspa.com)
  • Pertaining to the putting together of complex substances from simples ones, especially to the building of muscle protein from amino acids. (w8mdspa.com)
  • A type of connective tissue that contains stored cellular fat. (w8mdspa.com)
  • I insert into the relevant sections from the Handbook of Food Chemistry, a section dealing with " Intramuscular Connective Tissue in Muscle Function " by Purslow (2020). (earthwormexpress.com)
  • 2010). Connective tissue structures define the organization of muscle. (earthwormexpress.com)
  • The types and characteristics of muscle fiber and connective tissue proteins are described in the next sections. (earthwormexpress.com)
  • We measured body energy balance, tissue capacity to store exogenous lipids, lipogenesis and lipolysis rates in non-transgenic and apoCIII overexpressing mice fed a HFD during two months. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They function to keep lipids (primarily triacyl-glycerol [TAG] and cholesteryl esters) soluble as they transport them between tissues. (pharmacy180.com)
  • There is an emerging view that type 2 diabetes (hereafter diabetes) may reflect not so much as an isolated impairment of glucose regulation, rather the complex metabolic consequences of accumulating ectopic lipids or hepatic fat [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In effect, a wide range of exported secretory proteins, dubbed adipokines, have been identified as constituents of the adipose proteome (adipokinome). (123dok.org)
  • Human insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta-cells (β-cell) of the pancreas, and its release is dependent on glucose levels in the circulation, in addition amino acids, incretins and cholecystokinin also promote its release. (researchsquare.com)
  • Major factors causative towards 'diabesity' include chronic overconsumption of energy-dense food, lifestyle, genetic makeup and environment play important roles in adipose tissue function or dysfunction. (oatext.com)
  • Lipodystrophies are categorized based on etiology (genetic or acquired) and distribution of lost adipose tissue, affecting the entire body (generalized) or only regions (partial). (medscape.com)
  • However, soft-tissue swelling occurs, and the peripheral nerves are enlarged. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, peripheral tissues such as fat and skin also play roles in converting weak androgens to more potent ones. (medscape.com)
  • The rest of the testosterone is produced by the peripheral conversion of androstenedione in adipose tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Transgenic mice overexpressing human apoCIII have marked elevated TG and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called adipokines that may possibly impair glucose tolerance. (wikipedia.org)