• Whereas several enzymes are required to complete the multistep repair process of damaged bases, apurinic-apyrimidic (AP) endonucleases play an essential role in enabling the repair process by recognizing intermediary abasic sites cleaving the phosphodiester backbone 5' to the abasic site. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Initially, AP hydrolyses, such as apurinic or apyrimidinic endonuclease I contain a Mg2+ active site that cleaves the DNA on the 5'-side, yielding a 5'-deoxyribosephosphate and 3'-OH. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cleaves both single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA at abasic sites, with the greatest activity towards double-stranded DNA with two abasic sites. (thermofisher.com)
  • Both UV endonuclease V from bacteriophage T4 (UV endonuclease V) and UV endonuclease III from E. coli catalyze N- glycosylase and the 3'-abasic endonuclease reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we report that XRCC1 interacts physically and functionally with hOGG1, the human DNA glycosylase that initiates the repair by BER of the mutagenic oxidized base 8-oxoguanine. (nih.gov)
  • This interaction leads to a 2- to 3-fold stimulation of the DNA glycosylase activity of hOGG1. (nih.gov)
  • In human cells, the enzymatic activities initiating DNA base excision repair (BER) of 8-oxoG, U and AP sites are the 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase (hOGG1), the U-DNA glycosylase (UNG) and the major hydrolytic AP endonuclease (APE/HAP1), respectively. (utmb.edu)
  • Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease I (APE1) is an essential base excision repair enzyme that catalyzes a Mg²⁺-dependent reaction in which the phosphodiester backbone is cleaved 5' of an abasic site in duplex DNA. (rcsb.org)
  • In E. coli, DNA AP lyase (endonuclease III) helps repair oxidative damage to DNA bases by catalyzing the excision of the damaged pyrimidines and purines from ring saturation or opening from the DNA backbone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated single-stranded DNA and RNA containing 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. (thermofisher.com)
  • Bacteriophage T4 and Micrococcus luteus UV endonucleases were actually shown not to be under the class of "endonuclease," but rather were β-elimination catalysts for reactions at AP sites at the C3'-O-P bond-thus, classifying them as AP lyases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phage-T4 UV endonucleases also catalyze the reaction of the δ-reaction, nicking C5'-O-P bond at AP sites, although this reaction is slow and the enzyme should still be classified as AP lyase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, the catalytic mechanism of AP lyases, the β-elimination reaction, proceeds through an imine enzyme-DNA intermediate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, the structural mechanism for AP-site cleavage is incomplete. (ox.ac.uk)
  • More importantly, the results unveil a highly coordinated mechanism by which XRCC1, through its multiple protein-protein interactions, extends its orchestrating role from the base excision step to the resealing of the repaired DNA strand. (nih.gov)
  • The E. coli alkB protein is part of the adaptive response mechanism of DNA alkylation damage repair. (thermofisher.com)
  • Has DNA lyase activity and introduces double-stranded breaks at abasic sites. (thermofisher.com)
  • Lyn, a tyrosine kinase that is activated by double-stranded DNA-damaging agents, is involved in various signaling pathways, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. (bmbreports.org)
  • DNA AP lyase activity is documented to have similar function in both E. Coli and in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Base excision repair (BER) is a highly conserved DNA repair pathway throughout all kingdoms from bacteria to humans. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Ribosomal protein S3 (RpS3) is involved in protein biosynthesis as a component of the ribosome complex and possesses endonuclease activity to repair damaged DNA. (bmbreports.org)
  • In the 1970s, this class of enzyme was found to repair at apurinic or apyrimidinic DNA sites in E. coli and in mammalian cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • XRCC1 participates in DNA single strand break and base excision repair (BER) to preserve genetic stability in mammalian cells. (nih.gov)
  • AP lyase enzymes catalyze reactions analogous to β-elimination reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • AP lyase enzymes could be trapped on both pre-incised and unincised AP DNA by a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our data reveal subtle differences in AP-site recognition and kinetics between the human and bacterial enzymes that may reflect different evolutionary pressures. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Despite extensive study, there is no structure of a bacterial AP endonuclease bound to substrate DNA. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This results in an acceleration of the overall repair process of oxidized purines to yield an APE1-cleaved abasic site, which can be used as a substrate by DNA polymerase beta. (nih.gov)
  • DNA polymerase (pol) η is responsible for error-free translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) opposite ultraviolet light (UV)-induced cis-syn cyclobutane thymine dimers (CTDs) and cisplatin-induced intrastrand guanine crosslinks. (bvsalud.org)
  • Addition to reaction mixtures of titrated amounts of purified hOGG1, UNG and APE/HAP1 variably stimulated the in vitro repair replication of 8-oxoG, U and the AP site respectively and the increase was not always proportional to the amount of added enzyme. (utmb.edu)
  • XRCC1 stimulates the formation of the hOGG1 Schiff-base DNA intermediate without interfering with the endonuclease activity of APE1, the second enzyme in the pathway. (nih.gov)
  • The data presented support a model by which XRCC1 will pass on the DNA intermediate from hOGG1 to the endonuclease APE1. (nih.gov)
  • The enzyme DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase, also referred to as DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) 5'-phosphomonoester-lyase (systematic name) or DNA AP lyase (EC 4.2.99.18) catalyzes the cleavage of the C-O-P bond 3' from the apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA via β-elimination reaction, leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'-phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Structural basis for the recognition and cleavage of abasic DNA in Neisseria meningitidis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The increase in ethylene emission resulted in enhanced hydrogen peroxide concentration, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, ß-1,3 glucanase activity, and expression profiles of WRKY, CaPR1, and CaPTI1 genes that are typical salt stress and PR signaling factors. (bvsalud.org)
  • This reaction has been proposed to involve either one or two metal ions bound to the active site. (rcsb.org)
  • A third conformation for E96 in the apo structure is similar to that observed in the APE1-DNA-Mg²⁺ complex structure. (rcsb.org)
  • Thus, binding of Mg²⁺ in three different positions within the active site of APE1 in these crystal structures corresponds directly with three different conformations of E96. (rcsb.org)
  • An AP site in DNA appears when the glycosylic bond that connects the purine or pyrimidine base to the deoxyribose sugar is cleaved. (wikipedia.org)
  • The oxidized base 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG), the product of deamination of cytosine uracil (U), and the sites of base loss [abasic (AP) sites] are among the most frequent mutagenic lesions formed in the human genome under physiological conditions. (utmb.edu)
  • Taken together, our results are consistent with the initial capture of metal by D70 and E96 and repositioning of Mg²⁺ facilitated by the structural plasticity of E96 in the active site. (rcsb.org)
  • The sugar at the AP site is a highly unstable cyclic carboxonium ion that undergoes rapid hydrolysis to yield a diastereomeric mixture of 2-deoxy-α-Dribose and 2-deoxy-β-D-ribose. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since DNA AP lyase is a class of structures who have numerous target genes that encode for different variations of the enzyme, there is no one single enzyme structure that can be used as an example that encompasses all versions of the enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • If an Invitrogen™ antibody doesn't perform as described on our website or datasheet,we'll replace the product at no cost to you, or provide you with a credit for a future purchase. (thermofisher.com)