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Sex ChromosomesSex Chromosome AberrationsSex Chromosome DisordersKlinefelter SyndromeXYY KaryotypeChromosomesChromosome MappingX ChromosomeTetrasomyChromosomes, Human, XChromosomes, Human, YY ChromosomeChromosome BandingAneuploidyChromosome AberrationsSex Determination ProcessesChromosome PairingChromosomes, PlantSileneMosaicismX Chromosome InactivationChromosome SegregationIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomes, HumanKaryotypingChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Genes, Y-LinkedGenes, X-LinkedChromosome PaintingChromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosomes, BacterialChromosomes, Human, Pair 21PlatypusChromosomes, InsectSex CharacteristicsMeiosisChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17Sex ChromatinChromosome DeletionChromosomes, FungalChromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosome DisordersChromosomes, MammalianChromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18SpermatocytesGenes, sryPachytene StageChromosome StructuresChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XGenetic LinkageEvolution, MolecularDosage Compensation, GeneticChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22CaricaChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19Sex FactorsChromosomes, Human, Pair 20Sex DifferentiationChromosomes, Human, Pair 12Chromosomes, Human, 1-3Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5Genetic MarkersChromosomes, Human, Pair 15Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YRecombination, GeneticChromosome InversionChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Chromosomes, Human, 16-18Molecular Sequence DataChromosomes, Artificial, YeastChromosomes, Human, 13-15Crosses, GeneticSex Determination AnalysisCentromereTurner SyndromeChromosome BreakageBase SequenceTranslocation, GeneticKaryotypeRing ChromosomesDisorders of Sex DevelopmentModels, GeneticSpermatogenesisBiological EvolutionTrisomyChromosome PositioningNondisjunction, GeneticChromosomes, Human, 4-5Sex Chromosome Disorders of Sex DevelopmentMetaphaseSpermatozoa

Chromosomal variationsAneuploidyGeneticDeterminationPseudoautosomalVariationsAutosomesDisordersReversalGenesSyndromeMalesGene-poorCopiesDeletionsCharacteristicsMosaicPairsFemalesHumansDisorderSpeciesGeneticallyOccursIntersexGenomeManifestCognitiveClinicalTestesCellCellsPairFemaleSystemCommonDosageExtraDevelopmentImportantProduceStudiesSimplyShortAppearance

Chromosomal variations1

• X & Y Chromosomal Variations are a neurogenetic disorder referred to by many other names, including Sex Chromosome Disorders, X & Y Chromosomal Variations, Sex Chromosome Anomaly, and Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy Variations. (thefocusfoundation.org)

Aneuploidy4

• Fetuses with aneuploidy of gene-rich chromosomes-such as chromosome 1-never survive to term, and fetuses with aneuploidy of gene-poor chromosomes-such as chromosome 21- are still miscarried over 23% of the time. (wikipedia.org)
• Aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes) Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive Homologous chromosome Pseudoautosomal region XY sex-determination system Genetic disorder Griffiths, Anthony J. F. (1999). (wikipedia.org)
• [7] All Y-linked genes are expressed and (apart from duplicated genes) hemizygous (present on only one chromosome) except in the cases of aneuploidy such as XYY syndrome or XXYY syndrome . (iiab.me)
• Aneuploidy refers to a number of chromosomes besides 46, the standard number in humans. (thefocusfoundation.org)

Genetic3

• Consideration has also been given to the possibility of a genetic defect in sex offenders that makes them more likely to engage in aggressive sexual behavior. (ojp.gov)
• Trisomy 18 , also known as Edwards syndrome , is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third copy of all or part of chromosome 18 . (wikipedia.org)
• Trisomy 18 is a chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of an extra copy of genetic material on the 18th chromosome, either in whole ( trisomy 18) or in part (such as due to translocations ). (wikipedia.org)

Determination8

• Autosomes still contain sexual determination genes even though they are not sex chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
• For example, the SRY gene on the Y chromosome encodes the transcription factor TDF and is vital for male sex determination during development. (wikipedia.org)
• Most of these conditions are associated with abnormal sex determination and/or sexual development (for review, see Villagomez et al. (veteriankey.com)
• It is, therefore, not clear whether haploinsufficiency for Xp genes in XO cells or the overdose of MSY and PAR genes in Xi(Y) cells is the cause of abnormal sex determination and differentiation in these animals. (veteriankey.com)
• She realized that the previous idea of Clarence Erwin McClung, that the X chromosome determines sex, was wrong and that sex determination is, in fact, due to the presence or absence of the Y chromosome. (iiab.me)
• What is a plausible sex determination system with males, females and multiple hermaphroditic sexes? (stackexchange.com)
• I'm trying to come up with a plausible sex determination system that has the characteristics listed below. (stackexchange.com)
• Sex determination involves three sex chromosomes: X (tied to females and ferms), Y (tied to males and merms), and Z (tied to herms in general). (stackexchange.com)

Pseudoautosomal1

• Therefore, microdissected Y-chromosome probes are good for FISH but not suitable for cloning and sequencing of the male-specific or pseudoautosomal regions of the chromosome. (veteriankey.com)

Variations4

• However, intersex individuals may have a variety of different chromosomal combinations, including XX, XY, XXY, or even variations such as XYY or XXYY. (realdating.gay)
• Intersex individuals are those who are born with variations in their sex characteristics that do not fit typical binary male or female categories. (realdating.gay)
• This can include variations in chromosomes, gonads, and genitals. (realdating.gay)
• The Association for X and Y Chromosome Variations (AXYS) is dedicated to addressing the needs of those affected by one or more extra X and/or Y chromosomes. (genetic.org)

Autosomes5

• For example, humans have a diploid genome that usually contains 22 pairs of autosomes and one allosome pair (46 chromosomes total). (wikipedia.org)
• All human autosomes have been identified and mapped by extracting the chromosomes from a cell arrested in metaphase or prometaphase and then staining them with a type of dye (most commonly, Giemsa). (wikipedia.org)
• Compared to autosomes and the X chromosome, relatively few numerical or structural cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported for ECAY. (veteriankey.com)
• The X and Y chromosomes are thought to have evolved from a pair of identical chromosomes, [11] [12] termed autosomes, when an ancestral animal developed an allelic variation, a so-called "sex locus" - simply possessing this allele caused the organism to be male. (iiab.me)
• [18] This re-estimation of the age of the therian XY system is based on the finding that sequences that are on the X chromosomes of marsupials and eutherian mammals are present on the autosomes of platypus and birds. (iiab.me)

Disorders1

• These disorders manifest in and are passed on by either sex with equal frequency. (wikipedia.org)

Reversal1

• The only true Y chromosome structural rearrangements, reported so far, are large-scale ECAY deletions in 64,XY sex reversal mares (Raudsepp et al. (veteriankey.com)

Genes4

• With two X-chromosomes, women are more prone to inheriting potentially deleterious mutations in X-encoded genes, which, because of Xi, may all be expressed in different cells. (dementiatalkclub.com)
• The crosstalk that exists between X chromosomes and autologous genes is a relatively new paradigm that has emerged as a result of the biology of sex differences, and gives rise to the question of how SCD shapes the genome function. (dementiatalkclub.com)
• The Y chromosomes of humans and other mammals also contain other genes needed for normal sperm production. (iiab.me)
• Over time, genes that were beneficial for males and harmful to (or had no effect on) females either developed on the Y chromosome or were acquired through the process of translocation . (iiab.me)

Syndrome5

• For example, the karyogram of someone with Patau Syndrome would show that they possess three copies of chromosome 13. (wikipedia.org)
• A common example is Down syndrome, which is caused by possessing three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. (wikipedia.org)
• Additionally, there are two reports about infertile stallions having XXY sex chromosomes - an equine counterpart to human Kleinfelter syndrome (Kubien et al. (veteriankey.com)
• Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome typically have small testes that produce a reduced amount of testosterone (primary testicular insufficiency). (medlineplus.gov)
• [2] It is the second-most common condition due to a third chromosome at birth, after Down syndrome . (wikipedia.org)

Males4

• By contrast, the allosome pair consists of two X chromosomes in females or one X and one Y chromosome in males. (wikipedia.org)
• Sperm production is typically associated with males, who have XY chromosomes and possess the necessary reproductive organs. (realdating.gay)
• Males have one Y chromosome and one X chromosome , while females have two X chromosomes. (iiab.me)
• For example, an XYZ system didn't work, even if I employed a second pair of sex chromosomes (like the white-throated sparrow appears to be slowly evolving to), because every version resulted in either males/females or herms being unable to produce the other. (stackexchange.com)

Gene-poor1

• This might be because rearrangements in the gene-poor Y chromosome have milder effect on the phenotype, as a result of which the affected individuals escape attention and are not subjected to cytogenetic analysis. (veteriankey.com)

Copies3

• Typically, only 10-20 copies of ECAY are microdissected and amplified by DOP-PCR (Telenius et al. (veteriankey.com)
• In women, there is a systematic demand to compensate for SCD by silencing one of the copies of the X chromosome. (dementiatalkclub.com)
• Three copies of the Chromosome 18 are detected. (wikipedia.org)

Deletions1

• Deletions of part of a chromosome cause partial monosomies, while duplications can cause partial trisomies. (wikipedia.org)

Characteristics2

• Intersex is a term used to describe individuals who possess biological or physical sex characteristics that do not fit typical definitions of male or female. (realdating.gay)
• Simply put, knowledge about causes and pathways to offending can provide important insights into the characteristics of various sex offending behaviors (including preferred victim type) and the likelihood that they will persist over time. (ojp.gov)

Mosaic1

• [3] Occasionally, not all cells have the extra chromosome, known as mosaic trisomy , and symptoms in these cases may be less severe. (wikipedia.org)

Pairs6

• The members of an autosome pair in a diploid cell have the same morphology, unlike those in allosomal (sex chromosome) pairs, which may have different structures. (wikipedia.org)
• Karyograms and staining techniques can only detect large-scale disruptions to chromosomes-chromosomal aberrations smaller than a few million base pairs generally cannot be seen on a karyogram. (wikipedia.org)
• The DNA in the human Y chromosome is composed of about 59 million base pairs. (iiab.me)
• Stevens proposed that chromosomes always existed in pairs and that the Y chromosome was the pair of the X chromosome discovered in 1890 by Hermann Henking. (iiab.me)
• Most alleles come in pairs, but there are some behind the scenes helper chromosomes that come in triples instead. (stackexchange.com)
• Each child gets one chromosome from each parent's XX,YY,ZZ pairs. (stackexchange.com)

Females1

• TDF functions by activating the SOX9 gene on chromosome 17, so mutations of the SOX9 gene can cause humans with an ordinary Y chromosome to develop as females. (wikipedia.org)

Humans2

• The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes ( allosomes ) in mammals, including humans , and many other animals. (iiab.me)
• With a 30% difference between humans and chimpanzees, the Y chromosome is one of the fastest-evolving parts of the human genome . (iiab.me)

Disorder2

• disorder in individuals who were assigned male at birth that results from the presence of an extra X chromosome in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
• Boys with 48,XXYY consistently exhibit Language-Based Learning Disabilities (LLD) and difficulties with Motor Planning, issues that are related to the high rate of dyslexia associated with the disorder. (thefocusfoundation.org)

Species1

• Y is normally the sex-determining chromosome in many species, since it is the presence or absence of Y that typically determines the male or female sex of offspring produced in sexual reproduction . (iiab.me)

Genetically2

• Since the long arm of ECAY carries the MSY and the PAR, the cells with i(Y) are genetically similar to those with Y chromosome disomy (YY). (veteriankey.com)
• If they have different sexes, sex is determined environmentally rather than genetically. (iiab.me)

Occurs1

• The additional chromosome usually occurs before conception . (wikipedia.org)

Intersex1

• Understanding the reproductive capabilities of intersex individuals is important for discussions around sex and gender, as it challenges the traditional notion of a strictly binary system. (realdating.gay)

Genome1

• To explore this, human sex aneuploidies were analyzed from a genome-wide expression dataset by Raznahan et al. (dementiatalkclub.com)

Manifest1

• Here * is a third helper chromosome that just says manifest this one guys . (stackexchange.com)

Cognitive2

• Sex offenders engage in cognitive distortions. (ojp.gov)
• Girls who are prenatally diagnosed and receive early intervention services typically exhibit fewer and less severe cognitive disabilities. (thefocusfoundation.org)

Clinical1

• The probes have been used for molecular hybridizations (fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH) in clinical cytogenetics, Y chromosome mapping, sequencing, gene discovery, and comparative Y chromosome studies between the horse and other equids/ Perssodactyls. (veteriankey.com)

Testes1

• The ability to generate sperm is typically associated with having testes, which are responsible for sperm production. (realdating.gay)

Cell2

• in each cell, two of which are the sex chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
• Most therian mammals have only one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. (iiab.me)

Cells1

• In the cells of their body, instead of 46 chromosomes including one X and one Y chromosome, they have one X and two Y chromosomes, making 47 in all. (genetic.org)

Pair1

• [13] The chromosome with this allele became the Y chromosome, while the other member of the pair became the X chromosome. (iiab.me)

Female2

• 2010). This is contrasts the freemartin condition in cattle where blood-chimaeric female co-twins are typically sterile (Padula, 2005). (veteriankey.com)
• There are five sexes: female, male, and three kinds of simultaneous hermaphrodites (berm, merm and ferm, collectively known as herms). (stackexchange.com)

System1

• The sex system is stable and is in no danger of having any of the sexes being outcompeted within the foreseeable future on an evolutionary timescale. (stackexchange.com)

Common1

• Intellectual disabilities are common in 48,XXYY, with average full-scale IQs in the range of 70-80. (thefocusfoundation.org)

Dosage1

• This process of X-chromosome inactivation evolved as a mechanism to regulate gene dosage. (dementiatalkclub.com)

Extra3

• The impact of the extra Y chromosome is extremely variable. (genetic.org)
• The great majority of boys and men with an extra Y chromosome are never aware of it, because they do not have symptoms that lead to a diagnosis. (genetic.org)
• Recently more than 700 published studies of the outcomes of having an extra sex chromosome were identified (Leggett 2010). (genetic.org)

Development2

• In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the gene SRY , which by default triggers male development. (iiab.me)
• In mammals, the Y chromosome contains a gene, SRY , which triggers embryonic development as a male. (iiab.me)

Important1

• An important breakthrough in horse Y chromosome research came with the availability of new genomics tools and resources, such as large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries (for review, see Rubes et al. (veteriankey.com)

Produce1

• All possible pairings between the five sexes can produce a child of any sex. (stackexchange.com)

Studies2

• This polymorphism is primarily attributed to the various amount of Y heterochromatin, though earlier studies also suggest variation in the euchromatic portion of the chromosome (Power, 1988). (veteriankey.com)
• The few studies that have examined this issue have been based on a small sample size, and far more research is needed before conclusions about a causal relationship to sex offending can be made (Beckmann et al. (ojp.gov)

Simply1

• Stevens named the chromosome "Y" simply to follow on from Henking's "X" alphabetically. (iiab.me)

Short2

• The latter is a Y chromosome that has lost the short arm and replaced it with an identical copy of the long arm. (veteriankey.com)
• It is entirely coincidental that the Y chromosome, during mitosis, has two very short branches which can look merged under the microscope and appear as the descender of a Y-shape. (iiab.me)

Appearance1

• The idea that the Y chromosome was named after its similarity in appearance to the letter "Y" is mistaken. (iiab.me)