Viruses hemagglutination. Medical search. Frequent questions

Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and haemagglutination inhibition test for the detection of Newcastle disease virus antibodies in human sera. (bmj.com)
A comparison of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques for the detection of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus in sera from persons working in poultry farms and veterinary vaccine institutes and from the general population revealed that 22% more sera were positive by ELISA compared to HI. (bmj.com)
Two monoclonal antibodies raised against Sindbis virus were shown to be specific for the envelope glycoprotein E1 by radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP). (microbiologyresearch.org)
Both monoclonal antibodies could enhance virus infectivity of Fc receptor-bearing macrophage-like cells when present at suitable dilutions. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Immune adherence hemagglutination was compared with the complement fixation test as a means of measuring antibodies to varicella-zoster virus. (mcmaster.ca)
The two assay methods were used to measure antibodies to varicella-zoster virus in 265 sera obtained from patients of different ages as well as sera from 26 patients with leukemia. (mcmaster.ca)
There were 35 cases where antibodies were detected by immune adherence hemagglutination but not by complement fixation, whereas in five cases the converse was found. (mcmaster.ca)
Our findings support the contention that immune adherence hemagglutination is the method of choice for detecting antibodies to varicella-zoster virus. (mcmaster.ca)
The focus forming assay (FFA) is a variation of the plaque assay, but instead of depending on cell lysis in order to detect plaque formation, the FFA employs immunostaining techniques using fluorescently labeled antibodies specific for a viral antigen to detect infected host cells and infectious virus particles before an actual plaque is formed. (wikipedia.org)
Instead, paired serum samples from patients, who suffered from a laboratory confirmed H1N1pdm09 infection, showed high levels or diagnostic rises (96%) in H1N1pdm virus NS1-specific antibodies and very high cross-reactivity to H3N2 subtype influenza A virus NS1 protein. (plos.org)
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
Haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies were tested by a standard WHO procedure. (bmj.com)
As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
Antibodies to HA neutralize virus. (powershow.com)
The antibodies to influenza virus were detected using hemagglutination inhibition (HI). (biomedcentral.com)
A variety of methods, such as virus neutralization, ELISA, and hemagglutination inhibition are available in our section to detect and quantitate antibodies induced by natural infection or vaccination. (msu.edu)
Infection enhancement of dengue type 2 virus in the human U-937 monocyte line by antibodies to Flavivirus cross-reactive determinants. (microbiologyresearch.org)

This data release contains the hemagglutination inhibition assay titers to 2009 H1N1 and three contemporary influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Antibody titers against 2009 H1N1 and three contemporary influenza viruses were measured with the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay following standard procedures by Focus Diagnositcs, Inc., Cypress, CA. (cdc.gov)
The HI assay for each target virus was performed in triplicate. (cdc.gov)
The FFA is particularly useful for quantifying classes of viruses that do not lyse the cell membranes, as these viruses would not be amenable to the plaque assay. (wikipedia.org)
Like the plaque assay, host cell monolayers are infected with various dilutions of the virus sample and allowed to incubate for a relatively brief incubation period (e.g., 24-72 hours) under a semisolid overlay medium that restricts the spread of infectious virus, creating localized clusters (foci) of infected cells. (wikipedia.org)
The TCID50 (50% Tissue Culture Infectious Dose) assay is the measure of infectious virus titer. (wikipedia.org)
This endpoint dilution assay quantifies the amount of virus required to kill 50% of infected hosts or to produce a cytopathic effect in 50% of inoculated tissue culture cells. (wikipedia.org)
This assay may be more common in clinical research applications where the lethal dose of virus must be determined or if the virus does not form plaques. (wikipedia.org)
The effect of Tri-Z on virus binding to its cell surface receptor was evaluated in a hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay using chicken red cells. (biomedcentral.com)
These first clinical trials demonstrated a good serological response to both influenza A and B. After two doses, there was an eight- to ninefold increase in antibody titer, measured by the hemagglutination inhibition assay. (medscape.com)
The hemagglutination inhibition assay was used to measure antibody levels. (biomedcentral.com)
These results show the usefulness of the recombinant envelope domain III as an alternative to standard whole virus proteins for ZIKV diagnostics as it improves the sensitivity and specificity of IgG ELISA assay when used as an immunogen. (bvsalud.org)
Sera were tested in hemagglutination inhibition assay. (bvsalud.org)

For example, the production of virus-based vaccines, recombinant proteins using viral vectors, and viral antigens all require virus quantification to continually monitor and/or modify the process in order to optimize product quality and production yields and to respond to ever changing demands and applications. (wikipedia.org)
A viral plaque is formed after a virus infects a cell within the fixed cell monolayer. (wikipedia.org)
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
Previously, we reported that Cur inhibits type A influenza virus (IAV) infection by interfering with viral haemagglutination (HA) activity. (greenmedinfo.com)
In comparison with the group of mice given phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the mice vaccinated with rL H5 showed reductions in lung index and viral replication in the lungs after a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
Of 2 glycoproteins on the surface of the RNA viral envelope, one mediates neuraminidase and hemagglutination activity, whereas the other is responsible for fusion to the lipid membrane of the host cell. (medscape.com)
The mumps virus does share various epidemiologic characteristics with other well-known viral pediatric diseases, such as measles (RNA virus, of the genus Morbillivirus, in the Paramyxoviridae family) and rubella (RNA virus, of the genus Rubivirus, in the Togaviridae family). (medscape.com)
[ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)

A serological survey based on haemagglutination inhibition test confirmed our findings. (who.int)

Serological analyses demonstrated that homologous hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization antibody titers were detectable in the ferrets after the first immunization with the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines that were further boosted by the second immunization. (nature.com)
In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
In a randomized, phase 3, multicenter study , the experimental vaccine elicited high hemagglutination inhibition titers in patients. (medscape.com)

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)
Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
The neuraminidase stalks regions in these viruses had no deletion as compared to that A/Dk/HK/ Y280/97 lineage (Ck/Bei-like viruses) and the 2 human isolates A/HK/1073/99, A/HK/1074/99. (scialert.net)
The hemadsorbing site of neuraminidase had up to 3 amino acid substitutions and is different from those of earlier Iranian viruses. (scialert.net)
Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
Positive samples were inoculated in MDCK cells and virus phenotypic susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) was assessed using fluorescent NA inhibition. (who.int)
Les échantillons positifs ont été inoculés à des cellules rénales canines Madin-Darby (MDCK) et le profil de sensibilité phénotypique des virus isolés aux INA a été évalué au moyen du test d'inhibition de la neuraminidase (NA) par fluorescence. (who.int)
Les deux virus de la grippe B ayant une sensibilité réduite à l'oseltamivir montrent l'importance d'une surveillance permanente de la sensibilité à l'inhibiteur de la neuraminidase. (who.int)

Among a sample of participants of all ages collected during the year 2010, the antibody testing of stored sera specimens from NHANES 2009-2010 was conducted to determine population levels of pre-pandemic cross reactive antibody to the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus and related influenza viruses prior to the spread of the novel 2009 H1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. (cdc.gov)
Cross-reactive antibody responses to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
Sensitivity and Specificity of Serologic Assays for Detection of Human Infection with 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Virus in U.S. Populations. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 continues to be the most common influenza virus circulating in Canada. (canada.ca)
Among the 10,014 influenza A viruses subtyped, 92% have been A(H1N1)pdm09. (canada.ca)
AFLURIA- influenza a virus a/california/7/2009 x-181 (h1n1) antigen (propiolactone inactivated), influenza a virus a/texas/50/2012 x-223 (h3n2) antigen (propiolactone inactivated), and influenza b virus b/massachusetts/2/2012 bx-51b antigen (propiolactone inactivated) injection, suspension bioCSL Pty Ltd. (nih.gov)
The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
Cross-reactive immunity against influenza viruses in children and adults following 2009 pandemic H1N1 infection. (nih.gov)
PVP-I was tested against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae according to bactericidal quantitative suspension test EN13727 and against severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), rotavirus strain Wa and influenza virus A subtype H1N1 according to virucidal quantitative suspension test EN14476. (springer.com)
PVP-I gargle/mouthwash diluted 1:30 (equivalent to a concentration of 0.23% PVP-I) showed effective bactericidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae and rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, influenza virus A (H1N1) and rotavirus after 15 s of exposure. (springer.com)
1) represent reactions that are known to occur following immunizations generally or influenza influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B viruses have been in global circulation. (who.int)
The A/PR8 (H1N1) strain used, which was isolated in Puerto Rico in 1934, had a high replication potential in eggs, which enabled the required huge quantities of virus to be obtained. (medscape.com)
Following a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus, survival rates and lung index of mice were observed. (biomedcentral.com)
After the mice were vaccinated with rL H5, cross-protective immune response was induced, which was against heterosubtypic influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
The mice were then challenged with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that vaccination with rL H5 provided cross-protection against a lethal challenge with an antigenically distinct influenza A/H1N1 virus and produced significant changes in the levels of some cytokines and the percentages of both IFN-γ + CD4 + and IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells in lung and spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
In 2006, 657 influenza isolates from Australia were antigenically analysed: 402 were A(H3N2), 24 were A(H1N1) and 231 were influenza B viruses. (health.gov.au)
Continued antigenic drift was seen with the A(H3N2) viruses from the previous reference strains (A/California/7/2004 and A/New York/55/2004) and drift was also noted in some of the A(H1N1) strains from the reference/vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99, although very few A(H1N1) viruses were isolated in Australia in 2006. (health.gov.au)
Of 440 specimens, 135 were positive for influenza B Yamagata-like virus, 38 were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 25 were A(H3N2). (who.int)
Sur 440 échantillons, 135 (31 %) étaient positifs au virus de la grippe B de type Yamagata, 38 (8 %) à celui de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et 25 (6 %) à celui de la grippe A(H3N2). (who.int)

The analysis was based on the presence or absence of antibody response against non-structural protein 1 (NS1) from H1N1pdm09 virus, which was not a component of Pandemrix vaccine. (plos.org)
These results suggested that the CPD of the surface glycoprotein genes of the LS strain does not sufficiently attenuate the virus for in ovo vaccination, and other virus attenuation approaches are needed to develop a safe in ovo NDV vaccine. (usda.gov)
AFLURIA is an inactivated influenza virus vaccine indicated for active immunization of persons ages 6 months and older against influenza disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and type B present in the vaccine. (drugs.com)
Influenza virus vaccine generated a good humoral response in rheumatoid patients, although lower than in healthy controls. (bmj.com)
AFLURIA is an inactivated influenza vaccine indicated for active immunization against influenza disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and type B present in the vaccine. (nih.gov)
Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
influenza vaccine have not been correlated with protection from influenza virus. (who.int)
The relatively simple methods developed by Burnet in Australia for culturing the virus on chick embryos, involving inoculation into the allantoic cavity, made it easy to obtain sufficient amounts of the virus strains for the vaccine. (medscape.com)
Thomas Francis, head of the US Army Commission, and his colleagues decided to use a vaccine prepared from allantoic fluid containing high concentrations of virus that had been purified and inactivated with formalin. (medscape.com)
[ 8 ] With an inactivated virus vaccine, the amount of antigen required to induce immunity is much greater than that for a live-attenuated virus vaccine, because unlike the live-attenuated virus, the inactivated virus does not replicate in the recipient. (medscape.com)
Thus, being able to obtain large quantities of virus in the allantoic fluid overcame this problem and an inactivated vaccine with a sufficiently high concentration of antigen could be prepared, after a simple, rapid purification process. (medscape.com)
This virus was named Influenza B and the inactivated influenza vaccine had to be bivalent to provide protection against both types of influenza viruses (Figure 1). (medscape.com)
Thus, in 1942, 10,000 doses of the first bivalent vaccine containing the A/PR8 and B/Lee virus strains were administered in humans for testing. (medscape.com)
This bivalent vaccine contained 0.5 ml of virus concentrated from 5 ml of allantoic fluid containing influenza A and the same amount of influenza B. One half of the influenza A allantoic fluid contained the A/PR8 strain and the other half contained the Weiss strain, a strain that had been isolated more recently and that was slightly different from A/PR8. (medscape.com)
In 1944, Stanley described in detail the preparation and properties of influenza virus vaccine produced in embryonated hen eggs, concentrated and purified by differential centrifugation and inactivated by different procedures. (medscape.com)
In this study, mice were vaccinated with recombinant virus vaccine (rL H5), in which the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza A/H5N1 virus was inserted into the LaSota Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
2 ] The risk of seeking treatment will decrease by 40-60% if influenza vaccine viruses match circulating viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
4 ] However, such protection effectiveness may be lower for some reasons, especially when the vaccine strains are mismatched with circulating viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
The B viruses isolated were predominately of the B/Victoria-lineage and similar to the reference/vaccine strain B/Malaysia/2506/2004. (health.gov.au)
A newly developed influenza vaccine against the H5N1 subunit of the avian influenza virus, which has pandemic potential, has been shown to be highly immunogenic in younger and older adults . (medscape.com)

Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
The chapter begins with a reconstruction of the descent of the virus that infected and killed humans in Thailand and Vietnam during the winter of 2003-2004 from the H5N1 virus first known to have infected humans (in Hong Kong in 1997). (nationalacademies.org)
These findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China played a central role in the generation and maintenance of H5N1 and that wild birds spread the virus across Asia, to the point where it is now endemic in the region-an ecological niche from which it now presents a long-term pandemic threat to humans. (nationalacademies.org)
The ancestral hosts for influenza A viruses are aquatic birds, however, it has also been established in some mammals, such as humans and pigs. (health.gov.au)
Currently, there is concern that the avian A(H5N1) virus that has infected and killed millions of poultry in many countries will undergo such changes or naturally mutate to make it easily transmissible in humans and hence trigger a pandemic. (health.gov.au)
Overview of Arbovirus, Arenavirus, and Filovirus Infections Arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) is defined as any virus that is transmitted to humans and/or other vertebrates by certain species of blood-feeding arthropods, mostly insects (flies and mosquitoes). (msdmanuals.com)
Aedes mosquitoes may acquire the virus when they feed on humans during this period. (msdmanuals.com)

Non-structural (NS) 1 proteins from recombinant influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) and influenza A/Finland/554/09 (H1N1pdm09) viruses were purified and used in Western blot analysis to determine specific antibody responses in human sera. (plos.org)

AI strains are divided into two groups based on the pathogenicity of the virus, or the ability of the virus to produce disease. (usgs.gov)
It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
Prototype strains of viruses type A and B differed during the 10-year and antisera were provided by the WHO period (Figure 2). (who.int)
Some avian H9 viruses have acquired receptor binding characteristics typical of human strains, increasing the potential for reassortment in both human and pig respiratory tracts ( Suzuki, 2005 ). (scialert.net)

Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
Additional information on avian influenza viruses are available in the Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases . (usgs.gov)

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)

Also, these recombinant viruses retained their growth kinetics similar to the parental rLS virus except rLS/HN-d that showed slightly high titer. (usda.gov)

Techniques for haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
As of October 3, 2016, at least 856 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in 16 countries had been reported to the World Health Organization, among which 452 had ended in death, for an apparent case fatality rate of 52.8% ( WHO, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
Phylogenetic analysis HA and NA genes showed that they share a common ancestor Qa/HK/G1/97 isolate which had contributed internal genes of H5N1 virus. (scialert.net)
The federal government says the H5N1 virus has been found in commercial and backyard birds in 29 states and in wild birds in 34 states since the first cases were detected in late 2021. (medscape.com)

ABSTRACT To better understand the annual distribution of influenza virus in our country, we isolated and typed 45 viruses from 1043 patients with acute respiratory illnesses in a 10-year study conducted by the National Influenza Centre of the Islamic Republic of Iran The seasonal distribution of influenza typically ran from November to April. (who.int)
ABSTRACT We monitored phenotypic and genotypic susceptibility of influenza viruses circulating in Morocco during 2014-2015 to oseltamivir and zanamivir. (who.int)

Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. (nature.com)
Currently available Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines cannot be administered in ovo because of the reduced hatchability and embryo mortality. (usda.gov)
The majority of SAEs occurred after c adverse events listed below reflect experience in both children and adults and include those a causal relation of GBS with subsequent vaccines prepared from other influenza viruses is unclear. (who.int)
Evolution of influenza viruses and corresponding evolution of influenza vaccines. (medscape.com)
Influenza virus undergoes constant antigenic evolution, and therefore influenza vaccines must be reformulated each year. (biomedcentral.com)
A goal of many research works is to produce universal vaccines that can induce protective immunity to influenza A viruses of various subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)

Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Infection with influenza viruses results in a of influenza viruses in particular years. (who.int)
size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to Influenza illness and its complications follow infection with influenza viruses. (who.int)

From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
Respiratory RNA viruses are continuing to challenge man with epidemics and devastating pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
Recent virus epidemics and rising antibiotic resistance highlight the importance of hygiene measures to prevent and control outbreaks. (springer.com)
Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)

A few bat species were recently shown to be infected by influenza viruses originally designated as new influenza A subtypes H17N10 and H18N11. (cdc.gov)
Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)

Curcumin and its metabolites could inhibit type A influenza virus infection. (greenmedinfo.com)

Respiratory RNA viruses including influenza virus have been a cause of health and economic hardships. (biomedcentral.com)
These findings suggest that combination of trimethoprim and zinc at optimal ratio can be provided as treatment for influenza and possibly other respiratory RNA viruses infection in man. (biomedcentral.com)
In the wrong hands, a technology involving respiratory RNA viruses may become a threat to national security. (biomedcentral.com)
Public health education, vaccination and drug treatment are strategies whereby national security against threats of respiratory RNA virus pandemics is ensured. (biomedcentral.com)
When combined at a ratio TMP and Zn may treat respiratory RNA virus infections [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
For more detailed weekly and cumulative influenza data, see the text descriptions for Figures 2 and 3 or the Respiratory Virus Detections in Canada Report . (canada.ca)
In addition to seasonal endemic viruses, emerging and re-emerging virus outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) require close contact for human-to-human transmission and can spread nosocomially [ 5 , 6 ]. (springer.com)
Respiratory pathogens such as influenza are also transmitted via airborne dispersion of small particle aerosols (≤ 5 µm) when an infected individual breathes, coughs or sneezes [ 11 ], while respiratory syncytial viruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can be spread by large droplets propelled through the air and inoculated into the eyes, nose and mouth at close range [ 12 ]. (springer.com)
Avian influenza virus was isolated from poultry farms with history of respiratory illness and increased mortality. (scialert.net)
During the 2003 epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), it was thought that the SARS-causing virus belonged to the Paramyxoviridae family. (medscape.com)
Throat and nasal swab specimens were collected from outpatients (with influenza-like illness) and inpatients (with severe acute respiratory illness) and tested for influenza viruses using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. (who.int)

The causative agents, enveloped single-strand RNA viruses from the genus Flavivirus with 4 serotypes, are transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. (msdmanuals.com)

Influenza viruses infect millions of people worldwide and result in ~290,000-650,000 influenza-related deaths each year 1 . (nature.com)
RNA virus requires host cell wall receptors to infect and its nucleus to replicate [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)

2 ]. Influenza viruses have a major impact ical and serological investigations over a on morbidity in hospitalizations. (who.int)
Serological studies on 40 cases of mumps virus infection. (bmj.com)

We anticipate that NS1 mediates the effects of AIV on macrophages and would like to test viruses with different NS1 alleles to determine if it mediates the downregulation of immune function genes as we described in the Prelimiary Results. (usda.gov)

Analysis of acute- and convalescent-phase sera from patients infected with varicella-zoster or with herpes simplex virus showed the immune adherence hemagglutination test to be more sensitive than the complement fixation test, and greater cross-reactivity between the two viruses appeared to be associated with the increased sensitivity. (mcmaster.ca)
However, current serology tests using whole virus antigens frequently suffer from cross reactivity issues, delays, and technical complexity, especially in low and middle income countries (LMICs) and endemic countries. (bvsalud.org)

Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
Influenza virus undergoes rapid antigenic evolution by accumulation of mutations and through genetic reassortments of segments. (biomedcentral.com)

Based on our findings, it is unlikely that H1N1pdm09 virus infection contributed to a sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy observed in Finland in 2010 after AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix vaccination. (plos.org)
Some of these mutations may allow RNA virus to cross species like SARS and COVID-19 whereby no vaccination existed. (biomedcentral.com)
To assess the efficacy and safety of vaccination against influenza virus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, with special emphasis on the effect of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) blockers. (bmj.com)
The influenza viruses pose a threat to human health and medical services, and vaccination is an important way to prevent infection. (biomedcentral.com)

Even though the mumps virus, Rubulavirus, shares similar morphologic features to human parainfluenza viruses (known as hPIVs, as part of the Paramyxovirus genus), no cross-immunity between these viruses is known. (medscape.com)

Enhancement of dengue virus infection in monocytes by flavivirus antisera. (microbiologyresearch.org)
This study describes the susceptibility to dengue virus infection of a monocytic cell line at different states of differentiation. (microbiologyresearch.org)

HHV-1, also known as herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, causes primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, or oral herpes. (medscape.com)

1. Extensive Regulations of immune genes in chicken macrophages and lungs infected with influenza virus H9N2. (usda.gov)
Cellular immune responses may play an important role in HSI against influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
trypsin-sensitive virus receptors and trypsin-resistant immune complex receptors. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Influenza virus can adapt to species specific haemagglutinin biding receptors on cell surface and then cross the species [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

HHV-3, also known as varicella-zoster virus (VZV), causes the primary infection chickenpox and the secondary reactivation disease herpes zoster. (medscape.com)

Ils ont été soumis au test de détection des virus de la grippe A et B via la méthode d'analyse RT-PCR simplex en temps réel. (who.int)
Soixante virus de la grippe B isolés sur les culture de cellules MDCK et soumis au test de sensibilité aux INA n'ont démontré aucune résistance significative aux INA. (who.int)

and T.M. Ellis, K. Dyrting, W. Wong, P. Li, and C. Li of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation of Hong Kong for their support of field work, and W. Lim, for virus isolates. (nationalacademies.org)

[8,9] However, these viruses were shown to be incompetent for reassortment with other influenza A viruses, a hallmark of the species, indicating that they are not true influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
Crossing the species barrier to mammals highlights the pandemic potential of H9N2 virus. (scialert.net)

In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
Active, prospective, continuous, hospital-based SARI surveillance is useful in supporting pandemic preparedness for emerging influenza A(H7N9) virus infections and seasonal influenza prevention and control. (who.int)

Biological assays showed that the codon deoptimized viruses maintained similar hemagglutination activity in embryonated eggs as the parental rLS virus. (usda.gov)

For example, cell-based assays typically measure infectious units (active virus). (wikipedia.org)
Plaque-based assays are a commonly used method to determine virus concentration in terms of infectious dose. (wikipedia.org)
The PFU/mL number represents the concentration of infectious virus particles within the sample and is based on the assumption that each plaque formed is representative of an initial infection by one infectious virus particle. (wikipedia.org)
Infectious virus titres increased in undifferentiated U937 cells following infection with clinical isolates but only when the cells were infected via their Fc receptors. (microbiologyresearch.org)
HHV-4, also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), causes the primary infection infectious mononucleosis , and it is implicated in various diseases, such as African Burkitt lymphoma , other immunoproliferative disorders, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (medscape.com)

It was antigenically different from the influenza A(PR8) virus, but had the same properties in terms of culture in eggs. (medscape.com)

Herpesvirus family members are icosahedral DNA viruses. (medscape.com)

However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
H9N2 viruses circulate widely in the Middle East and are associated with serious disease in poultry. (scialert.net)

Influenza virus infection is lethal to the chick embryo. (biomedcentral.com)
We examined whether a combination of trimethoprim and zinc (Tri-Z), that acts on the host, can reduce the lethal effect of influenza A virus in chick embryo model. (biomedcentral.com)
Acting on host cells, Tri-Z at optimal ratio can reduce the lethal effect of influenza A virus in chick embryo. (biomedcentral.com)
However, all three codon deoptimized viruses were still lethal to 10-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos with a mean death time less than 128 hours. (usda.gov)

The results showed that the use of the 5 g/kg diet EP continuously led to the highest DFI, DWG and antibody titres against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) and Newcastle virus when compared to other groups. (researchgate.net)

Bottom line Influenza virus somehow manages to make frequent minor changes and sudden major changes which permit temporary evasion of a population's immunity. (powershow.com)

Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-8, and chemokines K203, ah221 (CCL7), ah294, CCL3, CCL20, K60 (CXCL1) and CXCL14 were all upregulated from 1.3 to 26.7 fold in A/ph/CA/2373/98 (H9N2) virus infected Macrophages. (usda.gov)
We also found that interferon (IFN) and IFN-inducible genes were regulated differentially in A/ph/CA/2373/98 (H9N2) virus infected Macrophages. (usda.gov)

In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
Highly pathogenic AI viruses have been frequently found in wild and domestic European birds, significantly in 2006, and annually since then. (usgs.gov)
Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms59

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes24

Information Science3

Health Care3

Antibodies17

Assay13

Viral9

Inhibition test1

Titers3

Neuraminidase10

H1N123

Vaccine20

Humans12

H3N21

Strains6

Avian influenza viruses2

Highly pathogeni3

Titer1

Arthropod-borne viruses1

H5N17

Abstract2

Vaccines7

Infection with influenza viruses3

Epidemics6

Subtypes2

Type A influen1

Respiratory11

Single-strand RNA viruses1

Infect3

Serological2

Mediates1

Cross-reactivity2

Antigenic2

Vaccination4

Mumps virus1

Dengue virus infection2

Herpes simpl1

Immune3

Haemagglutinin1

Varicella-zoste1

Test2

Hong Kong1

Species2

Infections4

Biological1

Infectious5

Antigenically1

Herpesvirus1

Poultry2

Lethal4

Newcastle1

Immunity1

H9N22

Birds4