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Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeCatsImmunodeficiency Virus, FelineCat DiseasesSyndromeMurine Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeFeline Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeLeukemia Virus, FelineHIV-1HIV InfectionsSimian immunodeficiency virusHIVAIDS-Related Opportunistic InfectionsSimian Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAIDS-Related ComplexImmunologic Deficiency SyndromesCalicivirus, FelineCoronavirus, FelineHomosexualitySevere Combined ImmunodeficiencyMolecular Sequence DataHIV SeropositivityFeline PanleukopeniaZidovudineAnti-HIV AgentsVirus ReplicationSarcoma Viruses, FelineCD4 Lymphocyte CountCommon Variable ImmunodeficiencyPneumonia, PneumocystisFeline Infectious PeritonitisHIV AntibodiesLymphoma, AIDS-Relatedtat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency VirusFeline panleukopenia virusHIV AntigensAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveHIV-2Lentivirus InfectionsRNA, ViralGene Products, gagDeltaretrovirusDNA, ViralBase SequenceRetroviridae InfectionsHIV Envelope Protein gp120Cell LineLeukemia, FelineSarcoma, KaposiViral LoadMacaca mulattaHIV Core Protein p24Amino Acid SequenceCytomegalovirus RetinitisOpportunistic InfectionsAntigens, CD4CD4-Positive T-LymphocytesDown SyndromeMetabolic Syndrome XReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsT-LymphocytesRetroviridae ProteinsAntibodies, ViralGene Products, envPolymerase Chain ReactionToxoplasmosis, CerebralMutationHIV Reverse TranscriptaseProvirusesRNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseAntiviral Agentsnef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency VirusLymphatic DiseasesHIV SeronegativityAIDS SerodiagnosisGenes, envDidanosineFatal Outcomegag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency VirusSubstance Abuse, IntravenousTime FactorsReceptors, CCR5AIDS Dementia ComplexHIV SeroprevalenceAIDS VaccinesHIV Protease InhibitorsNeutralization TestsHIV Long Terminal RepeatPentamidineUnited StatesCells, Culturedrev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency VirusRisk FactorsGene Products, tatLeukocytes, MononuclearZalcitabineCD4-CD8 RatioImmunocompromised HostHemophilia AGenes, gag
FeLVLeukemiaRetrovirusLENTIVIRUSKittensProteinsAIDSImmuneVIRUSESAffectsMutationsCanineBacteriaSpeciesSymptomsInfectious diseasesAsymptomaticVirusIndoorsHumanSusceptibleSalivaAggressiveResultsCat'sExposureTransmissionOccurCommonSevereVaccineSecondary infectionsHumansCause diseaseProductsFinalReverseCoreOwnersSpreadWaterIndividualRisk
FeLV3
  • The relationship between treatment outcome and location of cryptococcal infection, gender, magnitude of pretreatment cryptococcal antigen titers, results of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) serology, and serial changes in antigen titers during and after treatment were evaluated in a prospective and nonrandomized study of 35 cats with cryptococcosis. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • cats seropositive for FeLV or FIV had a higher likelihood of treatment failure (P = .008). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • FIV is in the same retrovirus family as Feline leukemia virus (FeLV). (mongabay.com)
Leukemia1
  • injection site tumours (sarcoma, most often due to feline leukemia virus and rabies vaccines). (yourvetonline.com)
Retrovirus1
  • Image showing an adult cat with feline immunodeficiency FIV is a viral disease caused by a retrovirus that affects only felines (therefore cats, in particular stray but not, for example, dogs) and which is transmitted from infected person to person healthy mostly through scratching and biting, because the pathogen is contained in saliva and blood. (aids2010.org)
LENTIVIRUS2
  • Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). (lookformedical.com)
  • Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that affects domesticated housecats worldwide. (mongabay.com)
Kittens2
  • Because most cases of cat-scratch disease result from contact with kittens, immunosuppressed people should avoid such contact. (snapcats.org)
  • Anti-parasite medications for kittens and annual fecal exams for adult cats can reduce environmental contamination and the risk of human infection. (snapcats.org)
Proteins3
  • DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins synthesized by HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES such as the HIV-1 and HIV-2 . (lookformedical.com)
  • IMPORTANCE Most studies investigating the characteristics of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have been focusing on mutations in the spike proteins that affect viral infectivity, fusogenicity, and pathogenicity. (bvsalud.org)
AIDS8
  • What is AIDS in cats (feline immunodeficiency syndrome)FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency), is a common disease of cats, similar to AIDS and for this reason defined, in fact, cat AIDS. (aids2010.org)
  • Let's get rid of this doubt immediately: cat "AIDS" has nothing to do with HIV infection in humans, which is transmitted sexually or through direct contact with infected (human) blood, and which above all has other pathogenic cause. (aids2010.org)
  • Cat AIDS can be kept under control but not treated, because there are no drug therapies capable of eradicating the virus once it has infected the animal. (aids2010.org)
  • GAINESVILLE, Fla. - A University of Florida researcher has discovered an unexpected link between the viruses that cause feline and human AIDS: Cats vaccinated with an experimental strain of the human AIDS virus appear to be at least as well-protected against the feline version of the disease as those immunized with the vaccine currently used by veterinarians. (mongabay.com)
  • The surprise finding may mean cats with feline immunodeficiency virus, also known as FIV or feline AIDS, could eventually be treated even more effectively using some form of the experimental human vaccine. (mongabay.com)
  • Since its discovery in 1987, FIV infection of cats has been used in vaccine studies as a small-animal model of human AIDS. (mongabay.com)
  • To determine the extent to which the human and feline AIDS viruses react to each other, and any implications that might exist for vaccine efficacy, Yamamoto began experimenting with long-term, nonprogressive strains of FIV that led to the current commercial vaccine. (mongabay.com)
  • Those with immature or weakened immune systems, such as infants, individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the elderly, and people undergoing cancer therapy, are more susceptible to zoonotic infections than others. (snapcats.org)
Immune6
  • For some cats, the virus mutates (changes) and reacts with the cat's immune system to create a disease called FIP. (yourvetonline.com)
  • FIV attacks the immune system of cats, much like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks the immune system of human beings. (mongabay.com)
  • FIV can compromise the immune system of cats. (furrycritter.com)
  • FIV can be tolerated well by cats, but can eventually lead to debilitation of the immune system in its feline hosts by the infection and exhaustion of T-helper (CD4+) cells. (furrycritter.com)
  • Low levels of CD4+ and other affected immune system cells cause the cat to be susceptible to opportunistic diseases once the disease progresses to feline acquired immune deficiency syndrome (FAIDS). (furrycritter.com)
  • Finally, the cat progresses into the final stage (known as the feline acquired immune deficiency syndrome (FAIDS) stage), wherein the cat is extremely susceptible to secondary diseases that inevitably are the cause of death. (furrycritter.com)
VIRUSES1
  • The viruses HIV and FIV are from the same viral family," Yamamoto said. (mongabay.com)
Affects1
Mutations4
  • However, unlike in domestic cats, the virus does not necessarily cause disease in these species, perhaps because these species have acquired, during evolution, mutations that confer resistance to it. (mongabay.com)
  • Previous studies on the Omicron BA.2 variant suggested that the virological characteristics of BA.2 are determined by the mutations in at least two different regions of the viral genome: in the BA.2 spike gene (enhancing viral fusogenicity and intrinsic pathogenicity) and the non-spike region of the BA.2 genome (leading to intrinsic pathogenicity attenuation). (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, we revealed that multiple mutations downstream of the spike gene in the BA.2 genome are responsible for attenuating intrinsic viral pathogenicity and replication capacity. (bvsalud.org)
  • After the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, a number of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses (SC2r-CoVs) were identified in Rhinolophus bats, and some of them can use human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for the infection receptor without acquiring additional mutations. (bvsalud.org)
Canine1
  • Principles of Canine and Feline Blood Collection, Processing, and Storage. (chipsbooks.com)
Bacteria3
  • Some healthy cats are continuously or intermittently infected with cat-scratch disease bacteria, but antibiotics do not reliably cure infection in these cats and are not currently recommended. (snapcats.org)
  • However, cats and other animals-even those that appear healthy-can carry and pass salmonella bacteria in their stool. (snapcats.org)
  • Salmonella bacteria are more commonly harbored by cats that feed on raw meat or wild birds and animals. (snapcats.org)
Species1
  • FIV can infect other feline species, and in fact in some large wild cat species, such as African lions, the virus is commonly present. (mongabay.com)
Symptoms1
  • Here the cat demonstrates no noticeable symptoms for a variable length of time. (furrycritter.com)
Infectious diseases2
  • Vaccination is one of the most effective ways you can protect your cat against infectious diseases. (yourvetonline.com)
  • While most feline infectious diseases affect only cats, and most human infectious diseases affect only humans, it is important to be aware that some of these diseases-called zoonotic diseases-can be transmitted between cats and people. (snapcats.org)
Asymptomatic2
  • This is a relatively common infection in cats that mainly causes asymptomatic infections such as enteritis resulting in diarrhoea. (yourvetonline.com)
  • Factors that influence the length of the asymptomatic stage include the pathogenicity of the infecting virus and FIV subtype (A-E), the age of the cat, and exposure to other pathogens. (furrycritter.com)
Virus12
  • External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • Infected cats shed the virus in their urine, stool, nasal secretions and even their fleas can aid the transmission of the virus. (yourvetonline.com)
  • Feline herpes virus, sometimes known as feline viral rhinotracheitis (F3 FVR) is a highly contagious disease that causes upper respiratory tract disease. (yourvetonline.com)
  • Feline coronavirus is a cat-specific virus (it cannot cause disease in other animals and is NOT the same virus that causes human coronavirus Covid-19). (yourvetonline.com)
  • Whilst most cats eliminate FCoV after infection, some will develop a persistent infection and continue to shed large amounts of the virus in their faeces, serving as a source of infection for other cats. (yourvetonline.com)
  • Feline leukaemia virus was once a highly prevalent disease, which now, thanks to vaccination is a lot less common. (yourvetonline.com)
  • The virus is transmitted between cats via contact with a cat's infected saliva and urine either directly, or by touching shared food bowls and toys. (yourvetonline.com)
  • FIV is transmitted primarily through deep bite wounds, where the virus present in the infected cat's saliva enters the body tissues of another cat. (furrycritter.com)
  • The chance that an FIV-infected cat will pass the virus to other cats within a household is low, unless there is fighting between cats, or wounds present that could allow entry of the virus from infected to non-infected cat. (furrycritter.com)
  • This testing identifies those cats that carry the FIV antibody but does not detect the actual virus. (furrycritter.com)
  • False positives occur when the cat carries the antibody (which is harmless) but does not carry the actual virus. (furrycritter.com)
Indoors3
  • Because biting is the most efficient means of viral transmission, free-roaming, aggressive male cats are the most frequently infected, while cats housed exclusively indoors are much less likely to be infected. (mongabay.com)
  • However, avoiding scratches and bites (for example, by not allowing children to play roughly with cats), controlling fleas, and keeping cats indoors all reduce the risk of cat-scratch disease. (snapcats.org)
  • Feline infection can be prevented by keeping cats indoors and feeding them cooked or commercially processed food. (snapcats.org)
Human2
  • We talk about it here because it often happens to meet people - both cat owners and non-cat owners - who confuse the two syndromes, human and feline, and fear that there is a danger of transmission. (aids2010.org)
  • Human infection can be prevented by wearing gloves and washing hands thoroughly after cleaning litter boxes (especially if used by a cat with diarrhea). (snapcats.org)
Susceptible2
  • Infection occurs when a susceptible cat comes into contact with these infectious secretions. (yourvetonline.com)
  • It is spread to susceptible cats that are in direct contact with an infected cat, or with inanimate objects (e.g., clothing, food and water dishes, furniture, toys) that have been contaminated with viral particles. (yourvetonline.com)
Saliva1
  • Transmission of a zoonotic disease can potentially occur when a person comes into direct contact with secretions or excretions-such as saliva or feces-from an infected cat. (snapcats.org)
Aggressive1
  • All cats are at risk, but in particular those that can easily be attacked by wild or stray cats (especially if males are not neutered, and therefore aggressive), in urban areas or in rural areas. (aids2010.org)
Results2
  • FIV is a natural infection of domestic cats that results in an immunodeficiency syndrome resembling HIV infection in humans. (mongabay.com)
  • The term is used to describe an acquired syndrome of multifactorial aetiology that results in loss of hair over the perineum, proximal ventral and ventrolateral tail, hind limbs, ventrum, lateral abdomen and distal forelimbs and on rare occasions extending to the lateral thorax. (vin.com)
Cat's1
  • It is important to discuss with a vet your cat's individual circumstances to determine what vaccine schedule will suit your cat best. (yourvetonline.com)
Exposure1
  • Proper hygiene, including washing hands before meals, cleaning soil from vegetables, and reducing exposure to cat feces (e.g., by covering children's sandboxes when not in use) can prevent infection. (snapcats.org)
Transmission1
  • reducing the risk of transmission of disease between individual cats, and between cats and other animals including humans. (yourvetonline.com)
Occur2
  • Occasionally a cat may suffer from anaphylaxis that can occur up to 48 hours post-vaccination. (yourvetonline.com)
  • Cat-scratch disease can occur when a person is bitten or scratched by an infected cat. (snapcats.org)
Common3
  • However, simple precautions, common sense, and good hygiene, including careful handling of litter boxes and treating cats with fleas and other parasites, can further reduce the risk of zoonotic disease. (snapcats.org)
  • Cat-scratch disease , also called bartonellosis , is by far the most common zoonotic disease associated with cats. (snapcats.org)
  • Fleas are the most common external parasite of cats. (snapcats.org)
Severe1
  • The unremitting emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants necessitates ongoing control measures. (bvsalud.org)
Vaccine4
  • Thankfully, very few cats suffer from vaccine side effects. (yourvetonline.com)
  • If your cat has experienced an adverse reaction to a vaccine in the past, your vet may recommend that your cat either not receive that vaccine (unless it is a legal requirement) or recommend that they receive medications to reduce the potential to react and keep your pet in for observation. (yourvetonline.com)
  • Yamamoto holds the patent on the only approved vaccine available through veterinarians to protect cats against FIV. (mongabay.com)
  • Her most recent studies have attempted to improve the efficacy of that vaccine by using strains of FIV found in cats in which the disease had not progressed for some reason over several years. (mongabay.com)
Secondary infections1
  • A vigilant pet owner who treats secondary infections can allow an infected cat to live a reasonably long life. (furrycritter.com)
Humans1
  • You are much more likely to contract ailments from other humans than you are from your cat. (snapcats.org)
Cause disease1
  • Some feline intestinal parasites, including roundworms and hookworms, can also cause disease in people. (snapcats.org)
Products1
  • The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. (lookformedical.com)
Final1
  • They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease. (lookformedical.com)
Reverse1
  • This interaction causes the viral and cellular membranes to fuse, allowing the transfer of the viral RNA into the cytoplasm, where it is reverse transcribed and integrated into the cellular genome through nonhomologous recombination. (furrycritter.com)
Core1
  • Yamamoto's team was also surprised to discover that a core protein found in HIV also effectively protects cats against FIV. (mongabay.com)
Owners1
  • In many cases, the owners do not believe that the cat is pruritic because they have not seen any evidence of scratching. (vin.com)
Spread1
  • Keeping infected cats separated from disease free cats is the only sure way of preventing the spread of the disease. (mongabay.com)
Water2
  • Additionally, a disease may be contracted through contact with water or food that has been contaminated by an infected cat. (snapcats.org)
  • FIV+ cats can share water bowls, pellet bowls, eat from the same bowl of wet food, and use the same litter box with low danger of transmitting the disease. (furrycritter.com)
Individual1
  • Bear in mind that in any individual cat the clinical picture may represent a combination of pruritic and behavioural aspects. (vin.com)
Risk2
  • HIV-positive pregnant women can, as we have seen, transmit the infection to the unborn child, but antiretroviral therapy is able to reduce this risk;Prevent and treat venereal diseases, which are also a risk factor for acquired immunodeficiency infection. (aids2010.org)
  • For cats, keeping your cat inside rather than letting them roam outside will lower their risk of catching a disease from other cats. (yourvetonline.com)