• Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious infection caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Others might have symptoms as mild as a fever and headache, or as serious as encephalitis (brain infection). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne virus infection that involves inflammation of the brain. (un.org)
  • Although most infections are asymptomatic, those with severe infection may develop encephalitis which can lead to death or permanent disability. (ncirs.org.au)
  • For others, JE virus infection can cause illness ranging from fever and headache to severe encephalitis (brain infection). (healthmedicinet.com)
  • For example, eye disorder, pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis or even an ultimately fatal brain complication known as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), which can occur several years after the initial measles infection. (encephalitis.info)
  • Infection and severe disease from Japanese encephalitis are most common among children, as most adults living in endemic regions have developed immunity from past exposure. (diseasedaily.org)
  • The rapid development of a safe and effective vaccine to prevent the Zika virus (ZIKV) is a global priority, as infection in pregnant women has been shown to lead to fetal microcephaly and other major birth defects. (news-medical.net)
  • The symptoms of an infection range from subclinical to mild flu-like disease to lethal encephalitis. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • Few patients died and some patients were confirmed as having Japanese Encephalitis (JE) infection. (osirjournal.net)
  • Among them, 21 cases were confirmed as Japanese encephalitis infection by positive immunoglobulin M (IgM) ELISA. (osirjournal.net)
  • Japanese encephalitis is a serious viral infection with most cases reported in Asian rural areas. (crestpharmacy.com)
  • Viral encephalitis, complicated with pulmonary infection, was suspected as a potential diagnosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccines may also be recommended if there is an outbreak of an illness or infection. (medic8.com)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • Encephalitis can also occur as a late reactivation of latent or subclinical viral infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine is included in routine childhood immunization vaccines to prevent chronic HBV infection. (medscape.com)
  • 1,2 If approved, TicoVac would be the first vaccine in the U.S. to help protect adults and children who are visiting or living in TBE endemic areas. (pfizer.com)
  • The investigators recommended further research comparing immune responses between JENVAC and other inactivated Japanese Encephalitis vaccines in endemic settings. (contagionlive.com)
  • Japanese encephalitis virus is endemic in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, a region with a population of over 4 billion. (diseasedaily.org)
  • The hope is that with prequalification, all communities with endemic Japanese encephalitis will now have access to a safe, affordable vaccine . (diseasedaily.org)
  • Pfizer's new announcement reveals that the FDA approved the first vaccine that fights against tick-borne encephalitis for individuals over 1 year old who also visit or live in areas endemic to the illness. (healththoroughfare.com)
  • Japanese Encephalitis is endemic in Rakhine State, western Myanmar. (osirjournal.net)
  • Tick-borne encephalitis is a life-threatening viral illness that is endemic to many parts of the world. (rpoficina.com)
  • Tick-borne encephalitis is endemic to most of the countries in Europe as well as Russia and China. (rpoficina.com)
  • If you plan to travel somewhere where tick-borne encephalitis is endemic, talk to your doctor to find out if you should be vaccinated before you go. (rpoficina.com)
  • Specific travel vaccines (eg, typhoid fever, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis) are the next consideration, as these diseases are endemic in many resource-limited countries. (medscape.com)
  • Widespread use of measles vaccine has essentially eliminated SSPE from the United States (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Since the measles vaccine was introduced in the UK in 1968, Public Health England estimates that 20 million measles cases and 4,500 deaths have been averted in the UK. (encephalitis.info)
  • In 2008, about 83% of the world's children received one dose of measles vaccine by their first birthday through routine health services. (who.int)
  • What is Japanese encephalitis? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Japanese encephalitis vaccine is approved for people 2 months of age and older. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Encephalitis vaccine may refer to: Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine Japanese encephalitis vaccine This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Encephalitis vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intercell AG said a safety analysis of its Japanese Encephalitis vaccine showed no serious side effects, moving the Austrian biotechnology company closer to introducing the product next year. (bbj.hu)
  • Japanese Encephalitis is a virus spread by mosquitoes that affects the nervous system. (bbj.hu)
  • Results for Intercell's Japanese Encephalitis virus vaccine in the pivotal Phase III safety trial, which included 2,683 randomized subjects, are positive. (bbj.hu)
  • First analyses of this trial show that Intercell's investigational Japanese Encephalitis vaccine was systemically and locally well tolerated. (bbj.hu)
  • Title : Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Vaccine Personal Author(s) : Walter, Emmanuel B. Corporate Authors(s) : United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Japanese encephalitis is a viral disease which is passed from animals or birds to humans via mosquito bites. (pallmallmedical.co.uk)
  • How much does a private Japanese Encephalitis vaccination cost? (pallmallmedical.co.uk)
  • The United Nations health agency has approved a new vaccine against Japanese encephalitis (JE), stressing that access to the vaccine will help save the lives of children in developing countries. (un.org)
  • Researchers are calling for participants from the Hilltops Shire to take part in a new research study which launched today investigating the effectiveness of intradermal administration of the existing TGA-approved Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine Imojev® compared with subcutaneous administration. (ncirs.org.au)
  • JE is a rare but serious illness caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and is spread to humans by infected mosquitoes. (ncirs.org.au)
  • Are Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines Interchangeable? (contagionlive.com)
  • There are currently 15 Japanese Encephalitis vaccines in use worldwide. (contagionlive.com)
  • IXIARO is an inactivated cell-derived vaccine based on the same SA 14-14-2 strain of Japanese Encephalitis as CD.JEVAX. (contagionlive.com)
  • No participant in either group had an illness associated with Japanese Encephalitis during the 3 years of study. (contagionlive.com)
  • Long-term pediatric travel can be associated with higher risk of infections, like Japanese encephalitis (JE) and rabies. (emory.edu)
  • Cost-effectiveness analysis of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vaccination program in Bali Province, Indonesia. (bvsalud.org)
  • The incidence of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) in Bali Province remains high, and is one among the highest in Indonesia . (bvsalud.org)
  • Can the Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Reduce Symptoms of Long COVID? (healthrising.org)
  • But I never expected that once I developed Long COVID, a travel vaccine for Japanese encephalitis might help me make a rapid recovery. (healthrising.org)
  • iframe sandbox='allow-scripts' security='restricted' src='https://www.healthrising.org/blog/2023/03/17/japanese-encephalitis-vaccine-long-covid/embed/#?secret=rtehvBhEN5' width='600' height='400' title='“Can the Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Reduce Symptoms of Long COVID? (healthrising.org)
  • Younger people needing protection from Japanese encephalitis should talk with their doctor. (healthmedicinet.com)
  • In a momentous statement on October 9, the World Health Organization announced that it would add the SA 14-14-2 live, attenuated vaccine for Japanese encephalitis to its list of prequalified medicines. (diseasedaily.org)
  • First, the vaccine is the only Japanese encephalitis vaccine to be prequalified for use in children by the WHO. (diseasedaily.org)
  • Most people who are infected with Japanese encephalitis will experience no symptoms or mild symptoms, but in less than 1 percent of infections, severe disease will develop 5 to 15 days after the infecting mosquito bite. (diseasedaily.org)
  • There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis. (diseasedaily.org)
  • Japanese encephalitis (previously known as Japanese B encephalitis to distinguish it from von Economo's A encephalitis) is a disease caused by the mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus. (news-medical.net)
  • The Japanese encephalitis virus is a virus from the family Flaviviridae. (news-medical.net)
  • ATAGI have released new guidance for healthcare providers ​regarding the administration of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccines. (edu.au)
  • Recombinant Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine candidates based on a highly attenuated vaccinia virus (NYVAC-JEV) and a canarypox virus (ALVAC-JEV) were evaluated for their ability to induce specific antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in mice. (umassmed.edu)
  • A good number of encephalitis cases in Asia are caused by Japanese encephalitis. (crestpharmacy.com)
  • However, you may prevent yourself from contracting it by getting your Japanese encephalitis vaccine in Birmingham from The Travel Health Clinic. (crestpharmacy.com)
  • Japanese encephalitis only moves from one person to another through a mosquito bite. (crestpharmacy.com)
  • This makes it necessary for travellers to not only get a Japanese encephalitis vaccine but to take further steps to avoid mosquito bites. (crestpharmacy.com)
  • Every person experiences Japanese encephalitis symptoms differently. (crestpharmacy.com)
  • You should make sure you receive the second dose of the Japanese Encephalitis vaccine at least one week prior to the day of departure if you plan to travel. (crestpharmacy.com)
  • This enables you to check if your country of destination has been included in the list of countries with cases of Japanese encephalitis. (crestpharmacy.com)
  • If you are experiencing high temperatures (fever), are pregnant, or breastfeeding, it's important that you consult with your doctor or nurse for further guidance on the Japanese encephalitis vaccine. (crestpharmacy.com)
  • Talk to The Travel Health Clinic today for further details on Japanese encephalitis before travelling. (crestpharmacy.com)
  • Safety of the Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine IXIARO in Children: An Open-label, Randomized, Active-controlled, Phase 3 Study. (valneva.com)
  • Severe allergic reaction, (e.g., anaphylaxis,) after a previous dose of IXIARO, any other Japanese Encephalitis Virus vaccine, or any component of IXIARO, including protamine sulfate, is a contraindication to administration of IXIARO. (drugs.com)
  • and a geographical concentration of Japanese encephalitis in western Japan. (who.int)
  • Travellers with increased exposure risk should also be advised about hepatitis A and Japanese encephalitis. (who.int)
  • Introduction status of Japanese Encephalitis over time. (who.int)
  • Our TicoVac (tick-borne encephalitis vaccine), Suspension for Intramuscular Injection Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
  • TICOVAC ( tick -borne encephalitis vaccine) is a sterile, off-white, homogenous, opalescent suspension for intramuscular injection. (rxlist.com)
  • TICOVAC is prepared from tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus propagated in chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells. (rxlist.com)
  • TicoVac is the vaccine in question, and it was developed by Pfizer. (healththoroughfare.com)
  • TicoVac works by mimicking the tick-borne encephalitis that's found in nature. (healththoroughfare.com)
  • The TicoVac vaccine is marketed in Europe under the moniker FSME-Immun. (healththoroughfare.com)
  • Vaccine;41(47): 6930-6940, 2023 11 13. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this issue: Message from the Ministers to Aged Care Providers, ATAGI advice on 2023 COVID-19 vaccine booster, Webinar - aged care COVID-19 update and more. (health.gov.au)
  • From 6 February 2023 the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine schedule will become a single dose schedule. (health.gov.au)
  • Vaccination providers play an important role in offering influenza vaccines for First Nations people. (health.gov.au)
  • The new study examined a single dose of JENVAC in comparison with IXIARO, the SA 14-14-2 vaccine, as well as interchangeability of a 2-dose regimen of either vaccine. (contagionlive.com)
  • Children enrolled were equally randomized to receive either JENVAC or IXIARO and were followed for 1 year after receiving a single dose of either vaccine. (contagionlive.com)
  • The vaccine is given as a 2-dose series. (cdc.gov)
  • The vaccine is given as a 2-dose series, with the doses spaced 28 days apart. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Anyone who has had a severe (life-threatening) allergic reaction to a dose of JE vaccine should not get another dose. (medlineplus.gov)
  • After intraperitoneal inoculation of 10 4 50% tissue culture infections dose 50 (TCID 50 ) of WNV strain NY385-99, fatal encephalitis developed in approximately 50% of adult hamsters. (cdc.gov)
  • The vaccine is given as two injections, with the second dose given 28 days after the first. (pallmallmedical.co.uk)
  • The vaccine only needs to be given in one dose, can be used for infants, and is less expensive than other JE vaccines. (un.org)
  • A booster dose of JE vaccine may be given to anyone who was vaccinated more than one year ago and is still at risk of exposure, or might be re-exposed. (healthmedicinet.com)
  • Anyone who has ever had a life-threatening reaction to a previous dose of this JE vaccine should not get another dose. (healthmedicinet.com)
  • Stable and Highly Immunogenic MicroRNA-Targeted Single-Dose Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidate against Tick-Borne Encephalitis Constructed Using Genetic Backbone of Langat Virus. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • Six- to eight-week-old male Balb/c mice that received one or two intraperitoneal inoculations with these JE vaccine candidates at a dose of 1 x 10(7) PFU per mouse produced neutralizing antibody and antibodies to the envelope (E) and nonstructural 1 (NS1) proteins as determined by radioimmunoprecipitation. (umassmed.edu)
  • 3 The fourth dose of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine is associated with an increased incidence of fever and injection site reactions compared with the first dose (one in four children). (aafp.org)
  • A person with encephalitis can experience fever, of JE vaccine , or has any severe, life-threatening neck stiffness, seizures, and coma. (cdc.gov)
  • As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other serious injury, or death. (cdc.gov)
  • Anyone who has a severe (life threatening) allergy to any component of JE vaccine should not get the vaccine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies have shown that severe reactions to JE vaccine are very rare. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Severe allergic reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at less than 1 in a million doses. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies of this vaccine have shown severe reactions to be very rare. (healthmedicinet.com)
  • Common severe infections include encephalitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The disease can also lead to severe health complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis, severe diarrhoea and blindness. (who.int)
  • The World Health Organization ( WHO ) added the Chinese-manufactured vaccine to its list of prequalified medicines, meaning that it has given it its stamp of approval in safety and efficacy terms. (un.org)
  • Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the ''Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System'' (VAERS). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ask your provider to report the reaction by filing a Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) form. (healthmedicinet.com)
  • The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program track adverse events and allow compensation for documented harms from vaccinations. (aafp.org)
  • As TBEV vaccine breakthroughs have occurred in Europe, we chose to compare neutralizing capacity from individuals vaccinated with the two different vaccines or a combination of them. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • A widely unexplored field in humans, though clearly documented in rodents, is genetic brain inflammation, particularly that associated with myelin abnormalities, inducing primary white matter encephalitis. (nature.com)
  • We hypothesized that "autoimmune encephalitides" may result from any brain inflammation concurring with the presence of brain antigen-directed autoantibodies, e.g., against N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor NR1 (NMDAR1-AB), which are not causal of, but may considerably shape the encephalitis phenotype. (nature.com)
  • The disease can progress to inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), seizures, and sometimes even coma and paralysis. (diseasedaily.org)
  • Encephalitis is inflammation of the parenchyma of the brain, resulting from direct viral invasion or occurring as a postinfectious immunologic complication caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to a virus or another foreign protein. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This includes listing Vaxelis® as an alternative vaccine for children of a certain age, and the meningococcal B catch-up vaccination program for First Nations children under 2 years of age will be made ongoing. (health.gov.au)
  • Administration of routine childhood vaccinations (eg, hepatitis, polio, and meningococcal vaccines) is often prioritized over specific travel vaccines, as these diseases are still prevalent in many underdeveloped countries. (medscape.com)
  • As a researcher in international development, travel vaccines for low-income countries are a typical part of my life. (healthrising.org)
  • Family physicians should gather accurate information about the harms and benefits of vaccines to advocate for vaccination and decrease the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases. (aafp.org)
  • Mild encephalitis runs frequently unnoticed, despite slight neuroinflammation detectable postmortem in many neuropsychiatric illnesses. (nature.com)
  • Up to 40% of individuals who get the vaccine may experience mild side effects that go away after a short episode. (crestpharmacy.com)
  • The most common adverse effects of the human papillomavirus vaccine are transient and similar to those of other vaccines, including mild pain and bruising at the injection site, headache, lightheadedness, and syncope. (aafp.org)
  • The vaccine is given in three doses over a six month to one year period. (passporthealthglobal.com)
  • Prior to this, the one available vaccine for this debilitating and sometimes fatal disease was expensive and required three doses. (diseasedaily.org)
  • The vaccine comes in 2 doses which are given 28 days apart. (crestpharmacy.com)
  • You need three doses of the vaccine to be protected. (rpoficina.com)
  • We have talked extensively about the [COVID] vaccines and, not only their efficacy but also side effects… and that goes back to April of 2021 when we covered the vaccine pause on the Johnson & Johnson vaccine as it related to cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. (togetherintruth.co)
  • Prequalification serves as the WHO's certification of vaccine safety and efficacy. (diseasedaily.org)
  • updated on 10/5/20) Getting a flu vaccine during 2020-2021 is more important than ever because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. (specialolympics.org)
  • Up-to-date vaccination for all vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) is the best way to prevent illness, outbreaks and the international spread of disease. (who.int)
  • It brings information about vaccine preventable diseases: a FAQ from the disease and another from its vaccine, photos, videos, case histories, recommendations, references and links. (bvsalud.org)
  • Case reports, personal testimonies, newspaper and journal articles about people who have suffered or died from vaccine-preventable diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • The live attenuated chimeric virus vaccine candidate induced the highest humoral antibody responses, as measured by hemagglutination inhibition, complement fixation, and plaque reduction neutralization tests. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the duration of protective immunity was not determined in this study, our preliminary results and the cumulative experience of other virus vaccines suggest that the live attenuated chimeric virus provides the longest lasting immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • After the appearance of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America and the resulting human and equine cases of encephalitis, considerable efforts have focused on developing vaccines against this emerging viral pathogen. (cdc.gov)
  • A formalin-inactivated veterinary vaccine (West Nile Virus Vaccine, Killed, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) was conditionally licensed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in August 2001 and has already been used in equines and exotic zoo birds in some areas of the country. (cdc.gov)
  • Two different WNV vaccines were evaluated in the hamster model: West Nile Encephalitis Virus Vaccine (killed), (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA), a formalin-inactivated whole virus veterinary vaccine, and ChimeriVax-West Nile virus (Acambis, Inc., Cambridge, MA), a live attenuated chimeric virus vaccine candidate ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Hamsters immunized with West Nile Encephalitis Virus Vaccine (killed) received two intramuscular injections of 0.1 mL each, given 3 weeks apart, following manufacturer's recommendation. (cdc.gov)
  • Laboratory workers at risk of exposure to JE virus should also get JE vaccine. (healthmedicinet.com)
  • With West Nile encephalitis , the virus "can infect the brain itself causing altered mental status, movement disorders, or weakness," Pastula said. (medscape.com)
  • The SA 12-12-2 vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine , meaning that a version of the virus was weakened in the lab and included in the vaccine itself. (diseasedaily.org)
  • The first of five early stage clinical trials to test the safety and ability of an investigational Zika vaccine candidate called the Zika Purified Inactivated Virus (ZPIV) vaccine to generate an immune system response has begun at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Clinical Trial Center in Silver Spring, Maryland. (news-medical.net)
  • Saint Louis University's Center for Vaccine Development is studying an investigational vaccine for yellow fever, a potentially deadly disease that is spread by the same mosquito that transmits Zika virus. (news-medical.net)
  • The potential for use of the TBE virus vaccine, not Food and Drug Administration-approved in the U.S. but available in Europe, is discussed. (health.mil)
  • These results demonstrate that both recombinant JE vaccines, NYVAC-JEV and ALVAC-JEV, induce JE virus-specific antibody and CTLs in mice. (umassmed.edu)
  • Simian virus 40 (SV40) a monkey virus found for years in the polio vaccine and is a potent cancer agent. (educate-yourself.org)
  • Simian virus 40 (SV40), a polyomavirus of rhesus macaque origin, was discovered in 1960 as a contaminant of polio vaccines that were distributed to millions of people from 1955 through early 1963. (educate-yourself.org)
  • The HPV vaccine was recently introduced to try and reduce the number of cases of cervical cancer and protect against the Human Papilloma Virus, which is a known cause of cervical cancer. (medic8.com)
  • Treatment involves antiviral drugs when indicated (eg, in herpes simplex virus encephalitis) and is otherwise supportive. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is not the innocuous childhood illness that the uninformed and many opposed to vaccines would have you believe. (encephalitis.info)
  • Adults are usually only offered vaccines if they have a weakened immune system or they have a higher risk of developing an illness. (medic8.com)
  • JE vaccine can help protect travelers from JE disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This study aims to describe factors associated with the administration of JE vaccine and rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in pediatric travelers and determine if cost and timing of the pre-travel visit are barriers for these vaccines. (emory.edu)
  • On subset analysis of Asia only travelers (n=108), JE vaccine was administered to 11.1% of children, with 17.6% not vaccinated due to insufficient time before departure. (emory.edu)
  • Some travelers to Asia should also receive JE vaccine. (healthmedicinet.com)
  • With the success of vaccinations, many parents no longer have contact with children who have vaccine-preventable illnesses. (aafp.org)
  • Encephalitis can occur as a secondary immunologic complication of certain viral infections or vaccinations. (msdmanuals.com)
  • At that point, 178 children were assigned to receive a booster of the same vaccine previously administered or interchanged to receive the other vaccine. (contagionlive.com)
  • Researchers at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine are conducting studies that utilize blood donations from individuals who have been diagnosed with or potentially exposed to mosquito-borne viruses as part of ongoing dengue and Zika research and vaccine development. (news-medical.net)
  • Only a few mosquito-borne viruses can be prevented with vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • LONG BEACH, Calif. ( KTLA ) - The health department in Long Beach, California, has confirmed its first human case of mosquito-borne St. Louis Encephalitis since 1984, city officials announced on Thursday. (yahoo.com)
  • There are many different types of vaccine, which are designed to protect against a host of infections and illnesses. (medic8.com)
  • Etiology and pathogenesis of "NMDAR encephalitis," however, are still as ambiguous as the role of NMDAR1-AB in this condition. (nature.com)
  • furthermore, we found that genetic divergence from the vaccine strain resulted in lower neutralizing antibody titers in vaccinated individuals. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
  • 2 , 5 Administration of acetaminophen at the time of vaccination or shortly afterward may alleviate some adverse effects, but there may be a decreased antibody response to some vaccine antigens in children who receive antipyretics. (aafp.org)
  • This simply means that either the vaccines did not meet the priorties set by the United Nations and the WHO, or that the manufacturers have not yet submitted for review - it does not mean that if evaluated the vaccine would not be prequalified. (diseasedaily.org)
  • A number of different WNV vaccine candidates have been recently described and are now in various stages of testing ( 1 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Several vaccine candidates are in development, Pastula says, but none has reached clinical trials. (medscape.com)