• However, less than 2% of the drug is absorbed and an additional agent may be needed for the treatment of urinary infections. (david-cook.org)
  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs): In females, the worms can travel to the vagina and cause infections. (david-cook.org)
  • Urine Infections are also known as Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). (david-cook.org)
  • Common urinary parasitic infections as described in literature include Trichomonas, Schistosoma hematobium and Microfilaria. (david-cook.org)
  • Using standard parasitological techniques, intestinal parasitic infections and urinary schistosomiasis were assessed among school age children in Edda a semi-urban area of south-eastern Nigeria. (ispub.com)
  • Of the 300 children screened, 32(10.7%) had intestinal parasitic infections while 41(13.6%) of the children were infected with S. haematobium . (ispub.com)
  • Intestinal parasitic infections and urinary schistosomiasis have been described as diseases of poverty and underdevelopment because they have been linked to lack of sanitation, lack of access to safe water and improper hygiene [ 12 ]. (ispub.com)
  • Similarly, infection with S. haematobium does not always result in clinical disease, and many infections are asymptomatic, S. haematobium infection however could cause haematuria, dysuria, nutritional deficiencies, lesion of the bladder, kidney failure, and an elevated risk of bladder cancer [ 18 ]. (ispub.com)
  • In Nigeria intestinal parasitic infections and urinary schistosomiasis continue to constitute a major pubic health and developmental challenge especially among school age children. (ispub.com)
  • The differential diagnoses for microscopic hematuria and asymmetric bladder wall thickening in a child includes rhabdomyosarcoma and other bladder or urinary tract infections. (appliedradiology.com)
  • If the patient's immune response is not downregulated, urinary tract fibrosis may occur, resulting in hydronephrosis and an increased risk of superimposed bacterial urinary tract infections. (appliedradiology.com)
  • Undetected, and therewith untreated, urinary or intestinal schistosomiasis leads to chronic infections and serious morbidities including a wide range of different pathologies, e.g. anaemia, stunted growth, impaired cognition and organ damages, that negatively affect economic activities and therewith maintain poverty [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Yet, little is known about the consequences of mixed Schistosoma infections for the human host. (itg.be)
  • Here, we investigated the relationship between mixed Schistosoma infections and morbidity in the same population. (itg.be)
  • CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first population-wide study on the relationship between mixed Schistosoma infections and morbidity. (itg.be)
  • Urinary schistosomiasis is often chronic and can cause pain, secondary infections, kidney damage, and even cancer [2]. (blogspot.com)
  • These include individuals with recurrent urinary tract infections, long-term catheterization, and parasitic infection with Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharziasis). (thangamcancercenter.com)
  • In total, 11 patients had afebrile urinary tract infections (UTI), 9 patients had febrile UTI, and another 2 patients had septic shock after biopsy. (e-urol-sci.com)
  • Infections of the urinary tract are important part of infectious diseases that mainly involve bacteria. (academicjournals.org)
  • In parasite endemic areas, bacterial and parasitic co-infections may occur, however in Saint-Louis region which is a Schistosoma-endemic area, little is known about this association. (academicjournals.org)
  • Here this study aim to investigate the spectrum of bacterial and parasitic urinary infections as well as co-infections with both species. (academicjournals.org)
  • In the region of Saint-Louis, the urinary tract infections are dominated by bacterial infections including mainly E. coli and Klebsiella spp and may, for lesser extent, be caused by Schistosoma haematobium and Trichomonas vaginalis . (academicjournals.org)
  • relationships of schistosoma haematobium, hookworm and malarial infections and metrifonate treatment to growth of kenyan school children. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • relationships of s. haematobium, hookworm and malarial infections to growth 6 months after metrifonate treatment were studied in kenyan primary school children in an area where poor growth, s. haematobium and hookworm were common and malaria was endemic. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • to obtain a better understanding of the possible influence of swamp rice farming on the patterns of schistosoma mansoni and schistosoma haematobium infections, the populations of two communities in rural liberia were studied. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Infections with Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, S. mekongi, and S. intercalatum are associated with intestinal lesions and chronic hepatic fibrosis. (wikitropica.org)
  • S. haematobium primarily affects the urinary system, leading to urinary tract infections, and bladder cancer, and can cause blood in the urine. (who.int)
  • The fact that the test doesn't react to urinary tract infections is very interesting because it shows that it is robust and unlikely to give misleading results. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with a chronic infection caused by S haematobium most commonly present with hematuria, dysuria, urinary frequency, and suprapubic discomfort. (appliedradiology.com)
  • Chronic symptoms vary with species but include bloody diarrhea (eg, with S. mansoni , S. mekongi , S. intercalatum , and S. japonicum ) or hematuria (eg, with S. haematobium ). (merckmanuals.com)
  • In this study, 220 adults in three villages northwest of Accra, Ghana were examined using five Schistosoma haematobium diagnostic measures: microscopic examination of urine for detection of S. haematobium eggs, dipsticks for detection of hematuria, tests for circulating antigens, antibody tests, and ultrasound scans of the urinary system. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, microscopy and hematuria dipsticks were indicated through these models as the most appropriate techniques for detection of S. haematobium infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Urinary schistosomiasis: an uncommon cause of gross hematuria in the industrialized countries. (ctsicn.org)
  • effect of praziquantel on hematuria and proteinuria in urinary schistosomiasis. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • On day 2, the patient started having macroscopic hematuria with blockage of urinary catheter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chronic lesions due to S. haematobium: hematuria, hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency, genital lesions, right heart decompensation due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung fibrosis. (wikitropica.org)
  • In our study population, patients presenting hematuria were likely to have S. haematobium . (springeropen.com)
  • At least five known species infect humans, the three most common being Schistosoma haematobium , S japonicum , and S mansoni . (appliedradiology.com)
  • Patients infected chronically with one of the intestinal species of schistosoma may present with intermittent abdominal pain, diarrhea, and hematochezia. (appliedradiology.com)
  • the other Schistosoma species cause intestinal disease. (merckmanuals.com)
  • We assembled and aligned the S. haematobium sequences to the genomes of S. mansoni and S. japonicum , identifying microsatellite DNA loci across all three species and designing primers to amplify the loci in S. haematobium . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The three Schistosoma genomes contained similar overall frequencies of microsatellites, but the frequency and length distributions of specific motifs differed among species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sequence conservation among S. haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni is relatively high, thus it should now be possible to identify markers that are universal among Schistosoma species (i.e., using DNA sequences conserved among species) , as well as other markers that are specific to species or species-groups (i.e., using DNA sequences that differ among species). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Full genome-sequencing of additional species and specimens of S. haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni is desirable to better characterize differences within and among these species, to develop additional genetic markers, and to examine genes as well as conserved non-coding elements associated with drug resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first aim is to investigate whether the diminution of prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin (SRB) is related to the interactions between Schistosoma mansoni and other parasite species within Biomphalaria pfeifferi . (myspecies.info)
  • Urinary schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma haematobium which has a suitable snail host species of aquatic freshwater Bulinus snails, is one of the neglected tropical diseases very common in Nigeria, with some States having very high prevalence especially in the southeastern part of the country 12 , 13 . (oap-bioscience.org)
  • Ferrocenyl, ruthenocenyl, and benzyl oxamniquine derivatives with cross-species activity against Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. (unibas.ch)
  • Schistosoma haematobium and S. bovis are widespread schistosome species causing human and cattle schistosomiasis, respectively, in Africa. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • A single forward primer and two species-specific reverse primers were used to produce a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragment of 306 bp and 543 bp for S. bovis and S. haematobium, respectively. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The main species causing schistosomiasis are Schistosoma mansoni , Schistosoma haematobium , and Schistosoma japonicum . (who.int)
  • Although there is strong epidemiologic evidence linking Schistosoma haematobium infection with carcinoma of the bladder, the utility of cytologic screening for urinary tract cancer has not been critically evaluated in S. haematobium-endemic populations. (ajtmh.org)
  • Urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium constitutes a major public health problem in many tropical and sub-tropical countries and is reportedly endemic in 53 counties in the Middle East and most of the African continent [ 10 11 ]. (ispub.com)
  • BACKGROUND: The global distribution map of schistosomiasis shows a large overlap of Schistosoma haematobium- and S. mansoni-endemic areas in Africa. (itg.be)
  • Endemic in 53 countries in the Middle East and Africa, S. haematobium is largely found in rural areas, but urban urinary schistosomiasis is increasing in many countries. (blogspot.com)
  • The aim of this study was to find the incidence of urinary bladder thickness and evaluate the relationship between BTA and BWT in a low schistosomiasis-endemic Nigerian village. (e-urol-sci.com)
  • Thus, the evaluation of the impact bacterial and parasitic co-infection in the urinary tract should have a particular interest especially in Schistosoma endemic area and need further study to better understand the potential interactions. (academicjournals.org)
  • For example, S haematobium usually infects the urinary system, while S japonicum and S mansoni migrate and infect areas in the gastrointestinal tract. (appliedradiology.com)
  • 1 At this point, S haematobium migrates to the venous plexus of the bladder, while S japonicum and mansoni migrate to the venules in the small and large intestine. (appliedradiology.com)
  • Adult Schistosoma worms live and copulate within venules of the mesentery (typically S. mekongi , S. intercalatum , S. japonicum and S. mansoni ) or bladder (typically S. haematobium ). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Schistosoma haematobium , S. mansoni and S. japonicum . (wikitropica.org)
  • Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum primarily affect the intestine and liver, causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, and liver damage. (who.int)
  • Squamous cell carcinoma usually occurs following persistent irritation of the bladder's inner lining which can occur due to long-term urinary catheterization, bladder stone disease or schistosomal infection (Bilharziasis). (thangamcancercenter.com)
  • Theodor Bilharz, a German surgeon working in Cairo, identified the parasite as a causative agent of urinary infection in 1851. (wikipedia.org)
  • What is the most common urinary parasite? (david-cook.org)
  • In sub-Saharan Africa, squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is the predominant histological subtype and is associated with urinary schistosomiasis due to infection with the parasite Schistosoma haematobium . (who.int)
  • Along with other helminth parasites Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini, S. haematobium was declared as Group 1 (extensively proven) carcinogens by the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans in 2009. (wikipedia.org)
  • Schistosoma parasites can penetrate the skin of persons who are wading, swimming, bathing, or washing in contaminated water. (david-cook.org)
  • Molecular tools, in particular, will allow researchers to determine whether changes in gene frequencies provide insight into the effectiveness of treatment, understand the impacts of treatment on the gene pool and population structure of Schistosoma parasites, and establish whether movement of humans from refugia or non-treated areas introduces new parasites into local populations [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • statistical methods analyzing changes in dispersion patterns of parasites among hosts were applied to schistosoma haematobium egg excretion data from a five-year study of a cohort of 1,400 boys in 3 villages in upper egypt. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • despite significant changes in mean density of the parasites in the first 4 years, the degree of aggregation of s. haematobium among the cohort did not change markedly in analysis of egg count data obtained semiannually. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The validity and cost-effectiveness of reagent strips as a rapid diagnostic tool to screen for Schistosoma haematobium infection was also assessed along with visible haematuria. (who.int)
  • The recorded for data collection were explained to haematuria by chemical reagent strips prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in parents and community leaders includ- (UroColor 9, Standard Diagnostics). (who.int)
  • Evaluation of the Clinitek®, a point-of-care urinalysis system for the measurement of clinically significant urinary metabolites and detection of haematuria in Schistosoma haematobium infected children in southern Côte d'Ivoire. (unibas.ch)
  • After decades of assessing the medical reports, it was finally declared by the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans in 2009 that S. haematobium is Group 1 carcinogen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Schistosoma haematobium are trematodes, also known as blood flukes, which infect humans and cause the parasitic disease urinary schistosomiasis. (blogspot.com)
  • It is the only blood fluke that infects the urinary tract, causing urinary schistosomiasis, and is the leading cause of bladder cancer (only next to tobacco smoking). (wikipedia.org)
  • S. haematobium was the first blood fluke discovered. (wikipedia.org)
  • We are investigating the efficacy of Louisiana crayfish and native prawns as predators of the intermediate snail host of the urinary blood fluke, Schistosoma haematobium and the intestinal blood fluke, S. mansoni. (ucsb.edu)
  • Assessment of morbidity in Schistosoma haematobium infection: current methods and future tools. (nih.gov)
  • Qualitative findings underline the importance of morbidity caused by urinary schistosomiasis, and the lack of access to diagnostics and treatment as a major health concern. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Schistosoma-specific morbidity was assessed by ultrasound according to WHO guidelines. (itg.be)
  • Schistosoma haematobium-specific bladder morbidity was observed in 83% and S. mansoni-specific hepatic fibrosis in 27% of the participants. (itg.be)
  • Bladder morbidity was positively associated with S. haematobium infection intensity (OR = 1.9 (95% CI 1.3-2.9) for a 10-fold increase in intensity). (itg.be)
  • This study aimed for assessment of antischistosomal properties of an antimalarial drug, mefloquine (MFQ), on juvenile and adult Schistosoma haematobium worms. (eg.net)
  • After suprapubic aspiration, the cause of the obstructive uropathy was found to be several mature live worms of Schistosoma haematobium . (biomedcentral.com)
  • A suprapubic puncture was done with extraction of several live worms which were confirmed to be S. haematobium in the laboratory (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • One goal of the SCORE program is to understand and document whether changes in drug tolerance arise during different drug administration programs, and specific genetic assays are needed to better monitor population structure and potential changes in Schistosoma populations under praziquantel treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Urinary schistosomiasis constitutes a major infection of public health importance in Nigeria and affects mainly the rural poor and some disadvantaged urban populations 14 , 15 , 16 . (oap-bioscience.org)
  • This RD-PCR proved highly sensitive, detecting a single larval stage and as little as 0.78 ng of genomic DNA (gDNA) from an adult schistosome, providing a cost-effective, rapid and robust molecular tool for high-throughput screening of S. haematobium and S. bovis populations. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • La validité et le rapport coût-efficacité des bandelettes réactives comme outil de diagnostic rapide pour la recherche d'une infestation à Schistosoma haematobium ont également été évalués parallèlement à l'hématurie visible. (who.int)
  • Sensitivities and specificities of diagnostic tests and infection prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium estimated from data on adults in villages northwest of Accra, Ghana. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Substantial uncertainties surround the sensitivities and specificities of diagnostic techniques for urinary schistosomiasis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A rapid diagnostic 'mulitplex' one-step polymerase chain reaction protocol (RD-PCR) was developed using cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to discriminate between S. haematobium and S. bovis. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • This research revealed a high prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the population living around the lakes of Ounianga in the Sahara, a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) world heritage site in Chad. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bladder tumor antigen (BTA) is a common biomarker for urothelial carcinoma while bladder wall thickening (BWT) is a sign of urinary bladder irritation which suggests cystitis or early-stage bladder cancer pathology, most especially in the absence of bladder outlet obstruction. (e-urol-sci.com)
  • The high occurrence of BTA and BWT in the individuals suggests that they may be prone to urothelial carcinoma and urinary bladder irritation, respectively. (e-urol-sci.com)
  • The eggs of Schistosoma haematobium embed in the bladder wall, causing irritation, persistent inflammation, squamous metaplasia, and dysplasia, eventually progressing to squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. (medtigo.com)
  • Age-group analysis confirmed parallel increases in metaplasia and S. haematobium infection prevalence early in life (from age I to 15 for both boys and girls). (ajtmh.org)
  • Bladder (Figure 1) and renal (not shown) ultrasound revealed a moderately distended urinary bladder with asymmetric, lobular, wall thickening at the fundus and left lateral wall. (appliedradiology.com)
  • The research on urinary tract lesions as infection symptoms, with the development of ultrasound evaluation protocols, might enable early treatment and prevent cancer progression among millions of people. (unl.pt)
  • Clinical utility of squamous and transitional nuclear structure alterations induced by Schistosoma haematobium in chronically infected adults with bladder damage verified by ultrasound in Ghana. (cancer.gov)
  • The female fluke can lay up to 3,000 eggs per day which migrate to the lumen of the urinary bladder and ureters of the host. (blogspot.com)
  • The ova of Schistosoma haematobium are deposited in the wall of the bladder and ureters, where they evoke a granulomatous inflammatory reaction with eventual calcification of the bladder wall. (passmed.uk)
  • subcutaneous vaccination with cord factor (4.50 mg) and muramyl dipeptide (4.56 mg) 6 days before percutaneous exposure to 3000 schistosoma haematobium cercariae/baboon (c.p.b.) failed to protect naive baboons: baboons with a 7-month-old, 5000 c.p.b. s. haematobium primary infection had developed too strong a natural immunity to detect any protection attributable to vaccination. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Considering the high sensitivity and specificity of PCR, it should be implemented as the test of choice, especially in chronic urinary schistosomiasis with low infection setting. (springeropen.com)
  • Metrifonate was still widely used against Schistosoma haematobium in the 1990s, and then withdrawn. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The review confirmed that both the standard recommended doses of PZQ (single 40 mg/kg oral dose) and metrifonate (3x7.5-10 mg/kg oral doses administered fortnightly) are efficacious and safe in treating urinary schistosomiasis, but there is no study comparing these two regimens head-to-head. (ox.ac.uk)
  • daily urinary iron loss and physical fitness were determined in kenyan primary school children who had low-medium (16-177 eggs/10 ml adj) or high (200-1,194 eggs/10 ml adj) s. hematobium egg counts compared with a matched group of control or uninfected children before and after antischistosomal treatment with metrifonate. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • S. haematobium locate suitable snail hosts by using external stimuli such as light and snail-derived chemicals. (blogspot.com)
  • Two different dosing regimens of praziquantel were compared for the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in children: a dose of 40 mg/kg vs 60 mg/kg. (who.int)
  • Treatment of urinary schistosomiasis: methodological issues and research needs identified through a Cochrane systematic review. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A patient, who has been diagnosed with urinary bladder cancer, may have synchronous tumours in the pelvis, ureters and urethra too, making it essential to check the entire urinary system and plan treatment approaches accordingly. (thangamcancercenter.com)