Trochlear nerve. Medical search. Frequent questions

Stay tuned for next week, where we'll be covering CNV (the trigeminal nerve) in detail. (3d4medical.com)
Cranial nerve V, also known as the trigeminal nerve, originates from the pons, which is a part of the brainstem. (proprofs.com)
The trigeminal nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face and controlling the muscles involved in chewing. (proprofs.com)
TN is characterized by recurrent short episodes of sharp, electrical shock like pain, typically abrupt in onset and termination, along the distribution of one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve. (asra.com)
The trigeminal nerve supplies the sensory innervation to the face as well as the sensory and motor innervation to the mastication muscles. (asra.com)
Third division of trigeminal nerve innervates masseter and temporalis, so you should check for contraction of both muscles! (usc.edu)
The trigeminal nerve provides sensory supply to the face and mouth. (usc.edu)
The corneal reflex has two parts: the sensory, or afferent, part of the reflex is mediated by the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, and the motor, or efferent, part of the reflex is mediated by the facial nerve. (usc.edu)
The syndrome is characterised by retro-orbital paralysis of extraocular muscles impairment of the branches of the 1st division of the trigeminal nerve and frequently extension to involve the optic nerve. (medicosnotes.com)
The trigeminal nerve has two roots, motor and sensory. (bookdome.com)

An injury to the trochlear nucleus in the brainstem will result in an contralateral superior oblique muscle palsy, whereas an injury to the trochlear nerve (after it has emerged from the brainstem) results in an ipsilateral superior oblique muscle palsy. (wikipedia.org)
Trochlear nerve palsy also affects torsion (rotation of the eyeball in the plane of the face). (wikipedia.org)
The most common cause of acute fourth nerve palsy is head trauma. (wikipedia.org)
Trochlear nerve palsy is mentioned in ophthalmology texts dating to the mid nineteenth century. (medscape.com)
In 1935, Bielschowsky correctly noted that trochlear nerve palsy was the most common cause of vertical diplopia and introduced his classic head-tilt test. (medscape.com)
A fourth nerve palsy is a common cause of binocular vertical oblique diplopia in isolation. (medscape.com)
An isolated fourth cranial nerve palsy usually can be diagnosed using the 3-step test. (medscape.com)
Most cases of isolated fourth nerve palsy are believed to be congenital. (medscape.com)
[ 5 ] However, estimating the true frequency of congenital fourth nerve palsy is difficult. (medscape.com)
Some of the best information regarding the incidence of acquired fourth nerve palsy can be found in the Mayo Clinic series. (medscape.com)
Trochlear nerve palsy was less common than abducens or oculomotor palsies. (medscape.com)
Of 4,373 acquired cases of extraocular muscle palsy in adults, there were only 657 cases of isolated fourth nerve disease. (medscape.com)
[ 6 ] Fourth nerve palsy also was the least frequent in a pediatric population. (medscape.com)
In a similar Mayo Clinic study of 160 children, 19 of them had isolated fourth nerve palsy. (medscape.com)
One must consider the possibility of underlying structural abnormalities (eg, skull based tumor) if fourth nerve palsy results after only minor trauma. (medscape.com)
Microvasculopathy secondary to diabetes, atherosclerosis, or hypertension also may cause isolated fourth nerve palsy. (medscape.com)
There are rare reports of thyroid ophthalmopathy and myasthenia gravis mimicking an isolated fourth nerve palsy. (medscape.com)
Tumor, aneurysm, multiple sclerosis , or iatrogenic injury may present with isolated fourth nerve palsy that may evolve over time to include other cranial nerve palsies or neurologic symptoms. (medscape.com)
Fourth nerve palsy may become manifest after cataract surgery. (medscape.com)
Patients with underlying, well-controlled, and asymptomatic fourth nerve palsy may decompensate gradually as they lose binocular function resulting from cataract. (medscape.com)
This syndrome was present in 73% of congenital trochlear nerve palsy cases and is characterized by absence of the trochlear nerve and secondary atrophy of the superior oblique muscle. (medscape.com)
A palsy of the 4th cranial nerve affects vertical eye movements. (merckmanuals.com)
Doctors suspect palsy of the 4th cranial nerve based on the symptoms, but computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging may be done. (merckmanuals.com)
Often, the cause of 4th cranial nerve palsy cannot be identified. (merckmanuals.com)
causes this palsy by damaging small blood vessels that carry blood to the nerve. (merckmanuals.com)
Usually, 4th cranial nerve palsy is suspected if a person has characteristic limited eye movement. (merckmanuals.com)
The disorder causing 4th cranial nerve palsy, if identified, is treated. (merckmanuals.com)
Connect with other caregivers and patients with Familial congenital palsy of trochlear nerve and get the support you need. (rareguru.com)
Familial congenital palsy of trochlear nerve is a rare, genetic, neuro- ophthalmological disease characterized by congenital fourth cranial nerve palsy, manifesting with hypertropia in side gaze, unexplained head tilt, acquired vertical diplopia, and progressive increase in vertical fusional vergence amplitudes with prolonged occlusion. (rareguru.com)
Fourth cranial nerve palsy impairs the superior oblique muscle, causing paresis of vertical gaze, mainly in adduction. (msdmanuals.com)
Fourth cranial nerve palsy may affect one or both eyes. (msdmanuals.com)
Isolated trochlear nerve palsy with perimesencephalic subarachnoid haemorrhage. (nih.gov)
I crashed my bike in February, getting knocked out, breaking some bones and being saddled with Trochlear Nerve Palsy . (shardcore.org)
Fourth nerve palsy, also known as superior oblique palsy or trochlear nerve palsy, occurs when the fourth cranial nerve becomes diseased or damaged. (optometrists.org)
Idiopathic fourth nerve palsy occurs when there is no known cause for the nerve paralysis. (optometrists.org)
What are the symptoms of fourth nerve palsy? (optometrists.org)
Fourth nerve palsy generally affects only one eye, but it can affect both eyes as well. (optometrists.org)
How is fourth nerve palsy diagnosed? (optometrists.org)
To diagnose fourth nerve palsy, your eye doctor will first conduct a full medical history. (optometrists.org)
How is fourth nerve palsy treated? (optometrists.org)
The treatment options for fourth nerve palsy depend on the underlying cause of the condition. (optometrists.org)
When fourth nerve palsy is idiopathic or caused by an injury to the nerve, it may improve on its own after several months. (optometrists.org)
Vision therapy is an effective treatment option for some patients with fourth nerve palsy, as it can help to improve eye movements and binocular vision. (optometrists.org)
The sooner fourth nerve palsy is diagnosed, the greater your chances of optimal treatment results. (optometrists.org)

Cranial nerves IV (trochlear nerve) and III (oculomotor nerve) originate from the midbrain. (proprofs.com)
The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle, which helps with eye movement, while the oculomotor nerve controls several eye muscles responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and focusing. (proprofs.com)
Among the options given, the only cranial nerve that exits from this location is the third cranial nerve, also known as the oculomotor nerve. (proprofs.com)
The oculomotor nerve runs the ventral width of the tegmentum, emerging out of the nucleus. (databasefootball.com)
and (2) a superior part, subjacent to the superior colliculi which is traversed by the emerging bundles of the oculomotor nerve. (co.ma)
in the superior part, the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve is situated. (co.ma)
The PTA offers a wide surgical corridor that can only be afforded by exposing the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, drilling the anterior clinoid process extradurally, dividing the distal dural ring, and fully mobilizing the oculomotor nerve, including often drilling the posterior clinoid process. (surgicalneurologyint.com)

The trochlear nerve decussates within the brainstem before emerging on the contralateral side of the brainstem (at the level of the inferior colliculus). (wikipedia.org)
From their respective nuclei, the two trochlear nerves then travel dorsal-ward through the substance of the midbrain surrounded by the periaqueductal gray, crossing over (decussating) within the midbrain before emerging from the dorsal midbrain just inferior to the inferior colliculus. (wikipedia.org)
Near the superior colliculi are the inferior colliculi, which are responsible for the processing of auditory information and are found just above the trochlear nerve. (databasefootball.com)
In contrast, the trochlear nuclei are found at the level of the inferior colliculus and they help refine vision, focusing the eyes on proximal objects. (databasefootball.com)
There are several important structures that reside in the vicinity of the ganglion: the cavernous sinus, the optic and trochlear nerves medially, the inferior surface of the temporal lobe of the brain superiorly, and the brain stem posteriorly. (asra.com)
The mandibular division exits through the foramen ovale (FO) and divides into the buccal, lingual, inferior alveolar, and auriculotemporal nerves. (asra.com)
The infraorbital foramen, for the nerve and artery of the same name, is less than 1 cm inferior to the inferior margin. (dartmouth.edu)
The inferior orbital fissure communicates with the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae and transmits the zygomatic nerve. (dartmouth.edu)
the inferior maxillary division is a mixed nerve, as it is joined by the motor root. (bookdome.com)

Cranial nerve 9, also known as the Glossopharyngeal nerve, controls functions like taste and swallowing. (proprofs.com)

The orbits (figs. 45-1 and 45-2 ) are two bony cavities occupied by the eyes and associated muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and much of the lacrimal apparatus. (dartmouth.edu)
The facial motor nerve supplies motor branches to the muscles of facial expression. (usc.edu)

pulley-like nerve) also known as the fourth cranial nerve, cranial nerve IV, or CN IV, is a cranial nerve that innervates a single muscle - the superior oblique muscle of the eye (which operates through the pulley-like trochlea). (wikipedia.org)
The superior oblique muscle which the trochlear nerve innervates ends in a tendon that passes through a fibrous loop, the trochlea, located anteriorly on the medial aspect of the orbit. (wikipedia.org)
The fourth cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle, which intorts, depresses, and abducts the globe. (medscape.com)

The cerebral aqueduct contains the nuclei of two pairs of cranial nerves , the oculomotor nuclei and the trochlear nuclei. (databasefootball.com)
The lateral lemniscus, to a large extent, comes from the nuclei of termination of the cochlear nerve of the opposite side. (co.ma)

A series of high-definition magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies by Yang et al have identified 2 etiologies of congenital trochlear nerve palsies, with the most common being congenital cranial dysinnervation syndrome. (medscape.com)

You can see this projection along the base of the brain, so this is called the olfactory bulb, and the olfactory nerves, synapse on to this olfactory bulb. (anatomyzone.com)

It divides into the supraorbital, supratrochlear, and nasociliary nerves to supply the forehead and nose. (asra.com)
It divides near the superior orbital fissure into the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. (dartmouth.edu)

You've got somatic and visceral components, they've got motor components and there's some nerves which have special sensory components, so components to do with the special senses, like smell, vision, hearing, balance and taste. (anatomyzone.com)
These ganglia are the cell bodies of neurons with axons that are sensory endings in the periphery, such as in the skin, and that extend into the CNS through the dorsal nerve root. (lumenlearning.com)
Another type of sensory ganglion is a cranial nerve ganglion . (lumenlearning.com)
The ophthalmic nerve, the first division of the trigeminal (fifth cranial) nerve, is a wholly afferent nerve that supplies the globe and conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and sac, nasal mucosa and frontal sinus, external nose, upper eyelid, forehead, and scalp, It arises from the trigeminal ganglion which contains the cell bodies of its sensory nerve fibers. (dartmouth.edu)
The olfactory is a sensory nerve, and damage in the nasal epithelium or the basal gangliamight impair the ability to discriminate different smells. (usc.edu)
The corneal reflex should also be examined as the sensory supply to the cornea is from this nerve. (usc.edu)

The superior margin, formed by the frontal bone, presents near its medial end either a supraorbital notch or a supraorbital foramen, which transmits the nerve and vessels of the same name. (dartmouth.edu)

citation needed] Each trochlear nerve originates from a trochlear nucleus in the medial midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
The human trochlear nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
Which Cranial nerve(s) come from the midbrain? (proprofs.com)

Several studies reported the incidence and etiology of acquired cranial nerve palsies in adult and pediatric patients. (medscape.com)

It is the only cranial nerve that exits from the dorsal (rear) aspect of the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
Also, the fibrous region is composed of the axons of these neurons that are passing through the ganglion to be part of the dorsal nerve root (tissue source: canine). (lumenlearning.com)
This is analogous to the dorsal root ganglion, except that it is associated with a cranial nerve instead of a spinal nerve . (lumenlearning.com)

Nerve-fibres reach the superior colliculus through-(1) the lemnisci and (2) the superior brachium. (co.ma)
After their origins from the olfactory cells of the olfactory region on the upper part of the nasal septum and the corresponding part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the nerve fibres form fine plexuses from which the terminal filaments pass through the cribriform plates of the ethmoid on their way to the olfactory bulb. (co.ma)
The second or optic nerve consists of nerve fibres which spring from the ganglion cells of the retina, and converge to the optic papilla, where they are grouped together to form the optic nerve. (co.ma)
these fibres arise from the nerve cells of the Gasserian (semilunar) ganglion. (bookdome.com)

At the junction of the medial wall with the roof, the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina transmit the nerves and arteries of the same name. (dartmouth.edu)
Associated with the orbit are foramina and fissures (see Table 1, below), which are important in transmitting nerves, arteries, and veins. (medscape.com)

The nerve originates from the midlateral surface of pons. (asra.com)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) In multiple sclerosis, patches of myelin (the substance that covers most nerve fibers) and underlying nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord are damaged or destroyed. (merckmanuals.com)

citation needed] Injury to the trochlear nerve cause weakness of downward eye movement with consequent vertical diplopia (double vision). (wikipedia.org)
Any disease or injury that damages the acoustic nerve can cause vertigo. (medlineplus.gov)
Concussions and whiplash are the most common causes of injury to the fourth cranial nerve. (optometrists.org)
Poor blood flow related to diabetes is another common cause of nerve injury or disease. (optometrists.org)

the fourth nerve is thus also named after this structure. (wikipedia.org)
The characteristic appearance of patients with fourth nerve palsies (head tilted to one side, chin tucked in) suggests the diagnosis, but other causes must be ruled out. (wikipedia.org)
Even relatively minor trauma can transiently stretch the fourth nerve (by transiently displacing the brainstem relative to the posterior clinoid process). (wikipedia.org)
Patients with minor damage to the fourth nerve will complain of "blurry" vision. (wikipedia.org)
With greater clinical interest, the number of identified fourth nerve palsies has increased. (medscape.com)
The fourth cranial nerve exits dorsally and has the longest intracranial course. (medscape.com)
Welcome to the fourth in our Anatomy Dissected series on the cranial nerves. (3d4medical.com)
The fourth cranial nerve controls the actions of the superior oblique eye muscle. (optometrists.org)

They also help control certain eye movements and interact with fibers of the optic nerve. (databasefootball.com)
Under microscopic inspection, it can be seen to include the cell bodies of the neurons, as well as bundles of fibers that are the posterior nerve root (Figure 1). (lumenlearning.com)
Throughout the years, in the absence of ancillary or diagnostic tools, many descriptive phrases, clichés, or analogies have been used to describe the eye, such as "the eye is the window to the soul," the "eye works like a camera," and "the eye is the only structure that allows us to physically see blood vessels and nerve fibers. (medscape.com)

The cranial nerves that come from the pontomedullary junction are the sixth (VI) and seventh (VII) cranial nerves. (proprofs.com)

Extraocular Paresis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI causing ophthalmoplegia. (medicosnotes.com)

Each trochlear nerve thus comes to course on the contralateral side, first passing laterally (to the side) and then anteriorly around the pons, then running forward toward the eye in the subarachnoid space. (wikipedia.org)
For example, the trigeminal ganglion is superficial to the temporal bone whereas its associated nerve is attached to the mid-pons region of the brain stem. (lumenlearning.com)

The ganglion is an enlargement of the nerve root. (lumenlearning.com)

This accounts for the "dejected" appearance of patients with "pathetic nerve" palsies. (wikipedia.org)
To compensate for this, patients with trochlear nerve palsies tilt their heads to the opposite side, in order to fuse the two images into a single visual field. (wikipedia.org)

Blood vessel complications in diabetes People with diabetes mellitus have many serious long-term complications that affect many areas of the body, particularly the blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidneys. (merckmanuals.com)

The statement suggests that one of these cranial nerves exits from the intermedullary fossa. (proprofs.com)

Overview of the Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs of nerves-the cranial nerves-lead directly from the brain to various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. (merckmanuals.com)
Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, and you've got 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and they're a part of the peripheral nervous system. (anatomyzone.com)
All 12 pairs are a part of the peripheral nervous system, except cranial nerve number 2, which actually emerges from, which is kind of like an extension of the brain, so it's not technically a peripheral nerve. (anatomyzone.com)
The cranial nerves arise directly from the brain (including the brainstem), they emerge from the central nervous system above the level of the first vertebrae of the vertebral column, They are 12 pairs of. (online-sciences.com)

A peripheral lesion is damage to the bundle of nerves, in contrast to a central lesion, which is damage to the trochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)

The deep connexions of the cerebral nerves are dealt with in the section which treats of the Brain (pp. 592 to 607). (co.ma)

The common abnormalities include disease of the muscle itself (myopathy), and motor nerve damage in peripheral/spinal cord/brain from cancer or trauma. (usc.edu)

When the patient cannot track motion this means neurologic damage involving cranial nerves III, IV, or VI. (usc.edu)

thus, they can be considered cranial nerve disorders, neuro-ophthalmologic. (msdmanuals.com)

The pudendal nerve, derived from S2, S3 and S4, leaves the pelvis m edial to the sciatic nerve via the higher sciatic foram en. (dnahelix.com)

The remaining 27% had a normal trochlear nerve and superior oblique muscle size, but an abnormal superior oblique tendon, which may explain the variations in superior oblique tendon laxity encountered surgically. (medscape.com)
This week, Dr. Chukwudi Ekomaru uses Complete Anatomy to explore Cranial Nerve IV (the trochlear nerve), which is responsible for innervating the superior oblique muscle of the eye. (3d4medical.com)
The roof (frontal and sphenoid bones) presents the fossa for the lacrimal gland anterolaterally and the trochlear pit for the cartilaginous or bony pulley of the superior oblique muscle anteromedially. (dartmouth.edu)

The roots of cranial nerves are within the cranium, whereas the ganglia are outside the skull. (lumenlearning.com)
In the development of the sympathetic it is at least highly probable that a mesoblastic rudiment or precursor forms the basis of the sympathetic system, which is secondarily joined by nervefibres from the roots of the spinal nerves. (co.ma)

Unlike most other cranial nerves, the trochlear nerve is exclusively a motor nerve (somatic efferent nerve). (wikipedia.org)
the trochlear nerve thus carries axons of general somatic efferent type. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy12

Diseases7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Information Science1

Trigeminal nerve10

Palsy44

Oculomotor nerve7

Inferior9

Glossopharyngeal1

Muscles2

Innervates3

Nuclei2

Congenital1

Olfactory nerves1

Nasociliary nerves2

Sensory6

Supraorbital1

Midbrain3

Cranial nerve palsies1

Dorsal3

Fibres4

Arteries2

Originates1

Optic nerves1

Injury4

Fourth8

Fibers3

Sixth1

Paresis1

Pons2

Ganglion1

Palsies2

Blood vessels1

Exits1

Pairs4

Nucleus1

Cerebral1

Peripheral1

Neurologic1

Disorders1

Sciatic nerve1

Superior oblique3

Roots2

Efferent2