Transient receptors cell surface. Medical search. Frequent questions

One possible mechanism to explain this observation is that a pool of pre-assembled AMPA receptors can be moved from an intracellular compartment to the postsynaptic membrane. (jneurosci.org)
Fluo-8 NW calcium (Ca 2+ ) assay kit was used for the measurement of intracellular Ca 2+ level in primary astrocytes and HEK293 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
To this end, MCF-7 cells were exposed to TAC and Orai1 protein abundance at the cell surface was determined by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry as well as intracellular Ca 2+ release and SOCE were quantified utilizing Fura-2 fluorescence. (biomedcentral.com)
To this end, MCF- cells were treated with testosterone-albumin conjugates (TAC, 100 nM), which selectively activate mAR without activating intracellular androgen receptors (iAR). (biomedcentral.com)
Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using CD19 (Intracellular Domain) (D4V4B) XP ® Rabbit mAb (upper) and β-Actin (D6A8) Rabbit mAb #8457 (lower). (cellsignal.com)
The decision to respond is made by the integration of signals from a large number of different T cell surface receptors using many intracellular signalling molecules. (ox.ac.uk)
In the absence of direct measurements of these messengers, pharmacological studies alone have implicated these molecules as intracellular second messengers for specific cell surface receptor agonists. (ox.ac.uk)
The monocytes then differentiate into macrophages and uptake modified LDLs to become foam cells with a feature of intracellular cholesterol accumulation as lipid droplets, which is the hallmark of early lesion [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Previous studies on the highly branched Caenorhabditis elegans PVD sensory neuron identified a membrane co-receptor complex that links extracellular signals to intracellular actin remodeling machinery, promoting high-order dendrite branching. (stanford.edu)
Physiologic functions (eg, contraction, secretion) are usually regulated by multiple receptor-mediated mechanisms, and several steps (eg, receptor-coupling, multiple intracellular 2nd messenger substances) may be interposed between the initial molecular drug-receptor interaction and ultimate tissue or organ response. (msdmanuals.com)
Ability to bind to a receptor is influenced by external factors as well as by intracellular regulatory mechanisms. (msdmanuals.com)

Influenza (H5N1) viruses bind with their hemagglutinin surface proteins to cell surface oligosaccharides terminating in sialic acid α2,3 galactose (SA2,3Gal) ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Many proteins are made in a compartment within the cell called the endoplasmic reticulum and 'chaperone' proteins help them fold correctly. (elifesciences.org)
Cells carefully regulate the levels of chaperone proteins. (elifesciences.org)
If there are too few chaperones in the cell, then newly-made proteins may fold incorrectly and interrupt other processes. (elifesciences.org)
If a cell experiences stressful conditions, or if there is a sudden demand for more proteins to be made, protein folding can be disrupted. (elifesciences.org)
This leads to an increase in the number of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and so the cell increases the levels of chaperone proteins to cope with this. (elifesciences.org)
These proteins can be present in a cell as single molecules (monomers) or as a group of several chaperone molecules (oligomers). (elifesciences.org)
Previous research has suggested that the chaperone proteins in oligomers are inactive, but the oligomers may be rapidly broken down into monomers when the cell needs to fold more proteins. (elifesciences.org)
Further experiments challenged cells with chemicals that caused the number of unfolded proteins in the cells to increase. (elifesciences.org)
However, when the levels of unfolded proteins rise, cells can rapidly break up these oligomers to make active monomers that help to deal with the excess numbers of unfolded proteins. (elifesciences.org)
Further work is needed to understand how changes in the number of unfolded proteins in cells leads to the formation and disassembly of BiP oligomers. (elifesciences.org)
This work identifies Drosophila S2 cells as a clinically-relevant platform suited for the production of 'difficult-to-make' proteins from Plasmodium parasites, and identifies a PfRH5 sequence variant that can be used for clinical production of a non-glycosylated, soluble full-length protein vaccine immunogen. (nature.com)
The recently developed HCV cell culture system, based on the JFH1 strain of HCV, has provided an opportunity to study the role of the viral proteins in the complete HCV replication cycle in human hepatoma cells. (monash.edu)
How the viral proteins functionally interact during replication of HCV in cell culture is not completely understood. (monash.edu)
To investigate the emergence of compensatory mutations in the viral proteins during cell passaging, the consensus sequences of the entire polyprotein coding regions of the wild type JFH1 and three chimeric viruses were determined. (monash.edu)
The classical paradigm of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling via G proteins is grounded in a view that downstream responses are relatively transient and confined to the cell surface, but this notion has been revised in recent years following the identification of several receptors that engage in sustained signaling responses from subcellular compartments following internalization of the ligand-receptor complex. (pitt.edu)
Recombinant fusion proteins containing the receptor protein fragment of interest fused to a truncated mouse Fc domain and a unique biotinylation signal are produced, biotinylated, and coupled to (strept) avidin-coated fluorescent or paramagnetic microspheres. (archive.org)
In eukaryotes, secretory proteins are first translocated into the ER by the Sec61 complex before reaching the cell surface by vesicular trafficking. (biorxiv.org)
The Sec61 complex also mediates membrane integration of many proteins, including most cell surface receptors and cell adhesion molecules. (biorxiv.org)
These foam cells in turn produce more inflammatory cytokines and growth factors to promote the migration of the quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the medial layer to intima and activate VSMC proliferation and increased synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in the thickening of intima and occlusion of the blood vessel [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
At the neuromuscular junction, the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is specifically clustered in the postsynaptic membrane via interactions with rapsyn and other scaffolding proteins. (jneurosci.org)

Abstract Characterization of Fc epsilonRI expressing human monocytic cell lines. (monocyte.eu)

We have detected a rapid, transient uncoupling of liver plasma membrane BARs from adenylyl cyclase (corresponding to a desensitization of approximately 45%) within the first minutes of extrauterine life, followed by a transient sequestration of approximately 40% of the BARs away from the plasma membrane. (jci.org)
Drug delivery to tumors is limited by several factors, including drug permeability of the target cell plasma membrane. (plos.org)
USMB treatment elicits enhanced cellular uptake of materials such as drugs, in part as a result of sheer stress and formation of transient membrane pores. (plos.org)
A major barrier for the efficacy of many clinically relevant anti-cancer drugs (e.g. gemcitabine, 5-flurouracil, cisplatin) is the passage of these molecules across biological membranes, whether in the context of transit across an endothelial monolayer or across the plasma membrane of the cancer cell itself [ 5 ]. (plos.org)
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of androgen receptor (AR) inhibition on prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) uptake imaged using 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET in a mouse xenograft model and in a patient with castration-sensitive prostate cancer. (snmjournals.org)
Important biological events associated with plasma membranes, such as signal transduction, cell adhesion, and protein trafficking, are mediated through the membrane microdomains. (mdpi.com)
Here, we report that KLe treatment increases the cell-membrane abundance of the renal K + channel renal outer medullary potassium channel 1 (ROMK1) by removing terminal sialic acids from N -glycan of the channel. (aspetjournals.org)
Binding to galectin-1 at the extracellular surface prevents clathrin-mediated endocytosis of ROMK1 and leads to accumulation of functional channel on the plasma membrane. (aspetjournals.org)
Membrane androgen receptors (mAR) are functionally expressed in a variety of tumor-cells including the breast tumor-cell line MCF-7. (biomedcentral.com)
The present study explored the effect of membrane androgen receptor (mAR) activation on Ca 2+ signaling in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In a first step, confocal microscopy was employed to visualize the effect of TAC on the Orai1 protein abundance at the MCF-7 cell membrane surface. (biomedcentral.com)
These include transient signaling at the plasma membrane and sustained signaling from internalized PTH1R within early endosomes mediated by PTH. (pitt.edu)
EMT has been implicated in the initiation of metastasis, as epithelial cells at the invasive front of carcinomas acquire migratory and invasive properties to break through the basement membrane and disseminate via circulation to form metastases in distal organs. (exosome-rna.com)
Thus a relatively stable adult schistosome surface membrane escapes immune recognition and damage by employing active processes which result in reduced surface antigenicity [ 495 ] and the development of a tegument intrinsically resistant to immune damage [ 492 ] - a potentially useful example for medical nanorobotics. (nanomedicine.com)
AQP5 plasma membrane large quantity in transfected HEK293 cells is definitely rapidly and reversibly Chlorpheniramine maleate controlled by at least three self-employed mechanisms including phosphorylation at Ser156, protein kinase A activity and extracellular tonicity. (idplink.net)
Together, these findings suggest that agrin-induced phosphorylation of the β subunit motif increases the stoichiometry of rapsyn binding to the AChR, thereby helping to stably cluster the receptor and anchor it at high density in the postsynaptic membrane. (jneurosci.org)
Histamine is the ligand for 2 membrane-bound receptors, the H1 and H2 receptors, which are present on many cell types. (medscape.com)

They also interact with mitochondria and have roles in cell death and signal transduction during environmental changes, and also regulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- dependent autophagy. (plantae.org)
1. The role of CD45 on signal transduction in primary monocytes and cell lines. (monocyte.eu)
In this report human monocytic cell lines were used to test for the expression of Fc epsilon RI, reasoning that a monocytic cell line expressing Fc epsilon RI constitutively would be a useful tool for large scale studies on the regulation of IgE binding and signal transduction. (monocyte.eu)
Methods: Reverse transduction polymerase chain reaction was applied to identify Fc epsilon RI alpha chain message, flow cytometry to detect Fc epsilon RI surface expression and signal transduction on the cell lines generated by transfection. (monocyte.eu)

AMPA receptor variants were identified with a polyclonal antibody recognizing the conserved extracellular loop region of all four AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1-4, both flip and flop ), whereas NMDA receptors were immunolabeled with a polyclonal antibody that binds to an extracellular N-terminal epitope of the NR1 subunit, common to all splice variants. (jneurosci.org)
Antibodies that recognize extracellular epitopes and can thus label iGluRs on living neurons are important tools for the study of receptor localization and dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
Recent studies reported that treatment by the extracellular domain of Klotho (KLe) increases cell-surface abundance of transient receptor potential vanilloid type isoform 5, an epithelial Ca 2+ channel critical for Ca 2+ reabsorption in the kidney. (aspetjournals.org)
The formulation prevents the overexpression of the inflammatory phase by decreasing the release of proinflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing the migration of polymorphonuclear cells to the wound site and promoting proper deposition of the extracellular matrix. (clearikonhealth.com)
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) induce the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in nonmalignant cells to promote invasion and cancer metastasis, representing a novel therapeutic target in a field severely lacking in efficacious antimetastasis treatments. (exosome-rna.com)
exposure to hypotonic conditions resulted in rapid recruitment to the cell surface via a mechanism dependent on transient receptor potential channels, extracellular calcium influx, calmodulin, and the phosphorylation of two threonine residues (Thr 157 and Thr 239) of AQP1 [13]. (idplink.net)

The HCV glycoproteins E1 and E2 are present on the surface of virions as a heterodimer that attach virions to host cell receptors and facilitate virus fusion and entry. (monash.edu)

The RBD A transition from Down to one-Up is supported by transient salt-bridges between RBD A and RBD C and by the glycan at N343 B . Reduced interactions between RBD A and RBD B induce the RBD B motions toward two-Up. (biorxiv.org)
To characterize the role of Fc-FcÎ³R (FcÎ³ receptor) interactions to the in vivo protective activity of IgG antibodies elicited in participants in a phase I trial of a cHA vaccine candidate, we performed passive transfer studies of vaccine-elicited IgG antibodies in mice humanized for all classes of FcÎ³Rs, as well as in mice deficient for FcÎ³Rs. (bvsalud.org)
Cell-cell interactions mediated by cell surface receptor-ligand pairs in the immune system are often of low affinity and transient in nature. (archive.org)
To begin to study these weak interactions, it is desirable to devise a generally applicable method for screening for and enriching cells expressing low-affinity ligands for specific cell surface receptors. (archive.org)
Asthma results from complex interactions among inflammatory cells, their mediators, airway epithelium and smooth muscle, and the nervous system. (medscape.com)
Ligand-receptor interactions guide axon navigation and dendrite arborization. (stanford.edu)

Establish overexpression of high-affinity CD16 on NK cells as a potential combination therapy for improving ADCC activity of anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies. (maxcyte.com)
Specifically, demonstrate efficient expression of high-affinity CD16 in NK cells with minimal effects on cell viability and phenotype using mRNA electroporation and assess the effects of CD16-158V expression on rituximab - mediated cytotoxic activity against B cell lymphoma cells. (maxcyte.com)
Ex vivo expanded NK cells electroporated with mRNA encoding the high-affinity Fc receptor, CD16-158V, demonstrated a significant increase in CD16 surface expression (Figure 1A). (maxcyte.com)
Ex vivo expanded NK cells were electroporated with mRNA (4 µg/10 6 NK cells) encoding the high-affinity, CD16-158V Fc receptor. (maxcyte.com)
CD25 is the alpha chain of the multi- component interleukin-2 receptor complex and is a requirement for formation of high affinity interleukin-2 receptors. (gla.ac.uk)
This taken together with major differences in kinetics and affinity for IgA:FcαRI interaction that were observed depending on whether FcαRI was immobilized or in solution suggest a mode of interaction unique among the leukocyte receptors. (aai.org)
Background: Recently, the high affinity receptor far IgE (Fc epsilon RI), which plays a major role in allergies, has been identified on a number of different antigen presenting cell types, including human monocytes from atopic and nonatopic donors. (monocyte.eu)
A drug's ability to affect a given receptor is related to the drug's affinity (probability of the drug occupying a receptor at any given instant) and intrinsic efficacy (intrinsic activity-degree to which a ligand activates receptors and leads to cellular response). (msdmanuals.com)
Drugs, aging, genetic mutations, and disorders can increase (upregulate) or decrease (downregulate) the number and binding affinity of receptors. (msdmanuals.com)

The proposed mechanisms of such rapid receptor desensitization include receptor phosphorylation by either cAMP-dependent protein kinase or the specific beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (BARK), leading to functional uncoupling from adenylyl cyclase and sequestration of the receptors away from the cell surface. (jci.org)
The molecular targets of the resulting cytosolic zinc(II) ion transients have not been identified, though an effect on phosphorylation has been documented widely. (ukri.org)
Subsequent experiments revealed that oxidized LDL induced transient Siglec-E tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment of SHP-1 phosphatase in macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we define a phosphorylation-dependent binding site on the receptor that mediates agrin-induced clustering. (jneurosci.org)
Indeed, we have shown previously that mutation of a tyrosine phosphorylation site in the long cytoplasmic loop of the β subunit impairs agrin-induced cytoskeletal anchoring and aggregation of mutant AChR in muscle cells ( Borges and Ferns, 2001 ). (jneurosci.org)
Activated receptors directly or indirectly regulate cellular biochemical processes (eg, ion conductance, protein phosphorylation, DNA transcription, enzymatic activity). (msdmanuals.com)

Anchoring of filopodia by dendrite ligand-receptor complexes is required for the mechanical activation of DEG/ENaC channels. (stanford.edu)

In fact, cellular PSMA expression is regulated by the androgen receptor (AR), which is frequently targeted during prostate cancer treatments and can therefore confound interpretation. (snmjournals.org)

AMPA and NMDA receptors mediate most excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
Cells constitutively utilize several distinct mechanisms of endocytosis, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) for the internalization of receptor-bound macromolecules such as Transferrin Receptor (TfR), and distinct mechanism(s) that mediate the majority of fluid-phase endocytosis. (plos.org)
Engineered NK cells had an enhanced ability to mediate ADCC as measured both via NK cell degranulation (CD107a expression, Figure 2A) and specific lysis of B cell lymphoma cells ( 51 Cr release assay, Figure 2B). (maxcyte.com)
The diverse biological processes regulated by this receptor are thought to depend on its capacity to mediate diverse modes of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. (pitt.edu)

However, the mechanism of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 regulating bacterial killing remains unknown. (asahq.org)
One mechanism of NK cell anti-tumor activity is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) induced via Fc receptor (CD16) binding to antibodies. (maxcyte.com)
Therefore, elucidating the mechanism of Tfh cell differentiation will contribute to SLE treatment. (bmj.com)

Dendritic cells (DC) are responsible for initiating all antigen-specific immune responses. (aacrjournals.org)
Upon completion of this activity, the participant should understand the critical roles of dendritic cells in guiding host immune responses, and the details of how they mature, process, and present antigens. (aacrjournals.org)
Understanding the paradoxical importance of dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance will inform the development of successful cancer immunotherapies. (aacrjournals.org)
It has long been appreciated that the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system must be coordinated, but it was not until the discovery of dendritic cells (DC) by Ralph Steinman at The Rockefeller University in the early 1980s that we truly understood conceptually how the immune system functions as a coherent unit. (aacrjournals.org)
DEG/ENaCs trigger local Ca2+ transients in growing dendritic filopodia via activation of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. (stanford.edu)
Specifically, information about epidermal disposition, step in human skin sensitization induction is the transport of sensitizer from the applied dose on the skin surface to the protein reactivity, epidermal inflammation, dendritic cell epidermis, where innate immune activation occurs. (cdc.gov)

Tracking the abundance of TfR on the cell surface and the internalization of its ligand transferrin revealed that USMB acutely enhances the rate of CME. (plos.org)

HCV entry proceeds via attachment to glycosaminoglycans followed by binding to scavenger receptor type B class I, and the tetraspanin CD81. (monash.edu)
By performing proximity labeling and proteomic analysis, we identified scavenger receptor CD36 as a cell surface protein interacting with Siglec-E. Further experiments performed in HEK293T cells transiently overexpressing Siglec-E and CD36 and peritoneal macrophages demonstrated that depletion of cell surface sialic acids by treatment with sialyltransferase inhibitor or sialidase did not affect interaction between Siglec-E and CD36 but retarded Siglec-E-mediated inhibition on oxidized LDL uptake. (biomedcentral.com)

Cell proliferation, migration and cell death are regulated by alterations of cytosolic Ca 2+ activity [ 20 - 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The use of vegetable butters and oils shows promising results in the treatment of skin wounds, as they have an effective impact on the phases of the wound-healing process through their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative activities and by promoting cell proliferation, increasing collagen synthesis, stimulating dermal reconstruction, and repairing the skin's lipid barrier function. (clearikonhealth.com)
The capacity to adjust metabolic pathways in response to nutrient availability and energy status is pivotal for cell survival and proliferation. (wiley.com)
Building on maturation, and T cell proliferation would cover the critical the previous development of a time course in vitro human skin steps leading to induction. (cdc.gov)

Exposure of beta-adrenergic receptors (BAR) to agonists often leads to a rapid loss of receptor responsiveness. (jci.org)
Furthermore, our data indicate that in addition to its suggested role as a rapid modulator of adrenergic receptor function at synapse, rapid BARK-mediated receptor regulation may have functional relevance in other tissues in response to high circulating or local levels of agonists. (jci.org)

NK cells were isolated from healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (CD16-158F/F donors) and expanded ex vivo for 11-15 days with irradiated EBV-SMI-LCL cells. (maxcyte.com)
Methods We first detected plasma catecholamine concentrations in patients with SLE and healthy controls by mass spectrometry, followed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect DRD messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4 + T cells, and flow cytometry to detect DRD expression in Tfh cells. (bmj.com)
Soluble adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP) triggers release of cytokine IL-10 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy and infected individuals [ 505 ], and the IL-10 then suppresses lymphoproliferative responses to SWAP by 90-100% [ 504 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
We established a novel rosetting model by coculturing HLA-II-matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells with HL cell lines and showed IS formation with activation of rosetting T cells. (ashpublications.org)
Specific modalities can be associated with unique peripheral receptors, peripheral axons of stereotyped diameter and specific central projection pathways. (cdc.gov)
Minimally, a recep- tor includes a peripheral axon terminal of one pri- mary afferent neuron, whose cell body is sited proximally in the dorsal root ganglion. (cdc.gov)

It also activates G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated opening of transient receptor potential channels. (wikipedia.org)
Dopamine receptors (DRDs) are members of the family of G protein-coupled receptors and are primarily divided into D1-like and D2-like receptors. (bmj.com)

Conventional drug administration methods such as intravenous injection and oral administration are the main methods for delivering chemotherapeutic molecules to tumor cells. (plos.org)
propose that BiP oligomers act as reservoirs to store BiP molecules when they aren't needed by the cell. (elifesciences.org)
Plasmodesmata (PD) are pores that connect plant cells and allow the flow of small molecules and information but also viruses. (plantae.org)
Adult worms possess surface molecules bearing alternative pathway complement activation sites ( Section 15.2.3.2 ), but these sites are masked by adsorbed host components in vivo [ 499 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
The human body does not recognize the adult worms as foreign material because, although purified schistosomal tegumental protein is potently immunogenic [ 509 ], the adult parasites can remake their surfaces constantly and cover them with native molecules taken from the human host [ 510 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
The adhesion molecules involved in this so-called T-cell rosetting are important components of the immunological synapse (IS). (ashpublications.org)
5-7 These molecules are important components of the immunological synapse (IS), which enables antigen-dependent communication between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (ashpublications.org)
Adhesion molecule pairs, such as CD2-CD58 and CD11a-CD54, induce a transient adhesion of T cells to APCs, after which the T-cell receptor (TCR) scans the cell surface for antigens presented in the context of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. (ashpublications.org)

This study defines the molecular basis of the FcαRI (CD89):IgA interaction, which is distinct from that of the other leukocyte Fc receptors and their Ig ligands. (aai.org)
In this FcαRI model the residues forming the IgA binding site identified by mutagenesis form a single face near the N-terminus of the receptor, distinct from other leukocyte Fc receptors where ligand binding is in the second domain. (aai.org)
The intrinsically disordered cytoplasmic tail of a dendrite branching receptor uses two distinct mechanisms to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. (stanford.edu)
PubChem]Hexobarbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABA-A receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. (t3db.ca)

in mice bearing PSMA-expressing xenografts demonstrated that PSMA expression is increased with both orchiectomy and enzalutamide ( 11 ), a finding that has recently been reproduced in multiple prostate cancer cell lines and circulating tumor cells ( 13 , 14 ). (snmjournals.org)
Signaling of tumor-cells may further involve up-regulation of pore forming Ca 2+ channel protein Orai1, which accomplishes store operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE). (biomedcentral.com)
The present study explored, whether mAR activation is followed by alterations of Orai1 protein abundance and function in MCF-7 breast tumor cells and addressed the role of actin reorganization and actin signaling to this effect. (biomedcentral.com)
Hodgkin tumor cells extensively interact with rosetting CD4 + T cells by immunological synapse formation involving HLA class II and CD58. (ashpublications.org)
A unique feature of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is the presence of CD4 + T cells that surround, protect, and promote survival of tumor cells. (ashpublications.org)
A unique Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) characteristic is the tight adherence of rosetting CD4 + T cells to Hodgkin tumor cells. (ashpublications.org)

However, it is unknown whether this synapse is fully assembled and leads to T-cell activation by enabling interaction between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II). (ashpublications.org)
As the density of neurotransmitter receptors is a key determinant of synaptic strength and function, the specific localization of receptors is critical for synapse formation, maintenance and plasticity. (jneurosci.org)

Functionally, TEVs enhance the migratory and invasive properties of recipient cells. (exosome-rna.com)

These receptors failed to bind IgA, but were detected by the mAb MY43, which blocks IgA binding to FcαRI, indicating that its epitope does not coincide with these IgA binding residues. (aai.org)
When their T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) bind to even a single foreign-derived antigen (e.g. a fragment from a virus) they initiate immune responses. (ox.ac.uk)
How do T cells avoid activation when their TCR bind abundant self-antigens, yet respond when they bind even a single foreign-antigen? (ox.ac.uk)
The type I allergic immunoglobulin E (IgE) response is initiated by antigen-mediated IgE immune complexes that bind and cross-link Fc receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils, thus causing degranulation with histamine release. (medscape.com)

Hodgkin disease (lymphoma) is a cancer of the lymph system that is characterized by the presence of large, abnormal Reed-Sternberg cells in a background of lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and granulocytes. (medscape.com)
Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 is a Ca 2+ -permeable cation channel abundantly expressed in macrophages. (asahq.org)
These cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, were found to provide a rapid response to virtually all pathogens and to initiate inflammation at sites of local infection. (aacrjournals.org)
The accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages, foam cells, within sub-endothelial intima is a key feature of early atherosclerosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Whether Siglec-E expression on macrophages impacts foam cell formation and atherosclerosis remains to be established. (biomedcentral.com)
Modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and foam cell formation in wild type (WT) and Siglec-E −/− - peritoneal macrophages were examined in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Siglec-E deficiency promotes foam cell formation by enhancing acetylated and oxidized LDL uptake without affecting cholesterol efflux in macrophages in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
In monocytes/macrophages activation of Nrf2 or PPARγ will lead to upregulation of the surface expression of CD36, increasing their phagocytic activity [ 55 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Additionally, we have demonstrated that IL-4-induced cAMP production is dose dependent and leads to the activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA, in primary human B cells. (gla.ac.uk)

However, from the beginning of puberty after thymus degeneration, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) persists due to the chronic activation of cytomegalovirus in humans causing repeated activation of T cells, which is considered the driving factor of human immune aging [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Various biological processes including immunoreaction of infection, tumor prevention, and human aging could cause telomere damage, tumor-related stress responses, and T regulatory (Treg) cells activation, which even trigger T cell senescence showing the distinctive phenotypic and functional alternation [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Currently, three main strategies are applied to restore the activation of senescent T cells, including replacement, restoration, and reprogramming. (hindawi.com)
TAC treatment of MCF-7 cells was followed by Rac1 activation, actin polymerization, transient increase of Orai1transcript levels and protein abundance, and transient increase of SOCE. (biomedcentral.com)
In a recent study, activation of mAR by dehydrotestosterone (DHT) in prostate cancer cells was reported to induce rapid Ca 2+ influx via Orai that was important for rapid androgen effects [ 31 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As illustrated in Fig. 1 , mAR activation was followed by a rapid increase of Orai1 protein abundance at the surface of MCF-7 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
How T cell activation is achieved by synthetic antigen receptors (e.g. here ). (ox.ac.uk)
Comparative studies between the transfectants and primary human monocytes from nonatopic donors demonstrated the regulatory role of the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 on Fc epsilon RI mediated cell activation. (monocyte.eu)
HLA-II downregulation by class II transactivator knockout did not affect the extent of rosetting, but almost completely abrogated T-cell activation. (ashpublications.org)
Intriguingly, the level of CD58 expression correlated with the extent of rosette formation, and CD58 knockout or CD2 blockade reduced both rosette formation and T-cell activation. (ashpublications.org)
In conclusion, T-cell rosetting in HL is established by formation of the IS, and activation of rosetting T cells critically depends on the interaction of both TCR-HLA-II and CD2-CD58. (ashpublications.org)
This potentially leads to activation of a signalling cascade involving the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and induction of the redox-sensitive factor Nrf2. (biomedcentral.com)
In other cell types such as endothelial cells, activation of Nrf2 and PPARγ may lead to upregulation of cytoprotective enzymes [haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NADPH quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQ-1), gamma-glutamate cysteine ligase (γ-GCL)], counteracting free radical-induced damage and exerting a neuroprotective effect [ 87 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The activation of the H1 histamine receptors on endothelial and smooth muscle cells leads to increased capillary permeability. (medscape.com)
The activation of the H2 histamine receptors leads to arteriolar and venule vasodilation that contribute to the swelling. (medscape.com)
activation may increase or decrease a particular cell function. (msdmanuals.com)

Pores formed upon USMB treatment are rapidly resealed, suggesting that other processes such as enhanced endocytosis may contribute to the enhanced material uptake by cells upon USMB treatment. (plos.org)
living with a constant rapidly turning over cell population, you might well be more prone to vivax. (webofstories.com)
[ 7 ] Urticarial lesions are usually transient and rapidly enlarge over the course of an hour or so and resolve within 24 hours. (medscape.com)

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells can restore the activity of exhausted T cell through reprogramming and is widely used in the treatment of relapsed/refractory (r/r) hematological malignancies. (hindawi.com)
The intergenotypic chimeric genome was nonviable in human hepatoma cells and infectious chimeric virions were only produced after cells harboring the chimeric genomes were passaged several times. (monash.edu)

Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of Ramos cells, untreated (left) or IgM-treated (middle), and Jurkat cells (right) using Phospho-CD79A (Tyr182) Antibody (green). (cellsignal.com)
We now understand that adaptive immunity is the purview of a second set of leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes, which are responsible not only for antibody production but also for the generation of T cells that can directly identify and kill host cells infected by pathogens (e.g., viruses). (aacrjournals.org)

Previous studies have found that DRDs can regulate differentiation of immune cells. (bmj.com)
Finally, in vitro experiments and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were used to explore the possible pathway by which DRDs regulate Tfh cell differentiation. (bmj.com)
Siglecs are a family of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like receptors predominantly expressed on cells of immune system to regulate their functions through recognizing their glycan ligands [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the nature of such mechanical stimulations, the mechanosensor identity, and how they interact with guidance receptors are unknown. (stanford.edu)
Each ligand may interact with multiple receptor subtypes. (msdmanuals.com)
Receptors often include nonneural elements which incorporate and interact with the axon terminal in initiating generator potentials. (cdc.gov)

How the molecular reach of T cell surface receptors and their enzymes impact signalling (e.g. here ). (ox.ac.uk)
The components of the ECS, including endocannabinoids, their cognate enzymes and cannabinoid receptors, are localized in the eye, and evidence indicates that ECS modulation plays a role in ocular disease states. (frontiersin.org)
It is generally assumed that unless they are genetically aberrant, normal cells are equipped with common metabolic machinery (i.e., transporters and enzymes) to cope with the changing nutritional environment. (wiley.com)

We now report that in mouse pancreatic acinar cells, cholecystokinin, but not acetylcholine, evokes rapid and transient increases in NAADP levels in a concentration-dependent manner. (ox.ac.uk)

The most active T cell endogenous inhibitory pathway is the immunoglobulin superfamily such as CD28/cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4): B7-1/B7-2 receptor/ligand grouping, which plays a central role in coordinating immune responses [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Importantly, no major changes in NK cell phenotype, as measured by expression of 15 inhibitory or activating surface receptors, were observed following electroporation with CD16-158V mRNA. (maxcyte.com)
Siglec-E, a mouse orthologue of human Siglec-9, is a sialic acid binding lectin predominantly expressed on the surface of myeloid cells to transduce inhibitory signal via recruitment of SH2-domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1/2 upon binding to its sialoglycan ligands. (biomedcentral.com)

It has strong surface effects on cell membranes causing pore-formation in epithelial cells and the destruction of red blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
TEVs derived from the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 induce EMT in nonmalignant breast epithelial cells (MCF10A) over a nine-day period, recapitulating a model of invasive ductal carcinoma metastasis. (exosome-rna.com)
Primary normal human-derived bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) were exposed to ABS filament emissions in an ALI for 4hours. (cdc.gov)

In humans and cats, influenza (H5N1) virus predominantly attaches to the lower part of the respiratory tract where the SA2,3Gal receptors are present ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
The effect seen in cell and animal models can be recapitulated in humans. (snmjournals.org)

Melittin also activates nociceptor (pain receptor) cells through a variety of mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)

These cells patrol the body continuously scanning the surfaces of other cells for protein fragments called antigens. (ox.ac.uk)

The role of the essential residues (Y35 and R82) was confirmed by analysis of mutant receptors expressed on the surface of mammalian cells. (aai.org)

T cells (red) interacting with antigen presenting cells (green). (ox.ac.uk)

treatment of resting human B cells with phorbol ester, calcium ionophore and forskolin results in modest increases in cell surface levels of CD25. (gla.ac.uk)
This phenomenon was initially discovered for the parathyroid hormone (PTH) type 1 receptor (PTH1R), a vital GPCR for maintaining normal calcium and phosphate levels in the body with the paradoxical ability to build or break down bone in response to PTH binding. (pitt.edu)
Triggering the receptor on the THP1 alpha lines or on human monocytes, which express native Fc epsilon RI, elicits a rapid and transient calcium mobilization, prevented by co cross linking of Fc epsilon RI and CD45. (monocyte.eu)

As opposed to prostate-specific antigen levels, PSMA expression on the cell surface increases with AR inhibition ( 10 - 12 ). (snmjournals.org)
At 24hours after the exposure, significant increases in the pro-inflammatory markers IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IFN-, TNF-, IL-17A, VEGF, MCP-1, and MIP-1 were noted in the basolateral cell culture medium of ABS-exposed cells compared to non-exposed chamber control cells. (cdc.gov)

Finally melittin up-regulates the expression of Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 sodium channels in nociceptor cell causing long term action potential firing and pain sensation. (wikipedia.org)
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel plays an important role in pain and inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel is a type of nonselective transmembrane cation channel with multiple ankyrin repeats on its N-terminal [ 17 - 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Of note, CD19, CD20, CD30, CD33, CD123, and CD269 as ideal targets have shown extraordinary potential for CAR-T cell therapy and other targets such as CD23 and SLAMF7 have brought promising future for clinical trials. (hindawi.com)
It is noted that T cell has great potential for immunotherapy of hematological malignancies. (hindawi.com)
While increased CD16 expression was transient in nature, this may not negatively impact the therapeutic potential of engineered NK cells due to the short persistence of adoptively transferred NK cells. (maxcyte.com)
Here we discuss recent structural, cell signaling, and in vivo studies that unveil potential pharmacological outputs of the spatial versus temporal dimension of PTH1R signaling via cAMP. (pitt.edu)
Together, these results demonstrate the utility of the platform for TEV-targeted drug discovery, allowing for facile modeling of the transient drug response using electrical measurements, and provide proof of concept that inhibitors of TEV function have potential as antimetastatic drug candidates. (exosome-rna.com)
Displacement of the dome by as little as 5 ,um can result in a supra-threshold generator potential within the Merkel cell-axon ter- minal complex. (cdc.gov)
Se- lective receptor inactivation is an early change fol- lowing exposure to certain neurotoxins, e.g., failure of the generator potential, followed by loss of the axon filopod processes in Pacinian corpuscles, are early physiological and morphological alterations following acrylamide intoxication (4, 5). (cdc.gov)
1984. The reversal potential of excitatory amino acid action on granule cells of the rat dentate gyrus. (cdc.gov)

Early studies on the transfer of unmodified autologous or allogeneic NK cells have established their clinical safety and demonstrated modest anti-tumor efficacy. (maxcyte.com)

Stimulation of some cell surface receptors causes release of zinc(II) ions from an endoplasmic reticulum store. (ukri.org)

In this review, we aim to summarize the composition of CAR-T cell and its application in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), multiple myeloma (MM), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). (hindawi.com)

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are the principal excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)

Postinternalization, recipient cells exhibit physiological changes associated with alterations of their transcriptome and proteome. (exosome-rna.com)

We use a combination of quantitative experiments and mathematical modelling to uncover the operational and molecular mechanisms underlying signal integration by T cell surface receptors. (ox.ac.uk)
Notably, the combination of molecular dynamics simulations and elastic network model-based methods revealed how precise modulation of PTH signaling responses is achieved through structure-encoded allosteric coupling within the receptor and between the peptide hormone binding site and the G protein coupling interface. (pitt.edu)
Overview of Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics (sometimes described as what a drug does to the body) is the study of the biochemical, physiologic, and molecular effects of drugs on the body and involves receptor binding. (msdmanuals.com)

We will achieved this goal by a combination of structural methods to identify the zinc-binding site on PTP, bioinformatics approaches to search for analogous binding sites, kinetic analyses of isolated PTPs to determine the strength and type of inhibition, and last but not least investigations in cultured human cells to examine physiological significance. (ukri.org)

Using a quantitative cell ELISA, a dramatic increase was observed in the surface expression of AMPA receptors, but not NMDA receptors, between 3 and 10 d in culture. (jneurosci.org)
Whether Klotho regulates surface expression of other channels in the kidney is not known. (aspetjournals.org)
CD16 expression correlated with the concentration of CD16-158V mRNA used during electroporation and ranged from a 2-fold increase using 1 µg/10 6 NK cells up to a 3-fold increase using 8 µg/10 6 NK cells (data not shown). (maxcyte.com)
CD16 expression peaked 24 hours post electroporation and remained higher than non-electroporated NK cells for up to 72 hours post electroporation (Figure 1B). (maxcyte.com)
NK cell CD16 expression was measured via flow cytometry for 72 hours post electroporation. (maxcyte.com)
Non-electroporated, ex vivo expanded NK cells were used as a control to assess endogenous CD16 expression. (maxcyte.com)
Similarly, this latter treatment abrogates any increase in CD25 levels observed in response to anti-Iimmunoglobulin and anti-CD40 antibodies, the only other stimuli capable of inducing CD25 expression in primary human B cells. (gla.ac.uk)
We here explore the relationship between DRDs and Tfh cells, and analyse the relationship between DRD expression on Tfh cells and the course of SLE. (bmj.com)
Results The plasma dopamine concentration in patients with SLE was significantly increased, and abnormal mRNA expression of DRDs was observed in both PBMCs and CD4 + T cells. (bmj.com)
In vitro induction experiments showed that differentiation of naïve T cells into Tfh cells was accompanied by an increase in D1-like receptor expression. (bmj.com)
In addition, a stable physical interaction between p7 and NS2 is shown in a transient expression system. (monash.edu)
Impacts of Siglec-E expression and cell surface sialic acid status on oxidized LDL uptake and signaling involved were examined by biochemical assays. (biomedcentral.com)
Conclusions: Monocytic cell lines carry Fc epsilon RI alpha chain RNA and enhancement by transfection results in surface Fc epsilon RI expression on THP1. (monocyte.eu)

Anti-merozoite vaccine studies have long relied on the standardized in vitro assay of growth inhibition activity (GIA) 12 , whereby purified IgG antibodies are tested against parasites cultured in human red blood cells (RBC) in the absence of other cell types. (nature.com)
The effect of Tri-Z on virus binding to its cell surface receptor was evaluated in a hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay using chicken red cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Novel understanding in the interaction between immune system and cancer cells of the patient holds great promise for immunotherapy development [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
In addition, the isolation and storage of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells have been used to rebuild the immune system for the treatment of hematological malignancies and might be promising for the dynamic equilibrium expansion of functional T cells [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
The cellular or innate immune system was first described by the pathologist Elie Metchnikoff who recognized the existence of cells in the blood and tissues whose role was to identify, capture, and destroy invading pathogens. (aacrjournals.org)

RNA-seq and RT-qPCR results indicate that D1-like receptors might promote Tfh cell differentiation through the Phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1)/Kruppel-like factor 2 (Klf2) pathway. (bmj.com)
D1-like receptors may promote Tfh cell differentiation through the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1/Klf2 pathway. (bmj.com)

To evaluate the physiological role of such mechanisms, we have investigated whether rapid regulation of BAR occurs in the neonatal rat liver immediately after birth, a physiological situation characterized by a dramatic but transient increase in plasma catecholamines. (jci.org)
Removing senescent T cells from the physiological cycle to maintain the homeostasis of memory and effector T cells is the way of replacement. (hindawi.com)
We will then address the physiological significance in cultured cells. (ukri.org)

An attractive method to enhance the safety and efficiency of drug treatment in cancer is to supplement conventional administration methods with targeted drug delivery strategies in order to enhance drug uptake within tumour tissues while limiting their action within healthy cells [ 3 , 4 ]. (plos.org)
Hence, therapeutic strategies that can enhance drug uptake into cells with improved efficiency and specificity are of high importance for drug delivery to treat localized diseases such as cancer. (plos.org)
If untreated surface water is ingested, the average uptake would be 0.36 mg/day (assuming an ammonia concentration in untreated water of 0.18 mg/L and a consumption rate of 2 L/day). (cdc.gov)

Baseline receptor density and the efficiency of stimulus-response mechanisms vary from tissue to tissue. (msdmanuals.com)

We describe the susceptibility of specific pathogen-free (SPF) beagles to avian influenza (H5N1) and the presence of receptors for influenza (H5N1) in the respiratory tract of these dogs. (cdc.gov)
Using these antibodies, in conjunction with GluR2-specific and synaptophysin antibodies, we have directly localized and quantified surface-expressed native AMPA and NMDA receptors on cultured living hippocampal neurons during development. (jneurosci.org)
Using subunit-specific antibodies, however, it is not possible to distinguish between the absence of AMPA receptors and the lack of a particular subunit on the cell surface. (jneurosci.org)
And those have a specific look, if you will, and if they look like CLL cells, that's how we make the diagnosis. (powerfulpatients.org)
Influenza virus can adapt to species specific haemagglutinin biding receptors on cell surface and then cross the species [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Few if any drugs are absolutely specific for one receptor or subtype, but most have relative selectivity. (msdmanuals.com)
Al- though both warm and cold skin spots have been repeatedly mapped, no specific encapsulated or corpuscular receptor has been consistently identified. (cdc.gov)

An exam- ple of a slowly adapting position detector is a Type I Iggo corpuscle, featured by a myelinated axon ter- minating at the base of a small dome-like elevation in the skin (Merkel cells). (cdc.gov)
The long terminal axon is elliptical in section, is provided with juxtaposed filopod pro- cesses, and has a bulbous ultraterminal ending from whose entire surface filopod processes emanate in a hydra-like array. (cdc.gov)

Rapid desensitization of neonatal rat liver beta-adrenergic receptors. (jci.org)
NK cells play a pivotal role in rapid and highly efficient cancer surveillance and represent a promising avenue for adoptive cell transfer either as a mono- or combination immunotherapy. (maxcyte.com)
Non-viral engineering of NK cells using MaxCyte ® mRNA electroporation provides significant benefits including high efficiency and low toxicity as well as clinical scalability enabling rapid development of novel adoptive cell therapy approaches. (maxcyte.com)
The rapid and transient production of NAADP evoked by cholecystokinin precedes the onset of the Ca2+ signal and is consistent with a role for NAADP in the initiation of the Ca2+ response. (ox.ac.uk)
Mechanoreceptors sensitive to rapid transients are exemplified by the Pacinian corpus- cles. (cdc.gov)

A comprehensive analysis using both cell-free (biosensor) and cell-based assays was used to define and characterize the IgA binding region of FcαRI. (aai.org)

Reprogramming is a promising treatment, which redifferentiates T-induced pluripotent stem cells (T-IPSCs) into naïve and cytotoxic T cells or dedifferentiates within their own lineage [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
The type II allergic response is mediated by cytotoxic T cells, causing deposits of immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrin around blood vessels. (medscape.com)

Anatomy49

Organisms24

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs99

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Phenomena and Processes51

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Health Care4

Intracellular11

Proteins21

Abstract1

Membrane17

Signal transduction4

Extracellular6

Host cell receptors1

Interactions6

Affinity9

Phosphorylation6

Ligand-receptor1

Androgen receptor1

Mediate4

Mechanism3

Dendritic6

Internalization1

Scavenger receptor2

Proliferation4

Agonists2

Peripheral6

Protein-coupled2

Molecules8

Distinct4

Tumor cells6

Synapse2

Functionally1

Bind4

Macrophages8

CAMP-depend1

Activation16

Rapidly3

Chimeric2

Antibody2

Regulate3

Interact3

Enzymes3

Acetylcholine1

Inhibitory3

Epithelial cells3

Humans2

Activates1

Antigens1

Mammalian1

Antigen prese1

Calcium3

Increases2

Potential11

Efficacy1

Stimulation1

Myeloid1

Excitatory1

Alterations1

Molecular3

Zinc1

Expression13

Assay2

Immune system3

Differentiation2

Physiological3

Uptake3

Density1

Specific7

Axon2

Rapid5

Characterize1

Cytotoxic T cel2