• Driver events in pediatric malignancies can occur through loss of function in tumor suppressor genes or gain of function in proto-oncogenes. (medscape.com)
  • Tumor suppressor genes encode proteins that normally provide negative control of cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
  • These events are dependent on the proper levels of transcription and translation of certain genes. (cancerquest.org)
  • Genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells. (cancerquest.org)
  • Genes whose protein products can directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death. (cancerquest.org)
  • The normal versions of genes in the first group are called proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
  • The mutated or otherwise damaged versions of these genes are called oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
  • Numerous genes have been identified as proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
  • As stated in the introduction to this section, the defective versions of these genes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. (cancerquest.org)
  • Briefly, miRNAs are expected to account for 1-5% of the human genome and to interfere with at least 30% of the protein-coding genes ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • At the molecular level, pitavastatin induced expression of the cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 in a cholesterol independent manner, blocked repressive phosphorylation of the Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein at CDK targeted sites, and reduced expression of E2F target genes required for progression through the G1/S boundary. (oncotarget.com)
  • The ability of miRs to target multiple genes and biological signaling pathways has created intense interest in their potential clinical utility as predictive and diagnostic biomarkers, and as innovative therapeutic agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using bioinformatics analyses, we predicted HNK protein targets from several databases and retrieved the genes differentially expressed in mBCSCs from the GEO database. (hindawi.com)
  • The intersection between the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the HNK-targets was determined using a Venn diagram, and the results were analyzed using a protein-protein interaction network, hub gene selection, gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses, genetic alteration analysis, survival rate, and immune cell infiltration levels. (hindawi.com)
  • This present study assessed centrosomal protein-55 (CEP55)' serpin family E member 1 (SERPINE1) and sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3) genes and proteins in gastric adenocarcinoma with different tumor progression features. (springeropen.com)
  • CEP55, SERPINE1 and SMPD3 genes were assessed by quantitative qRT-PCR, and their proteins were assessed by ELISA in the gastric tissue samples. (springeropen.com)
  • The studied genes and proteins showed highly significant specificity and sensitivity in the early detection of GC. (springeropen.com)
  • CEP55, SERPINE1 and SMPD3 genes and proteins could be used as useful biomarkers for the early detection of GC. (springeropen.com)
  • SERPINE1 and SMPD3 genes and proteins might be used as risk and protective prognostic factors in GC, respectively. (springeropen.com)
  • This abnormality is generally results from disorders in the signaling pathways of the cell proliferation or genetic alteration in the protein encoding genes in the cell cycle [ 1 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Centrosomal protein-55 (CEP55), serpin family E member 1 (SERPINE1) and sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3) genes were identified and included in these signatures. (springeropen.com)
  • The present work was aimed to assess SERPINE1, SMPD3 CEP55 genes and proteins in gastric adenocarcinoma in different stages and grades and to reveal their correlations with other clinicopathological features of GC. (springeropen.com)
  • To achieve this, p53 mainly functions as a transcription factor (TF) targeting hundreds of genes, but it also has TF-independent roles in the nucleus and cytoplasm [ 6 ]. (nature.com)
  • They use their complex epigenetic regulatory mechanisms to act as upstream regulators of downstream oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes [ 10 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • The role of MSY genes in important cellular processes such as transcription regulation, translation, and protein stability in males is vital not only in sex determination but also in sex-dependent organ development [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite extensive studies on the effect of these genes on the development pathways, some MSY genes have remained as missing proteins with no experimental protein evidence due to highly transient and spatio-temporal restricted expression patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The primate SPATA31 genes also acquired new protein domains that suggest an involvement in UV response and DNA repair. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The multistep transformation of normal cells into malignant cells involves genetic and epigenetic alterations that promote the aberrant expression of critical oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes [ 1 , 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Analyzing 5′-upstream non-protein-encoding regions of the human mitochondrial function-associated genes, we speculate that mitochondrial functions could be recovered or improved at a transcriptional level. (intechopen.com)
  • In addition, Kevetrin increased expression of p53 target genes such as p21 (Waf1), an inhibitor of cell cycle progression. (shu.edu)
  • It has been hypothesized that inactivation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor facilitates K-RAS-mediated transformation by uncoupling it from apoptotic pathways such as the Hippo pathway. (cancerindex.org)
  • Finally, IGF‑1R protein, phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/Akt signaling pathway‑associated proteins and cyclin pathway‑associated proteins were differentially expressed between miR‑497‑overexpressing cells and miR-497-silenced cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • the changes of proteins related to MAPK/ERK signaling pathway were also detected using western blotting. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we show that human antigen R (HuR), an RNA binding protein which binds preferentially to AU-rich elements (AREs) and stabilizes mRNAs, regulates TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression in the MK2/HuR signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BACKGROUND: The protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway regulates early follicular activation and follicular pool maintenance in female germline cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Its molecular interactions were determined through KEGG analysis, and real-time PCR-based expression analysis was performed to assess its co-expression with another oncogenic cellular pathway (miR-223, KLF9, and PKCε) proteins in ovarian cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ribosomal proteins (RPs) play important roles in modulating the MDM2-p53 pathway. (elifesciences.org)
  • it still remains to be determined if there are more proteins that can regulate the RPs-MDM2-p53 pathway. (elifesciences.org)
  • We have developed a comprehensive biomarker pathway that extends from discovery through to validation on a TMA platform. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In human lung tumors, combined activation of K-RAS and inactivation of RASSF1A is closely associated with the development of the most aggressive and worst prognosis tumors. (cancerindex.org)
  • Although genetic and epigenetic aberrations that occur in components of the central dogma clearly elicit disease development in humans, recent findings also point to a prominent role for non-protein-coding regions of the genome in regulating cell and tissue homeostasis, as well as in contributing to the formation of human tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, understanding the pathogenesis of cancer, identifying biomarkers that aid in the early diagnosis of digestive tract tumors, and finding therapeutic targets are of great significance in reducing the incidence of digestive tract tumors and improving prognosis. (ijbs.com)
  • The core transcription regulatory loop of the digestive system tumors is complex and a high density of transcription regulatory complexes in the SEs and the crosstalk between SEs and the noncoding RNAs. (ijbs.com)
  • Mdm2 is a proto-oncogene that is amplified in approximately 7% of cancers and is frequently seen in soft tissue tumors. (shu.edu)
  • A useful analogy to consider when thinking about tumor suppressors and oncogenes is an automobile. (cancerquest.org)
  • The first miRNA was discovered in 1993 by Lee, Freinbaum and Ambros ( 6 , 7 ), and since then an increasing load of literature data have pointed that they can act as both tumor suppressors and oncogenes ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)
  • However, the downstream proteins by which MK2 stabilizes ARE-containing mRNAs are largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CWR22Rv1 cells, a castrate-resistant prostate cancer cell line, were treated with Zyflamend and the expression of class I and II histone deacetylases, along with their downstream target the tumor suppressor gene p21, was investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Expression of the tumor suppressor gene p21, a known downstream target of histone deacetylases and CBP/p300, was increased by Zyflamend treatment and the effect on p21 was, in part, mediated through Erk1/2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 100% sequence homology with Mouse, Rat, Canine, Equine and all other mammalian proteins examined. (novusbio.com)
  • Protein ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis and degradation by the proteasome are important mechanisms in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth and differentiation, gene transcription, signal transduction and apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the senescent cells remain viable, they show typical changes with enlarged and flattened cell bodies, apoptosis resistance, increased activity of senescence-associated β -galactosidase (SA- β -gal), and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors including p16 INK4A , ARF proteins, and p21 [ 13 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Mutant K-RAS has been shown to have both tumor-promoting and -suppressing functions, and growing evidence suggests that the RASSF family of tumor suppressors can act as RAS apoptosis and senescence effectors. (cancerindex.org)
  • Many of these miRNAs act as tumor suppressors and/or oncogenes, and are involved in cell activities that include development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and immunity ( 7 , 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • With aging, the cell stops dividing: it does not respond to growth factors and becomes resistant to apoptosis. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • When GTP is bound, for instance, Ras proteins can interact with effectors and other molecules to affect cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. (justia.com)
  • This gene product is involved in cell cycle progression, p53-mediated apoptosis, transcription activator of several other oncogenes [ 4 ] and DNA repair [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Kevetrin induces transcription-independent p53 mediated apoptosis. (shu.edu)
  • Stable monoubiquitinated form of wild type p53, accumulates in the cytoplasm and interacts with BAK or BAX proteins in mitochondria to induce apoptosis Thus Kevetrin activates both transcription dependent and transcription independent pathways to promote apoptosis. (shu.edu)
  • CDK4 is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (thermofisher.com)
  • It is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression. (thermofisher.com)
  • PTEN encodes a protein kinase of the same name and functions as a tumor suppressor through regulation of cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
  • Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family and contains two extracellular α subunits (including the ligand-binding site) and two β subunits (with intracellular tyrosine kinase activity) ( 22 , 23 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) subunit of TFIIH regulates RNA polymerase-II-based transcription and promotes tumor progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our previous study showed that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38/ MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) regulates the expression of ICAM-1 and IL-8 at the post-transcriptional level in HPMECs after TNF-α stimulation [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bae KM, Wang H, Jiang G, Chen MG, Lu L, Xiao L. Protein kinase C epsilon is overexpressed in primary human non-small cell lung cancers and functionally required for proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells in a p21/Cip1-dependent manner. (famri.org)
  • A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. (bvsalud.org)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • Two powerful tumour suppressor pathways, controlled by the p53 and retinoblastoma (pRB) proteins, are important for establishing and maintaining the senescence growth arrest. (nature.com)
  • HNK controls various intracellular signaling pathways involved in cancer, including those related to nuclear factor kappa B (NF- B), signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we review the role of ferroptosis in p53-mediated tumor suppression, with a focus on what cellular factors are critical for p53-dependent ferroptosis during tumor suppression and how p53 modulates both the canonical (GPX4-dependent) and the non-canonical (GPX4-independent) ferroptosis pathways. (nature.com)
  • Additionally, scientists have found that this relationship is an important part of a number of complex cellular signaling cascade pathways, including Ras, β-catenin, myc, Rb, and many more. (shu.edu)
  • The present invention relates to diagnosing abnormal cell proliferation in biological samples and screening for drugs which inhibit, reduce or abolish cell growth, especially tumorigenic cell growth, by detecting a phosphovariant isoform of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor biomarker, such as the novel GEF-H1S. (justia.com)
  • Identification of miRNAs panel can be thus considered an upcoming and potentially useful strategy in PCa diagnosis, given that radioresistance biomarkers, in both prognosis and therapy still remains a challenge. (frontiersin.org)
  • High CDK7 mRNA and protein levels were identified to be associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are one of the main factors driving chemoresistance, thereby contributing to poor prognosis and clinical outcomes [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, circRNAs have emerged as potential biomarkers for RCC diagnosis and prognosis and targets for developing new treatments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, increased levels of miR-210 are directly correlated with poor patient outcomes, suggesting that it could be a potential biomarker for RCC diagnosis and prognosis [ 27 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study aimed to find new biomarkers to facilitate the prognosis and diagnosis of ovarian cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NcRNAs are a class of RNA molecules that do not encode proteins, and they play an important role in regulating cellular transcription and post-transcriptional processes [ 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • There is growing evidence that regions of the genome that cannot encode proteins play an important role in diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 35 Monoclonal antibodies against EGFR this kind of as cetuximab do appear to possess modest activity in superior NSCLC in blend with chemotherapy, but the lack Raf Inhibitor selleckchem of an apparent biomarker to identify individuals who could have increased advantage might possibly complicate its broad applicability. (pimsignaling.com)
  • During PDA progression, pancreatic acinar cells lose activity of the ClassI/II bHLH factors that regulate quiescence. (oncotarget.com)
  • Abnormal expression of ribosomal proteins has an important regulatory effect on the progression of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings suggest that RPL5 plays an important role in regulating COAD progression and may serve as a prognostic biomarker for COAD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aim of this study was to use a systematic approach to generate and screen affinity-purified, mono-specific antibodies targeting progression-related biomarkers, with a view towards developing a clinically applicable IHC-based prognostic biomarker panel for breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We examined both in-house and publicly available breast cancer DNA microarray datasets relating to invasion and metastasis, thus identifying a cohort of candidate progression-associated biomarkers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The eukaryotic proteasome recognized degradable proteins, including damaged proteins for protein quality control purpose or key regulatory protein components for dynamic biological processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • pRB functions as a negative regulatory transcription factor during the G1 to S phase cell cycle transition. (medscape.com)
  • More and more studies have found that abnormal expression or mutation of ribosomal proteins has an important regulatory effect on the occurrence and development of cancer [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The elevated expression of p53 leads to greater stability, which also induces the regulatory protein Mdm2. (shu.edu)
  • E7 from human papil omavirus type 16 cooperate to cancer: the European prospective investigation into doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp321 PMID:20047954 target the PDZ protein Na/H exchange regulatory cancer and nutrition study. (who.int)
  • We are currently pursuing studies of the dominant signaling and gene regulatory networks that control this process, including the Ras/MAPK cascade, which is required for stem cell-mediated self-renewal and the p53 transcription factor family member, p63, which is required for epidermal differentiation. (stanford.edu)
  • The proteasomes form a pivotal component for the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and corresponding cellular Protein Quality Control (PQC). (wikipedia.org)
  • Cellular aging or cellular senescence is the critical factor for the process of aging. (hindawi.com)
  • Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs, or exchange factors), such as RALGDS, are effectors of Ras-related GTPases (see MIM 190020) that participate in signaling for a variety of cellular processes. (cancerindex.org)
  • This receptor is found in moderate levels on some normal cells and as the gene's name implies, it is involved in cellular responses to growth factors. (cancerquest.org)
  • STAT proteins - especially STAT3 and STAT5 - regulate all of these processes and are persistently activated in a surprisingly large number of human cancers. (researchgate.net)
  • Normal oral keratinocytes are prolonged by adverse factors, resulting in intracellular microenvironment imbalance and genetic alterations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Detection of new biomarkers that can be utilized in the early diagnosis of GC is a pressing need. (springeropen.com)
  • Finally, the potential of lncRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for OSCC diagnosis are also described. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ribosomal protein (RP) is a widely existing RNA-binding protein that was previously thought to function only as a combination of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) involved in protein synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ribosomal protein RPL5 is a component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for protein synthesis in cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HER2/neu (also called ERB B2 ) is the gene that encodes the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2. (cancerquest.org)
  • To select systemic therapies, current treatment guidelines combine traditional prognostic factors (stage, tumour size, histologic grade, nodal status) with estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) expression status. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Metformin Enhances the Effect of Regorafenib and Inhibits Recurrence and Metastasis of Hepatic Carcinoma After Liver Resection via Regulating Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factors 2α (HIF-2α) and 30 kDa HIV Tat-Interacting Protein (TIP30). (cancerindex.org)
  • These include dysfunctional telomeres, DNA damage, the expression of certain oncogenes, perturbations to chromatin organization and strong mitogenic signals. (nature.com)
  • p53 is a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage and blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, the present study investigated miR‑497 expression in HCC samples and HCC‑derived cell lines using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The protein expression of one of the predicted common targets of miR‑497, insulin‑like growth factor‑1 receptor (IGF‑1R), was assessed using western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • HMGCS2 protein expression is down-regulated preferentially in moderately and poorly differentiated carcinomas. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The factors responsible for the postnatal and starvation-associated induction of HMGCS2 gene expression have been identified and shown to involve changes in circulating hormone and fatty acid levels. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The G2/M phase arrest by perifosine chemical library was reported to be p21 dependent in a few tumor cells.Certainly,we observed a marked elevation within the expression of p21 in OCUT1 cells handled with perifosine alone,in association with cell cycle arrest while in the G2/M phase. (pimsignaling.com)
  • Involvement of p21 was confirmed with siRNA knockdown and over expression experiments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Over expression of p21 inhibited cell growth and concomitant treatment with Zyflamend enhanced this effect. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results suggest that the extracts of this polyherbal combination increase histone 3 acetylation, inhibit the expression of class I and class II histone deacetylases, increase the activation of CBP/p300 and inhibit cell proliferation, in part, by up regulating p21 expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The acquisition of new SPATA31 protein functions and its broadening of expression may be related to the evolution of the diurnal life style in primates that required a higher UV tolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Accordingly, we review data on the influence of vitamin D in the development of normal breast and the expression of vitamin D-related proteins (VDR, CYP27B1 and CYP24A21) in benign mammary lesions and ductal carcinomas in situ . (biomedcentral.com)
  • VDR belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors for steroid hormones and regulates gene expression by acting as a ligand-activated transcription factor [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two proteins have been implicated in expression-independent vitamin D action: membrane VDR and the membrane-associated rapid response steroid binding (1,25D 3 -MARRS) protein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although omic-based discovery approaches can provide powerful tools for biomarker identification, several reservations have been raised regarding the clinical applicability of gene expression studies, such as their prohibitive cost. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease driven by a continuum of mutations and abnormal gene/protein expression that controls the tumourigenic phenotype and molecular mechanisms underpinning the complexity of its clinical behaviour [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A proto-oncogene is a gene that becomes an oncogene, a gene that has the potential to cause cancer, through mutations or an increase in expression. (shu.edu)
  • Furthermore, senescent cells, with the secretory features known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), could produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein1 (MCP-1), to greatly affect the neighboring cells [ 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Braig, M. & Schmitt, C. A. Oncogene-induced senescence: putting the brakes on tumor development. (nature.com)
  • TP53 encodes the protein p53, which is known as the "guardian of the genome. (medscape.com)
  • The central dogma of molecular biology states that the transfer of genetic information within cells transpires sequentially from DNA to RNA to proteins, whose coding sequences comprise a paltry 1.5-2% of the human genome [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The initiation and development of tumor cell is accompanied by elevated stresses, such as oncogene activation, DNA damage, genome instability, and reprogrammed tumor metabolism. (nature.com)
  • Receptor de la superficie celular con actividad tirosina cinasa que se sobreexpresa en un número significativo de ADENOCARCINOMAS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Proteasome subunit alpha type-3 also known as macropain subunit C8 and proteasome component C8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSMA3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The human protein proteasome subunit alpha type-3 is 28.4 kDa in size and composed of 254 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutations in this gene as well as in its related proteins including D-type cyclins, p16(INK4a) and Rb were all found to be associated with tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. (thermofisher.com)
  • Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the NGF family of neurotrophic factors (also named neurotrophins) that are required for the differentiation and survival of specific neuronal subpopulations in both the central as well as the peripheral nervous system. (novusbio.com)
  • Post-translational modification of histones, in particular the removal or addition of acetyl groups on ϵ-N-acetyl lysine residues, play an important role in epigenetic regulation of transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aberrant transcription of key oncogenes is driven by super-enhancers (SEs), which are characterized by large clusters of enhancers with significantly high density of transcription factors, cofactors, and epigenetic modulatory proteins. (ijbs.com)
  • SEs are defined as large clusters of active enhancers in large clusters that are enriched with high levels of transcription factors (TFs), master co-factors, mediator complexes, RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II), and epigenetic modifications [ 5 , 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • It encodes a protein that prevents separin from promoting sister chromatid separation during mitosis [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the limited availability of antibodies is a key barrier to the development of a lower cost alternative, namely a discrete collection of immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based biomarkers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have two copies of each gene and for oncogenes, a single defective copy is enough to cause a cell to divide. (cancerquest.org)
  • Some proto-oncogenes work to regulate cell death. (cancerquest.org)
  • The proto-oncogenes that have been identified so far have many different functions in the cell. (cancerquest.org)
  • As shown below, binding of the growth factor can lead to cell division. (cancerquest.org)
  • Thus, existing techniques and current knowledge have not used nor addressed the interactions of GEF-H1 with other proteins as a means by which cell proliferation can be controlled or the detection and treatment of cancerous, tumorigenic cells and tissues be developed. (justia.com)
  • Ali MA, Choy H, Habib AA, Saha D. SNS-032 prevents tumor cell-induced angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor. (famri.org)
  • The mutant proteins often retain some of their capabilities but are no longer sensitive to the controls that regulate the normal form of the protein. (cancerquest.org)
  • Such protein accumulation may contribute to the pathogenesis and phenotypic characteristics in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases, and systemic DNA damage responses leading to malignancies. (wikipedia.org)
  • MK2 were subjected to a knockdown by interfering RNA, the mRNA and protein levels of HuR in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) were not affected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, knockdown of HuR by RNA interference in HPMECs, there was reduction in the stability of ICAM-1 mRNA and ICAM-1 protein level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Knockdown of p21 with siRNA technology attenuated Zyflamend-induced growth inhibition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RASSF1A Deficiency Enhances RAS-Driven Lung Tumorigenesis. (cancerindex.org)
  • The present invention envisions phosphorylated forms of any one of these GEF-H1 peptides, polypeptides and proteins. (justia.com)
  • We will discuss three key proteins that function as tumor suppressors implicated in the development of pediatric (and some adult) cancers: pRB, p53, and PTEN. (medscape.com)
  • In normal cells, both internal and external signals control the activity of the oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
  • We previously found that promoting transcriptional activity of the Class I bHLH factor E47 in highly aggressive PDA cells induced stable growth arrest in vitro and in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
  • Chemoresistance, or the insensitivity of cancer cells to drug therapy, is a major factor in the failure of chemotherapy against breast cancer. (hindawi.com)
  • Vitamin D is also known to exert rapid effects that are not dependent on gene transcription [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CircRNAs have essential functions as microRNA sponges, RNA-binding protein- and transcriptional regulators, and protein translation templates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In rats, hepatic ketogenic capacity increases rapidly during postnatal development ( 4 ) or fasting ( 5 ) when the mRNA, protein, and activity of HMGCS2 increase in liver ( 6 - 8 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Administration of dibutyryl-cyclic AMP to adult rats increases mRNA, protein levels, and enzymatic activity of HMGCS2 in the liver ( 6, 9 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • SERPINE1 gene and protein revealed highly significant increases and positive correlations, while SMPD3 gene and protein revealed highly significant decreases and negative correlations as the tumor progresses. (springeropen.com)
  • mRNA stabilization were measured by real-time PCR after actinomycin D (ActD) blocking transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nevertheless, HuR silencing had no effect on the mRNA and protein levels of IL-8. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we discuss clinical significance of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system and inhibitors of SE-related proteins such as BET and CDK7 as potential cancer therapeutics. (ijbs.com)
  • Small non-protein-coding RNA molecules, composed of around 22 nucleotides, are commonly named as miRNAs ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In doing so, this GEF-facilitated exchange of GDP for GTP is associated with structural changes in the GTP-binding protein which influence the degree to which the GTP-binding protein can interact with other molecules. (justia.com)
  • These models are being used to systematically elucidate proteins required for cutaneous carcinogenesis and to test their potential role as therapeutic targets. (stanford.edu)