Transcription cells chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

The proteins involved in homologous recombination have to work around other processes that go on inside the nucleus, such as the transcription of DNA in genes into RNA molecules. (elifesciences.org)
Previous research has reported that forming a double-strand break in the DNA reduces the levels of transcription for the genes that surround the break, but it was not clear how this occurred. (elifesciences.org)
In mammalian cells, inhibiting the transcription of genes around a double-strand DNA break depends on a signaling pathway that is activated whenever DNA damage is detected. (elifesciences.org)
One of the next challenges will be to see if the resection process makes any contribution to changes in the transcription of genes that surround a double-strand break in mammals as well. (elifesciences.org)
Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. (medlineplus.gov)
Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (medlineplus.gov)
Chromosome 15 likely contains 600 to 700 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
However, some genes on this chromosome, including some of those in the 15q11.2-q13.1 region, are turned on (active) only on the maternal copy. (medlineplus.gov)
Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)
Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (frontiersin.org)
In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we employed single-cell gene expression profiling to describe the dynamic transition between cell proliferative states in three different cell lines using a panel consisting of 93 marker genes. (frontiersin.org)
For the first time, they were able to show that the MSL complex also controls essential developmental genes on other chromosomes. (mpg.de)
It has to be ensured that genes on these chromosomes are read equally to generate the same amount of output. (mpg.de)
While females have two X chromosomes in their somatic cells, males possess only one X and one copy of the Y chromosome, which contains only very few genes. (mpg.de)
In the early embryonic development of a female mammal, one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated so that its genes are not read twice as often as in males. (mpg.de)
Flies do the opposite: if they are male, the genes on their X chromosome are read twice as much as in females. (mpg.de)
But instead of up-regulating the transcription of one entire X chromosome with several hundred genes, here it only targets individual genes. (mpg.de)
We further demonstrated that suppression of autophagy using either pharmacological inhibitors or RNA interference of essential autophagy genes enhanced cell death induced by IM in cell lines and primary CML cells. (lu.se)
Our aim is to define the molecular bases of the interactions that are established between chromatin and the components of the nuclear envelope, and determine how they 1) regulate epigenetic state of genes and their transcription, 2) participate in spatial organization of the genome, and 3) contribute to cellular functions during mammalian development. (duke.edu)
Using genetics and genome editing strategies in fission yeast, we have accumulated compelling evidence that the mechanisms of transcription termination at the 3' end of genes play a role in determining the local occupancy of condensin, whatever the RNA polymerase involved. (ens-lyon.fr)
To exert stimulatory or repressive effects on transcription, accessible regulatory DNA elements must be in close spatial proximity to susceptible genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Enhancers promote transcription by providing a binding platform for transcription factors [ 12 ] that can act on (distal) target genes through three-dimensional chromatin looping [ 13 - 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, amplification, expression, and point mutation of cancer-related genes associated with Cd-induced cell transformation in BALB/c-3T3 cells were studied. (cdc.gov)
An aberrant miRNA expression could contribute to cancer development and progression [ 6 , 7 ] and could affect their target genes that are involved in many biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and development [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
These events are dependent on the proper levels of transcription and translation of certain genes. (cancerquest.org)
The genes that have been identified to date have been categorized into two broad categories, depending on their normal functions in the cell. (cancerquest.org)
Genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells. (cancerquest.org)
This first category also includes genes that contribute to tumor growth by inhibiting cell death. (cancerquest.org)
Genes whose protein products can directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death. (cancerquest.org)
Many of these genes are responsible for providing the positive signals that lead to cell division. (cancerquest.org)
As stated in the introduction to this section, the defective versions of these genes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. (cancerquest.org)
This is in contrast with tumor suppressor genes which must BOTH be defective to lead to abnormal cell division. (cancerquest.org)
Despite the differences in their normal roles, these genes all contribute to unregulated cell division if they are present in a mutant (oncogenic) form. (cancerquest.org)
Coincidentally, pan and ci are adjacent genes on the fourth chromosome in a head-to-head orientation. (uzh.ch)
the cell may regulate the transcription of individual genes through regulatory molecules (ex. (powershow.com)
STAT1 is known to regulate several genes which are involved in cell growth, apoptosis, immune responses, and lipid metabolism. (thermofisher.com)
After phosphorylation by JAK tyrosine kinases, STAT1 enters the nucleus to regulate transcription of many different genes. (thermofisher.com)
Genes provide the instructions cells of the body need to perform different functions. (chop.edu)
The WT1 transcription factor turns "on" and "off" other genes that regulate how cells making up the genitourinary system grow and develop. (chop.edu)
The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)
Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)
Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
The latter should be based on chromosome banding analysis as well as on molecular genetic analyses, such as "next-generation sequencing" of relevant genes supplemented with fluorescence in situ hybridization and/or reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions analyses when needed. (cancercentrum.se)
Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)
Even if the DNA sequence - the set of genes - is the same in all cells, only certain genes are expressed, i.e. only information from certain genes is copied (transcribed) and used to build protein structures or regulate processes. (lu.se)

If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe . (wikipedia.org)
In particular, we investigate: how the efficiency of RNA polymerase elongation can influence the distribution of the SMC complex condensin during mitotic chromosome condensation and, how the transcription by-product R-loop can interfere with chromosome integrity. (ens-lyon.fr)
R-loops have also recently been linked to the formation of Common Fragile Sites (CFS) on mitotic chromosomes. (ens-lyon.fr)
Recombination between homologous sequences is a fundamentally important process both in meiosis and in mitotic cells. (brandeis.edu)
To this end we have expressed the site-specific HO endonuclease in meiotic cells so that we can compare recombination events at the same loci where we have used HO to stimulate recombination in mitotic cells. (brandeis.edu)

This protein can also down-regulate p53 function and thus modulate cell growth and apoptosis. (cancerindex.org)
Low levels of pyruvate induced by a positive feedback loop protects cholangiocarcinoma cells from apoptosis. (cancerindex.org)
Usually, this will make the cell initiate apoptosis leading to its own death, but sometimes mutations in the cell hamper this process and thus cause progression of cancer . (wikipedia.org)
Elimination of BCR/ABL-dependent intracellular signals triggers apoptosis, but it is unclear whether this activates additional cell survival and/or death pathways. (lu.se)
The ability of the host to trigger apoptosis in infected cells is perhaps the most powerful tool by which viruses can be cleared from the host organism. (mdpi.com)
To avoid elimination by this mechanism, human papillomaviruses (HPV) have developed several mechanisms that enable the cells they infect to elude both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. (mdpi.com)
In this manuscript, we review the current literature regarding how HPV-infected cells avoid apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms involved in these events. (mdpi.com)
Many of the current efforts regarding anti-cancer drug development are focused on directing tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. (mdpi.com)
Many of these miRNAs act as tumor suppressors and/or oncogenes, and are involved in cell activities that include development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and immunity ( 7 , 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The TP53 gene is also capable of stimulating apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
The bcr-abl oncoprotein has uncontrolled tyrosine kinase activity, which deregulates cellular proliferation, decreases adherence of leukemia cells to the bone marrow stroma, and protects leukemic cells from normal programmed cell death (apoptosis). (msdmanuals.com)

Such cells, called polyploid cells, contain multiple sets of each chromosome. (jove.com)
Humans have two sets of each chromosome, which are inherited from father and mother, respectively. (mpg.de)

Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
However, most of our knowledge about cell proliferation comes from studies that average data from large and mixed cell populations. (frontiersin.org)
Changes in dietary fatty acids, specifically the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families and some derived eicosanoids from lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P-450, seem to control the activity of transcription factor families involved in cancer cell proliferation or cell death. (springer.com)
The role of miR‑497 in regulating the proliferation of HCC‑derived cells was also investigated in vitro and in vivo. (spandidos-publications.com)

Poly-ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification catalyzed by PARP enzymes with roles in transcription and chromatin biology. (nature.com)
PRC1 regulates chromatin organization and gene transcription. (rndsystems.com)
Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
Others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation. (wikipedia.org)
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are noncoding transcripts that take part in epigenetic mechanisms by providing RNA-directed silencing, aiding recruitment of chromatin modifying complexes and in some instances, presenting enhancer-like functions to boost transcription. (duke.edu)
Our findings will ultimately allow us to uncover how alterations in nuclear envelope components and chromatin configurations might induce uncontrolled cell divisions and migration patterns that lead to disease and cancer. (duke.edu)
Binding of sequence-specific transcription factors and associated chromatin-modifying enzymes can induce post-translational modification of histone tails and can facilitate nucleosome removal [ 3 - 5 ], which can turn functional sequences such as promoters and enhancers into active, nucleosome-depleted sites [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromosomes are structured such that domains with a similar chromatin signature cluster spatially, a phenomenon first appreciated by traditional microscopy studies. (biomedcentral.com)

This reorganization relies on condensin, a protein complex involved in the condensation of chromosomes. (jove.com)
Therefore, a reliable identification of DNA-binding sites in DNA-binding protein is important for protein function annotation, in silico modeling of transcription regulation and site-directed mutagenesis. (nature.com)
Their regulation may be carried out either through direct binding to DNA as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors or via modulation in an indirect manner of signaling pathway molecules (e.g., protein kinase C) and other transcription factors (nuclear factor kappa B and sterol regulatory element binding protein). (springer.com)
and cell differentiation ( SOX2 and TGFB3 ) as well as immunohistochemical assay for VEGFA, TP53, Bcl2, TGFB1, and Ki67 protein expression have been performed in 85 FFPE RCC tumor specimens. (hindawi.com)
We report that a localized inducible protein tether between the chromosome and cell membrane in E. coli cells imparts a rapid and complete block to replication initiation. (nih.gov)
Tethers, composed of a trans-membrane and transcription repressor fusion protein bound to an array of operator sequences, can be placed up to 1 Mb from the origin with no loss of penetrance. (nih.gov)
When there is no synthesis of protein, it can lead to irregular cell functioning, and the cells will not be able to replicate, which can lead to cell death. (starhealth.in)
Matrix protein p17 has two main functions: in infected cell, it targets Gag and Gag-pol polyproteins to the plasma membrane via a multipartite membrane-binding signal, that includes its myristoylated N-terminus. (proteopedia.org)
Finally, IGF‑1R protein, phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/Akt signaling pathway‑associated proteins and cyclin pathway‑associated proteins were differentially expressed between miR‑497‑overexpressing cells and miR-497-silenced cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
The WT1 gene produces a protein known as a "transcription factor. (chop.edu)
For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)
The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
Forkhead box protein N1 (Transcription factor winged-helix nude). (lu.se)
Cas9 nuclease can be converted into an RNA-guided DNA binding protein (dCas9) via inactivation of its two catalytic domains 12 , 13 and then fused to transcription activation domains. (cdc.gov)

Hassa, P.O., Haenni, S.S., Elser, M. & Hottiger, M.O. Nuclear ADP-ribosylation reactions in mammalian cells: where are we today and where are we going? (nature.com)
Membrane proteins implicated in long-chain fatty acid uptake by mammalian cells: CD36, FATP and FABPm. (springer.com)
Interestingly, the MSL complex is also present in mammalian cells. (mpg.de)

Once activated by DSBs, ATM/Tel1 and ATR/Mec1 promote DSB repair, delay cell cycle progression or trigger the elimination of genetically unstable cells by inducing cell death. (elifesciences.org)
The molecular processes behind cell cycle progression have been dissected by numerous morphological studies on live or fixed single cells using a plethora of techniques to visualize components and processes during cell division. (frontiersin.org)
Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. (cancerindex.org)

15q13.3 microdeletion is a chromosomal change in which a small piece of chromosome 15 is deleted in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
During this translocation, a piece of chromosome 9 containing the oncogene ABL is translocated to chromosome 22 and fused to the BCR gene. (msdmanuals.com)

Our laboratory uses primarily XCI as a model to understand how long ncRNAs 1) regulate gene dosage and maintain epigenetic state, 2) impact genome stability, and 3) participate in cell fate decisions. (duke.edu)
Although it has been recognized for several decades that chromosome structure regulates the capacity of replication origins to initiate, very little is known about how or if cells actively regulate structure to direct initiation. (nih.gov)
Some proto-oncogenes work to regulate cell death. (cancerquest.org)
Retinoid x receptor alpha (RXRα) belongs to nuclear receptors that regulate gene transcription by binding to DNA elements, however, whether RXRα binds to miRNAs to exert physiological functions is not known. (bvsalud.org)

Kornberg 7 has presented that the interactions between DNA and histones are involved in chromosome packaging in the cell nucleus. (nature.com)
Similarly, the large ribosomal RNA gene clusters that reside on different chromosomes manage to find each other in almost every cell nucleus to form another easily discernable nuclear entity, the nucleolus [ 27 - 29 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The nuclear lamina, which coats the inner nuclear cell membrane, represents a major repressive environment in the nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
Each cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus that houses these chromosomes. (cdc.gov)

Because of its mutated aggressive genetics, this cell has a selective growth advantage over its neighbors. (medscape.com)

in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are the histones . (wikipedia.org)
They studied how exactly a group of proteins and non-coding RNAs, namely the MSL complex increases the gene expression of the single X chromosome in male flies to achieve the same dosage as XX females. (mpg.de)
Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
Programmable DNA binding proteins have emerged as an exciting platform for engineering synthetic transcription factors for modulating endogenous gene expression 5 - 11 . (cdc.gov)
Among the established custom DNA binding domains, Cas9 is most easily scaled to facilitate genome-scale perturbations 3 , 4 due to its simplicity of programming relative to zinc finger proteins and transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs). (cdc.gov)
Transcription factors are a group of proteins that are needed for a gene to start being copied to RNA, i.e. for transcription to start. (lu.se)

Condensins use energy generated by ATP hydrolysis to promote two major processes that facilitate sister chromatid separation: chromosome condensation and sister chromatid resolution. (jove.com)
During chromosome condensation, chromatids become tightly packed. (jove.com)

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly dangerous for cells, since their inefficient or inaccurate repair can result in deletions and chromosomal translocations that can lead to cancer and/or severe developmental abnormalities in humans. (elifesciences.org)
The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 15. (medlineplus.gov)

Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which R-loops drive genome destabilization requires the development of techniques enabling the precise and quantitative genome-wide mapping of R-loops in the different phases of the cell-cycle. (ens-lyon.fr)
Using synchronized cells undergoing recombination that is initiated at a specific site on a chromosome by an inducible endonuclease, we use physical monitoring techniques (Southern blots, PCR analysis) to follow the sequence of molecular events that occur in real time. (brandeis.edu)

To avert this potential crisis, the cell devotes a substantial amount of energy during early mitosis to gradually reorganizing the sister chromatids into shorter structures that separate more easily. (jove.com)
The highly-conserved SMC complex condensin drives the abrupt and complete reorganization of chromosomes that occurs in early mitosis. (ens-lyon.fr)
It is still unclear however whether or not such a localized accumulation of condensin at discrete loci has an impact on the condensin-driven reorganization of chromosomes in mitosis. (ens-lyon.fr)
In addition cells have evolved a damage-sensing checkpoint system whereby the cells delay entry into mitosis until the break has been repaired. (brandeis.edu)

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of a cell, with extension beyond the normally limiting basement membrane and through the boundaries of normal cells. (medscape.com)
The addition of a cloned and purified recombinant PLD to HeLa cells resulted in substantial remodeling of the host membrane architecture, as measured by lipid raft formation. (cdc.gov)
Both PLD and ALN are membrane-active toxins and contribute to the adhesion and invasion of A. hemolyticum to host cells. (cdc.gov)

Studies using a derivative of chromosome conformation capture (3C) known as 'Hi-C' have revealed that long-range genomic contacts segregate TADs into an active (A) and inactive (B) compartment [ 37 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Proto-oncogene activation and genomic instability of cadmium -induced cell transformation in BALB/c-3T3 cells. (cdc.gov)
These results suggest that cell transformation induced by Cd may be attributed, at least in part, to gene amplification of c-myc and c-jun and that some of the Cd-transformed cells may possess neoplastic potential resulting from genomic instability. (cdc.gov)

Most studies have been performed on large cell populations, but detailed understanding of cell dynamics and heterogeneity requires single-cell analysis. (frontiersin.org)

Here, we utilized microarrayed patterns to provide a controlled biochemical and biomechanical microenvironment for mouse liver progenitor cell differentiation. (elifesciences.org)
We investigated the impact of downstream signaling, showing that peripheral biliary differentiation is dependent not only on Notch and TGFβ but also E-cadherin, myosin-mediated cell contractility, and ERK. (elifesciences.org)
It is involved in p53 pathways and is implicated in cell death/survival signaling, the cell cycle, and differentiation, thereby playing a regulatory role in carcinogenesis [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a critical role in HEMATOPOIESIS and as a positive regulator in the differentiation of ERYTHROID CELLS. (bvsalud.org)
Temporal multimodal single-cell profiling of native hematopoiesis illuminates altered differentiation trajectories with age. (lu.se)

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings unravel an unexpected role of transcription factor RXRα in specific miRNA maturation at post-transcriptional level through pre-miRNA binding, and present a mechanistic insight regarding RXRα role in breast cancer progression. (bvsalud.org)

This is the process we have studied most intensively, but we are also interested in an alternative process known as break-induced replication (BIR), where only one end of a chromosome break locates a template sequence and assembles a complete replication fork and can copy sequences to the end of a chromosome, producing a nonreciprocal translocation. (brandeis.edu)
Tether-induced initiation blocking has no effect on elongation at pre-existing replication forks and does not cause cell or DNA damage. (nih.gov)
Parallels between tether-induced initiation blocking and rifampicin treatment and the role of programmed changes in chromosome structure in replication control are discussed. (nih.gov)

Three afternoons will be dedicated to open discussion sessions with IGC researchers and alumni, on research topics ranging from ecology, evolution and theoretical biology to cell cycle development and host-microbe interactions. (gulbenkian.pt)
Biomaterials Science and Tissue Engineering - The application of materials engineering and cell biology principles to achieve improved repair of injured and damaged body tissues and organs. (sheffield.ac.uk)
Biomanufacturing - The application of chemical engineering and cell biology principles to improve the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and other biologically active substances. (sheffield.ac.uk)
BMC Cell Biology, 9 , 45. (springer.com)
Cold Spring Harbor, NY -- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSHLP) announced the release of The Digital Cell: Cell Biology as a Data Science, available on its website in hardcover format. (cshlpress.com)

An isodicentric chromosome contains mirror-image segments of genetic material and has two constriction points (centromeres), rather than one centromere as in normal chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
In people with an isodicentric chromosome 15, cells have the usual two copies of chromosome 15 plus the two duplicated copies of the segment of genetic material in the isodicentric chromosome, for a total of four copies of the duplicated segment. (medlineplus.gov)
In these cases, cells have two copies of chromosome 15, one of which has an extra copy of the segment of genetic material, for a total of three copies of the duplicated segment. (medlineplus.gov)
For the genetic algorithm, see Chromosome (genetic algorithm) . (wikipedia.org)
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration , and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
We approach these two main areas of research by utilizing a variety of genetic, cell biological and genomics tools using mouse stem cells and mouse models. (duke.edu)
This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)
Early clonal genetic events in benign hyperplastic lesions show losses at chromosomes 9p21 and 3p. (medscape.com)
When the genetic information containing the "blueprint" for these substances is disrupted, cell homeostasis is disrupted, resulting in a wide-range of immediate and/or delayed toxicological effects. (cdc.gov)
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease with diverse genetic features of the leukemic cells and with variable outcome. (cancercentrum.se)

Dup15q syndrome arises only if the chromosome abnormality occurs on the copy of the chromosome inherited from the mother (the maternal copy). (medlineplus.gov)
The most common chromosome abnormality that leads to 15q11.2-q13.1 duplication, occurring in about 80 percent of people with dup15q syndrome, is called an isodicentric chromosome 15. (medlineplus.gov)
If not, in phenomena such as Haploinsufficiency, aneuploidy or other forms of chromosome abnormality, these gene dosage alterations can cause severe defects ultimately resulting in developmental failures and disease. (mpg.de)

All mutations were mapped to a chromosome region and all were archived as cryopreserved sperm from heterozygous males. (jax.org)
During our lifetime, spontaneous mutations can occur in the cells. (lu.se)
Spontaneous mutations happen as a result of apparently chance errors in the formation of DNA during cell division. (lu.se)
When a cell divides, the mutations are passed on to the daughter cells, but only mutations that occur in the DNA of the gametes are passed on to the next generation. (lu.se)
The mutations can be small, and sometimes insignificant, or entail major changes that affect large parts of the chromosomes. (lu.se)

For example, growing evidence strongly suggests that transcription can interfere locally with genome duplication by DNA polymerases or with the SMC-driven 3D organization of chromosomes (Fig. 1). (ens-lyon.fr)
Importantly, we have engineered a mutant allele of the mouse Airn gene, which, upon transcription, forms a similar amount of R-loops of comparable sizes to the wild-type gene, but whose 3D organization is profoundly altered and almost undetectable by AFM. (ens-lyon.fr)
Whole-genome and site-specific fluorescent DNA labeling in tethered cells indicates that global nucleoid structure and chromosome organization are disrupted. (nih.gov)

Histology evaluation: Arrest of spermatogenesis predominantly at pachytene stage of meiotic prophase or meiotic division stage (see 1), some germ cells appear apoptotic (see 2). (jax.org)
Histology evaluation: Arrest of spermatogenesis during late pachytene stage of meiotic prophase (see 1), some seminiferous tubules have only spermatogonia and Sertoli cells present (see 1), some germ cells appear apoptotic (see 2). (jax.org)
Histology evaluation: Arrest of spermatogenesis during pachytene stage of meiotic prophase, some tubules are greatly depleted of germ cells (see 1). (jax.org)
Histology evaluation: Abnormal spermiogenesis with accumulation of meiotic division-phase spermatocytes and degenerating round spermatids present in multinucleated cell bodies (see 1). (jax.org)
It is also important for germ cell viability and meiotic chromosome synapsis. (rndsystems.com)

Chromosome painting was performed to confirm that this amplification was not simply due to additional copies of the chromosomes carrying these oncogenes. (cdc.gov)
In normal cells, both internal and external signals control the activity of the oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
We have two copies of each gene and for oncogenes, a single defective copy is enough to cause a cell to divide. (cancerquest.org)
The proto-oncogenes that have been identified so far have many different functions in the cell. (cancerquest.org)

In the salivary gland cells of Drosophila larvae, this process is taken to an extreme. (jove.com)
In the multicellular theory, each tumor type is associated with a specific differentiated cell of origin within the salivary gland unit. (medscape.com)
Recent evidence suggests that the bicellular stem cell theory is the more probable etiology of salivary gland neoplasms. (medscape.com)

[1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
Although the current generation of dCas9-based transcription activators is able to achieve up-regulation of some endogenous loci, the magnitude of transcriptional up-regulation achieved by individual single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) 12 typically ranges from low to ineffective 8 - 11 . (cdc.gov)

Here, potential mechanisms involving alterations in T-cell receptor expressions, postreceptor downstream signalling, epigenetics, and oxidative stress which favour activation of lupus T cells will be discussed. (hindawi.com)

Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
One exception is hu- humanized SCID mice, the use of al oncogenic viruses that are strictly man T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 surrogate hosts has not proven very species-specific, causing cancer in (HTLV-1): in addition to its ability to useful for defining tumour site con- humans only. (who.int)
that is histopathological y very simi- T cel s, B cel s, natural kil er cel s, LMP1 of EBV can transform ro- lar to that caused by hepatitis B vi- macrophages, and dendritic cells, dent fibroblasts and is expressed rus (HBV) in humans, but it does so and this humanized mouse model in most of the human cancers as- through a different mechanism. (who.int)

In turn, as a result of research into the abnormal cancer cell, the basic understanding of the cell has greatly improved. (medscape.com)
[ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
High-risk types (e.g., types 16 and 18) can cause low-grade cervical cell abnormalities, high-grade cervical cell abnormalities that are precursors to cancer, and cancers ( 5 - 7 ). (cdc.gov)
Resolving the Pathogenesis of Anaplastic Wilms Tumors through Spatial Mapping of Cancer Cell Evolution. (lu.se)
We focus on the role of HPV in the increased incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the head and neck cancer in which HPV is most commonly found ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Head and neck cancer most commonly is of the squamous cell carcinoma type (HNSCC) and includes cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, sinonasal tract, and nasopharynx. (cdc.gov)
Animal models for human tumour mental animals is not easy to answer does induce adult T-cell leukaemia/ viruses that make use of animal virus- for these agents, because cancer bi- lymphoma (ATLL), albeit in monkeys es are scarce. (who.int)
genic models are inadequate for number of activated CD8-positive T LMP1 was strongly expressed in the understanding the cancer etiology in cells increased considerably in the lymphoma tissues but was hardly the context of natural viral infection. (who.int)

The Ph chromosome is the product of a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and chromosome 22, t(9;22). (msdmanuals.com)

Degeneration and hyalinization of the seminiferous tubules with poor germ cell development is frequently observed. (medscape.com)
In all documented biopsied cases, there is a significant decline in germ cell development and an increase in tubular sclerosis by puberty. (medscape.com)

These features exist in ordinary interphase chromosomes but are difficult to observe. (jove.com)
Centromeres and flanking pericentromeric repeat regions of different chromosomes aggregate and form microscopically visible chromocenters in interphase nuclei [ 26 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, hundreds to thousands of copies of each chromosome are generated without any cell division. (jove.com)
Two copies of chromosome 15, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
[4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)

Separating the sister chromatids in this state could lead to chromosome breaks, improper segregation, and even cell death. (jove.com)
[5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)

Mammalian X chromosome inactivation (XCI) provides a powerful model for studying the interplay between epigenetic mechanisms driven by ncRNAs and development. (duke.edu)

During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)

It may participate in the regulation of transcription through its binding with the zinc-finger transcription factor YY1. (cancerindex.org)
We have shown that this regulation involves the action of a small Recombination Enhancer (RE) sequence that enables a donor on the left chromosome arm to recombine preferentially in MATa cells. (brandeis.edu)

Certain cells undergo multiple cycles of chromosome duplication without undergoing any cell division. (jove.com)

Further, STAT1 plays an important role in mediating cell viability in response to different cell stimuli and pathogen exposure. (thermofisher.com)

Cbx2 in iPS2 Human Stem Cells. (rndsystems.com)
Cbx2 was detected in immersion fixed iPS2 human induced pluripotent stem cells, differentiated with 0.2 µM retinoic acid for 4 days (panels A and C) or undifferentiated (panels B and D), using Mouse Anti-Human Cbx2 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB8098) at 10 µg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature. (rndsystems.com)
View our protocol for Fluorescent ICC Staining of Stem Cells on Coverslips . (rndsystems.com)
IM, nilotinib, or dasatinib, with inhibitors of autophagy resulted in near complete elimination of phenotypically and functionally defined CML stem cells. (lu.se)
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) occurs when a pluripotent stem cell undergoes malignant transformation and clonal myeloproliferation, leading to a striking overproduction of mature and immature granulocytes. (msdmanuals.com)
Myelosuppressive drugs (eg, hydroxyurea ), stem cell transplantation, and interferon alfa are also sometimes used. (msdmanuals.com)
Normal stem cells are retained and can emerge after drug suppression of the CML clone. (msdmanuals.com)
Two theories predominate: the bicellular stem cell theory and the multicellular theory. (medscape.com)
This theory holds that tumors arise from 1 of 2 undifferentiated stem cells: the excretory duct reserve cell or the intercalated duct reserve cell. (medscape.com)
Excretory stem cells give rise to squamous cell and mucoepidermoid carcinomas, while intercalated stem cells give rise to pleomorphic adenomas, oncocytomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and acinic cell carcinomas. (medscape.com)

Surprisingly here, they found that the MSL complex not only binds to the X chromosome but also to more sites of the genome located on other chromosomes. (mpg.de)
In the Yildirim lab, we study how epigenetic mechanisms, particularly those that are mediated by long noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), complement gene expression, impact genome stability and define cell fate decisions. (duke.edu)
The features of transcription that are directly responsible for these genome-destabilizing threats are still under investigation and are the primary focus of our research. (ens-lyon.fr)
A by-product of transcription that is of a particular interest to explain the genome-destabilizing properties of transcription are R-loops. (ens-lyon.fr)
The second function is to play a role in nuclear localization of the viral genome at the very start of cell infection. (proteopedia.org)
Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme that converts the viral RNA genome into dsDNA in the cytoplasm, shortly after virus entry into the cell. (proteopedia.org)

CML ensues when an abnormal pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor cell initiates excessive production of all myeloid lineage cells, primarily in the bone marrow but also in extramedullary sites (eg, spleen, liver). (msdmanuals.com)

Therefore, SLE is currently believed to be a T cell-driven condition and, indeed, targeting molecules expressed on T cells and their signalling pathways can be one of the potential therapeutic strategies in SLE. (hindawi.com)
The current state of clinical trials evaluating therapeutic agents which target molecules expressing on and inside T cells for the treatment of SLE will be updated. (hindawi.com)

By the time the cell reaches metaphase, the sister chromatids are only loosely connected along the arms but are still tightly linked at the centromeres. (jove.com)
Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 is inhibited by a histone H2A variant, MacroH2A, and contributes to silencing of the inactive X chromosome. (nature.com)
Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. (nih.gov)
Therefore, the present study investigated miR‑497 expression in HCC samples and HCC‑derived cell lines using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (spandidos-publications.com)

Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)

Therefore, the conversion of the DSB ends from double-stranded to single-stranded DNA, which is necessary to initiate DSB repair by homologous recombination, is responsible for loss of transcription around a DSB in S. cerevisiae . (elifesciences.org)
Homologous recombination' is one of the main mechanisms used by cells to repair DNA double-strand breaks. (elifesciences.org)

Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
Despite the apparently simple Mendelian inheritance of α- and β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD), a significant variation in clinical severity is observed. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to confirm increased expression of c-myc and c-jun. (cdc.gov)

As such, SLE was classically thought to be a B-cell driven disease. (hindawi.com)

Chromosome 15 spans more than 102 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents more than 3 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
23 pairs of chromosomes. (cdc.gov)

The antibiotics function by inhibiting cell reproduction, destroying bacterial cells, or altering a necessary cellular function within the cell. (starhealth.in)

An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)
A growing body of research shows that human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common and increasing cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). (cdc.gov)

It has histone deacetylase activity and represses transcription when tethered to a promoter. (cancerindex.org)

The deletion occurs on the q arm of the chromosome at a position designated q13.3. (medlineplus.gov)

Recently, a number of phenotypic and functional alterations which increase the propensity to trigger lupus-related inflammation have been identified in lupus T cells. (hindawi.com)
Phenotypic and functional alterations in lupus T cells including expansion of the Th17 population, perturbations of the physiology of T-cell receptors (TCRs) and postreceptor downstream signalling, oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes result in exaggeration of TCR response to stimuli and the propensity of lupus T cells to get activated [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)

Such data are only indirectly related to quantitative changes in cells at different states of division and growth. (frontiersin.org)
We previously localized a Quantitative Trait Locus for HPFH in an extensive Asian-Indian kindred to chromosome 6q23. (biomedcentral.com)

This receptor is found in moderate levels on some normal cells and as the gene's name implies, it is involved in cellular responses to growth factors. (cancerquest.org)

In this brief review, a detailed account of the putative mechanisms by which the normal physiology of T cells are disturbed and why regulatory T cells fail to alleviate proinflammatory response in SLE will be discussed. (hindawi.com)

Chromosome translocations involving the TAL-1 gene are associated with T-CELL ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy56

Organisms7

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs69

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes143

Information Science4

Genes49

Mitotic5

Apoptosis11

Sets of each chromosome2

Proliferation4

Chromatin8

Protein16

Mammalian cells3

Cycle progression3

Piece of chromosome2

Regulate4

Nucleus4

Genetics1

Proteins7

Condensation2

Chromosomal2

Molecular2

Mitosis4

Membrane3

Genomic3

Dynamics1

Differentiation5

Progression1

Replication3

Biology5

Genetic11

Abnormality3

Mutations5

Organization3

Meiotic5

Oncogenes4

Salivary gland3

Transcriptional2

Epigenetics1

Humans3

Cancer8

Translocation1

Germ2

Interphase2

Copies3

Segregation2

Inactivation1

Highly condensed1

Regulation2

Undergo1

Viability1

Stem10

Genome6

Progenitor cell1

Molecules2

Metaphase2

Polymerase3

Activation1

Recombination2

Inheritance4

Reverse-transcription1

Disease1

Pairs2

Bacterial1

Squamous cell carc3

Tethered to a promo1

Occurs1

Alterations2

Quantitative2

Cellular1

Regulatory1

ACUTE LYMPHOCY1