Tetanus toxin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Clostridium tetani was isolated from 1 monkey, and 11 had tetanus-specific symptoms. (cdc.gov)
Tetanus is a wound infection caused by a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani . (cdc.gov)
Protein synthesized by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI as a single chain of ~150 kDa with 35% sequence identity to BOTULINUM TOXIN that is cleaved to a light and a heavy chain that are linked by a single disulfide bond. (wakehealth.edu)
in 2001 reported that the neuroparalytic syndromes of tetanus is caused by neurotoxins produced by bacteria of the genus Clostridium of 150 kDa proteins consisting of three-domains, endowed with different functions: neurospecific binding, membrane translocation and specific proteolysis of three key components of the neuroexocytosis apparatus. (savedelicious.com)
Tetanus is an acute, often fatal, disease caused by an exotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani . (cdc.gov)
The vaccine consists of a combination of the inactivated toxin of Clostridium tetani and the cell-free extract of Streptococcus equi organisms. (equineperformance.com.au)
Botulinum toxin , or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox ), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. (wikipedia.org)
Tetanus results from a toxin produced by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium tetani . (msdmanuals.com)
Clostridium tetani do not require oxygen to live. (msdmanuals.com)
Clostridium tetani is present in soil and animal feces and can live there for years. (msdmanuals.com)
Clostridium tetani bacteria produce tetanus toxins. (msdmanuals.com)
Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by the Clostridium tetani bacteria. (medicalnewstoday.com)
When tetanus toxin is made by fermentation with Clostridium tetani, the traditional source of iron is an insoluble preparation called reduced iron powder. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The toxin is produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani in dead tissue. (merckvetmanual.com)
Clostridium tetani is found in soil and intestinal tracts. (merckvetmanual.com)
called Clostridium tetani that usually live in soil. (kidshealth.org)
Tetanus is a condition brought on when certain bacteria, called Clostridium tetani , enter deep puncture wounds, such as the proverbial rusty nail, or in this soldier's case, a dirty sword in battle. (biofortified.org)
2 Kitasato Shibasaburo first isolated Clostridium tetani from humans in 1891 later demonstrated how the bacteria produced disease when subjected to animals and also demonstrated the neutralization of toxin by specific antibodies. (pediatriconcall.com)
The tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) is a highly potent toxin produced by Clostridium tetani that inhibits neurotransmission of inhibitory interneurons, causing spastic paralysis in the tetanus disease. (lu.se)

After binding to the presynaptic membrane of motoneurons, tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) is internalized and transported retroaxonally to the spinal cord, where it blocks neurotransmitter release from spinal inhibitory interneurons. (savedelicious.com)
Tetanospasmin is a neurotoxin and causes the clinical manifestations of tetanus. (cdc.gov)
Exposure to the neurotoxin occurs through ingestion of toxin (foodborne botulism), bacterial colonization of a wound (wound botulism) or the intestines (infant botulism and adult intestinal colonization botulism), and high-concentration cosmetic or therapeutic injections of toxin (iatrogenic botulism). (cdc.gov)

The C. tetani bacterium is a spore-forming, gram-positive, slender, anaerobic rod. (cdc.gov)
The vaccine consists of two small inactive fragments derived from tetanus toxin - the bacterium that causes lockjaw. (innovations-report.com)
We will never eliminate this bacterium from our world, so the vaccine is the best way to prevent tetanus. (healthychildren.org)
Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)

In 1889, Kitasato Shibasaburo isolated the organism from a human, showed that it produced disease when injected into animals, and reported that the toxin could be neutralized by specific antibodies. (cdc.gov)
Antibodies levels ≥0.01 IU/mL as measured by in vivo toxin neutralization assays are generally considered protective (Borrow, et al. (cdc.gov)
This assay tested antibodies to tetanus toxin (TT) and four Bordatella pertussis antigens (PT, FIM, FHA, PRN). (cdc.gov)
On the y-axis is the amount of tetanus antibodies (abbreviated Anti-TetC Ig) in the mice's blood samples. (biofortified.org)
Anti-tetanus antibodies obtained from horses and humans are the most antitoxins used for tetanus treatment, although some clinical side effects and disadvantages have been reported in their application. (bvsalud.org)

Tetanus is often called "lockjaw" because the spasms cause the jaw and neck muscles to tighten and lock, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow. (msdmanuals.com)
Tetanus (also called lockjaw ) is a serious disease that affects the muscles and nerves. (kidshealth.org)
Approximately 50-75% of patients with generalized tetanus present with trismus ("lockjaw"), which is the inability to open the mouth secondary to masseter muscle spasm. (medscape.com)

Vaccination and appropriate wound care can prevent tetanus. (msdmanuals.com)
Vaccination during childhood plus booster doses every 10 years during adulthood can prevent tetanus. (msdmanuals.com)
Fortunately, vaccines can help prevent tetanus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The best way to prevent tetanus is to make sure that your immunizations against it are up-to-date. (kidshealth.org)
You can also help prevent tetanus by protecting the bottoms of your feet against deep or dirty wounds (such as being punctured by a nail). (kidshealth.org)

Helper T cell subsets for immunoglobulin A responses: oral immunization with tetanus toxoid and cholera toxin as adjuvant selectively induces Th2 cells in mucosa associated tissues. (silverchair.com)
ABSTRACT Maternal immunization with tetanus toxoid (TT) is the most effective was to prevent neonatal tetanus. (who.int)

Nine of the 11 monkeys that died with characteristic symptoms of tetanus in 2008 died during the breeding season (November and December). (cdc.gov)
What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Tetanus? (kidshealth.org)

BOOSTRIX may be administered for tetanus prophylaxis for wound management. (nih.gov)

Pertussis: Although no immunologic correlates of protection have yet been identified for pertussis, IgG antibody levels against four virulence factors (pertussis toxin (PT), fimbriae (FIM), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), and pertactin (PRN)) are used to assess immunogenicity following vaccination and disease (Mattoo, et al. (cdc.gov)
This study evaluated the effectiveness and usefulness of vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus in different age groups in Gaza, Palestine. (who.int)
Using ELISA methods, the efficacy of vaccination was estimated at 87.8% for diphtheria and 98.3% for tetanus. (who.int)
There are few available studies to evaluate the diphtheria and tetanus vaccination programme in Gaza or neighbouring countries. (who.int)
Vaccination against tetanus and strangles should be included as part of every horse's vaccination program. (equineperformance.com.au)
Tetanus vaccination is not generally recommended for dogs and cats. (dailyadvertiser.com.au)
Overall, 90% of the women at delivery had protective tetanus antitoxin titres compared to only 55% considered protected according to their vaccination history. (who.int)
Tetanus immunity determined by seroprevalence of tetanus antitoxin levels exceeded that estimated by vaccination history, and serological markers should be used instead of vaccination history in determining immunity status. (who.int)
Moreover, 28 days after vaccination, anti-pertussis toxin geometric mean titers (GMTs) were significantly higher in participants vaccinated with PTgen (562 IU/mL) or TdaPTgen (365 IU/mL) than in those vaccinated with Tdap (63 IU/mL). (medscape.com)

Treatment includes giving tetanus immune globulin to neutralize the toxin and treating symptoms until they resolve. (msdmanuals.com)
to kill bacteria and tetanus immune globulin (TIG) to neutralize the toxin already released. (kidshealth.org)

You may wonder why the mother was not immunized when vaccines against tetanus have been readily available for more than a generation. (biofortified.org)
Dr. Simonetta Viviani from BioNet-Asia, in Bangkok, and colleagues evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant acellular pertussis vaccine containing genetically inactivated pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin as a monovalent pertussis vaccine (PTgen) or combined with tetanus and reduced-dose diphtheria vaccines (TdaPTgen) in a randomized noninferiority trial that compared them with a licensed tetanus and reduced-dose diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine. (medscape.com)
Both new vaccines met the predefined noninferiority criteria for both pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin IgG relative to the Tdap vaccine, the team reports. (medscape.com)

As bacterial cells die and disintegrate, the potent nerve toxin is released. (merckvetmanual.com)
Bacterial toxins damage the host at the site of bacterial infection or distant from the site. (springer.com)
Bacterial toxins can be single proteins or oligomeric protein complexes that are organized with distinct AB structure-function properties. (springer.com)
Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
This review summarizes the major families of bacterial toxins and also describes the specific structure-function properties of the botulinum neurotoxins. (springer.com)

Although diphtheria and tetanus occur rarely in the world, outbreaks of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union and in several Eastern European countries are a reminder that even a well-controlled infection can re-emerge when herd immunity is not maintained [1]. (who.int)
[29] Intoxication can occur naturally as a result of either wound or intestinal infection or by ingesting formed toxin in food. (wikipedia.org)
Treatment requires resolution of the originating infection and prevention of further toxin production, neutralisation of the toxin that has been produced, and supportive care until the effects of the toxin dissipate. (dailyadvertiser.com.au)
Infection by C. tetani bacteria occurs in these cases when unclean instruments are used to cut umbilical cords or remove a fetus from the mother's womb during live birth or abortion. (biofortified.org)
To have better insights into this complex infectious disease, the current mini-review illustrates a brief description of tetanus and its history, latest statistics, and its types followed by pathogenesis which includes causes, and mechanisms of infection. (pediatriconcall.com)
Further understanding of the disease by research communities will help in eradicating tetanus and also equipped clinicians with a better management approach against this deadly infection which is simply much more complex to be understood. (pediatriconcall.com)
Tetanus is a type of infection disorder that demands immediate attention and treatment. (pediatriconcall.com)
Infection by C tetani results in a benign appearance at the portal of entry because of the inability of the organism to evoke an inflammatory reaction unless coinfection with other organisms develops. (medscape.com)

However it was etiologically described by Carle and Rattone who were first to produce tetanus in animals by injecting pus extracted from an infected human with the same disease in 1884. (savedelicious.com)

Tetanus bacteria produce spores. (msdmanuals.com)

C. tetani produces toxins that cause painful muscle contractions in the neck and jaw. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Tetanus produces a toxin that causes painful muscle contractions. (healthychildren.org)

Once inside the wound, C. tetani bacteria produce the tetanus toxin, which then migrates to the body's central nervous system where it causes tetanus disease, characterized by intense muscle spasms. (biofortified.org)
Many anaerobic bacteria produce enzymes that destroy tissue or sometimes release potent toxins. (medlineplus.gov)

BOOSTRIX may be administered as an additional dose 9 years or more after the initial dose of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed (Tdap). (nih.gov)

studied the immune response to diphtheria and tetanus toxoid components of a combined diphtheria tetanus whole-cell pertussis/enhanced inactivated poliovirus vaccine, administered in a 3-dose schedule to Israeli infants at 2, 3.5 and 10 months of age and followed by a booster dose at the age of 8 years [3]. (who.int)
People who have diabetes or who take medications that weaken their immune system may be at risk of developing tetanus. (msdmanuals.com)
The DNA vaccine is injected and taken up by the cells, which then manufacture the protein, including the inserted tetanus fragments that 'wake up' the immune system and help it to respond to HER-2. (innovations-report.com)
In it, they report transforming the chloroplasts of tobacco plants with a gene that codes for a fragment of a protein from C. tetani that can elicit an immune response. (biofortified.org)

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Botulinum neurotoxins are among the most potent toxins known. (jneurosci.org)

Tetanus toxin (TT) is responsible for spastic paralysis observed in tetanus. (bvsalud.org)

Similar outbreaks could be prevented by vaccinating all monkeys, disinfecting housing areas/play equipment, replacing highly C. tetani -contaminated soil, and conducting epidemiologic surveys. (cdc.gov)
During this same period Nicolaier also produced tetanus in animals from soil samples. (savedelicious.com)
During the same year, tetanus was produced in animals by injecting them with samples of soil. (cdc.gov)
Soil contamination of the stump of the umbilical cord, which may occur in parts of the world with inadequate sanitation, can cause tetanus in newborns. (msdmanuals.com)
Tetanus is caused by bacteria that naturally live in the soil or dust. (healthychildren.org)
Although tetanus occurs worldwide, there are some areas, such as the northern Rocky Mountain section of the United States, where the organism is rarely found in the soil and where tetanus is almost unknown. (merckvetmanual.com)
In general, the occurrence of the bacteria in the soil and the frequency of tetanus in humans and horses are higher in the warmer parts of the various continents. (merckvetmanual.com)
In 1884, Arthur Nicolaier was the first to isolate tetanus toxin (strychnine) from free-living, anaerobic soil bacteria. (pediatriconcall.com)

On the basis of weight, tetanospasmin is one of the most potent toxins known: the estimated minimum human lethal dose is 2.5 nanograms per kilogram of body weight (a nanogram is one billionth of a gram) or 175 nanograms for a 70-kg (154 lb) human. (cdc.gov)
Botulinum toxins are among the most potent toxins known to science. (wikipedia.org)

From Tetanus and Tetanus Toxoid: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. (medscape.com)

The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal CONVULSIONS. (wakehealth.edu)
The polysynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potential was reduced by 34%, whereas neither the inhibitory postsynaptic potential at subthreshold stimulus intensities,nor the pharmacologically isolated monosynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potential were different in toxin-injected rats, suggesting a reduced synaptic excitation of interneurones. (ox.ac.uk)
Tetanus is a toxic reaction a specific poison (toxin) that blocks transmission of inhibitory nerve signals to muscles. (merckvetmanual.com)

C. tetani produces two exotoxins, tetanolysin and tetanospasmin. (cdc.gov)

A team of researchers from the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Institute of Neuroscience at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona has discovered that tetanus toxin, which causes tetanus, could be extremely useful as a therapy against psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety and anorexia, and to slow the progress of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. (news-medical.net)
What Causes Tetanus? (kidshealth.org)

Children should receive the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis) vaccine, adolescents and teenagers should receive a Tdap vaccine booster, and adults should get a Td vaccine booster every 10 years. (lacounty.gov)
Then, you should have a Tdap or a tetanus and diphtheria (Td) booster every 10 years through adulthood. (kidshealth.org)
Seroconversion rates for the pertussis toxin were 96.6% after TdaPTgen and 96.0% after PTgen, but only 55.0% after Tdap. (medscape.com)
Neutralizing anti-pertussis toxin GMTs were also significantly higher after PTgen (276 IU/mL) and TdaPTgen (216 IU/mL) than after Tdap (36 IU/mL). (medscape.com)

BOOSTRIX is a vaccine indicated for active booster immunization against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis in individuals aged 10 years and older. (nih.gov)

This vaccine is a booster to protect against three diseases: tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis ( whooping cough ). (healthychildren.org)

Infections like tetanus and gangrene are caused by anaerobic bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)

In the United States, most cases of tetanus follow a contaminated cut or deep puncture injury, such as a wound caused by stepping on a nail. (kidshealth.org)
If you get a deep cut or puncture wound and it's been more than 5 years since your last tetanus shot, see the doctor because you might need a tetanus booster to make sure that you're fully immunized. (kidshealth.org)

Testing was also conducted to evaluate antibody levels to tetanus toxin (TT). (cdc.gov)
Tetanus: Data on minimum anti-tetanus antibody cut-off level for protection are sparse. (cdc.gov)
We have used a protein-based vaccine, tetanus toxoid (TT), together with the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT), for oral immunization of mice to study the nature of antigen-specific Th cell subsets induced in Peyer's patches (PP) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and in the spleen (SP) during peak antibody responses. (silverchair.com)
This study assessed TT immunization status among 600 randomly selected pregnant women attending Azadi teaching hospital, Duhok for delivery, by both tetanus antibody seroprevalence and TT history. (who.int)

It has the same amount of tetanus vaccine, though. (healthychildren.org)

Equivac ® 2in1 Vaccine is used in the prevention of tetanus and in the control of strangles due to Streptococcus equi . (equineperformance.com.au)

Neonatal tetanus (tetanus neonatorum) is a major cause of infant mortality in underdeveloped countries but is rare in the United States. (medscape.com)
Neonatal tetanus has a very poor prognosis. (medscape.com)
n = (z2 × 1-a/2)(1-p)/(e2 × p ), Neonatal tetanus is still a relatively or immunity against tetanus in the gov- where (z2 × 1-a/2) = 95% confidence common disease with high mortality ernorate. (who.int)
Incidence Iraq that assessed serological immunity tetanus (0.31) [11], and e is the relative rates of more than 1 per 1000 live births against neonatal tetanus apart from 1 precision (0.15). (who.int)

An initial dose of BOOSTRIX is administered 5 years or more after the last dose of the Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis (DTaP) series or 5 years or more after a dose of Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed (Td). (nih.gov)

In 1897, Edmond Nocard demonstrated the protective effect of passively transferred antitoxin, and passive immunization in humans was used for treatment and prophylaxis during World War I. A method for inactivating tetanus toxin with formaldehyde was developed in the early 1920s. (cdc.gov)

Once it finds itself in favourable conditions - say, for example, inside a deep wound where oxygen levels are low - it produces a toxin which affects the nervous system, causing tetanus. (dailyadvertiser.com.au)

Tetanospasmin, also referred to as tetanus toxin, acts at several sites within the central nervous system, including peripheral motor end plates, the spinal cord, and the brain, and in the sympathetic nervous system. (cdc.gov)

Muscle spasms are the characteristic feature of tetanus. (msdmanuals.com)
The toxin spreads and causes spasms of the voluntary muscles. (merckvetmanual.com)
Tetanus often begins with muscle spasms in the jaw (called trismus ). (kidshealth.org)
Tetanus is characterized by an acute onset of hypertonia, painful muscular contractions (usually of the muscles of the jaw and neck), and generalized muscle spasms without other apparent medical causes. (medscape.com)

Is there retrograde axonal transport of tetanus toxin in both alpha and beta fibres? (ox.ac.uk)
Single injection of acrylamide (1.3 mmol/kg, i.p.) inhibited retrograde axon transport of [125I]tetanus toxin in hen sensory and motor axons. (cdc.gov)
Acrylamide impaired the retrograde movement but not the uptake of [125I]tetanus toxin in the axon. (cdc.gov)
Multiple doses of acrylamide (0.42 mmol/kg, i.p.) induced progressive clinical signs of acrylamide neuropathy that correlated with increasing deficits in retrograde axon transport of [125I]tetanus skin to ventral spinal cord. (cdc.gov)

Thus, tetanus occurs mainly in people who have not been vaccinated or have not kept their vaccinations up to date. (msdmanuals.com)
Despite widespread immunization of infants and children since the 1940s, tetanus still occurs in the United States. (medscape.com)
Cephalic tetanus is uncommon and usually occurs after head trauma or otitis media. (medscape.com)

Tetanus toxin induces long-term changes in excitation and inhibition in the rat hippocampal CA1 area. (ox.ac.uk)
Intrahippocampal tetanus toxin induces a period of chronic recurrent limbic seizures in adult rats, associated with a failure of inhibition in the hippocampus. (ox.ac.uk)

Mean serum titres varied significantly by age group: for diphtheria 0.24 IU/mL at age 2-4 years, 0.63 IU/mL at 7-8 years and 0.46 IU/mL at 11-12 years, and for tetanus 1.01 IU/mL, 2.63 IU/mL and 1.20 IU/mL respectively. (who.int)

If you haven't and you step on a rusty nail, you're likely to get a booster before signs of tetanus can develop. (dailyadvertiser.com.au)
So make sure that your tetanus immunization status is up to date, and if you get a bad cut, see your doctor in case you need a booster. (kidshealth.org)

Some bind simultaneously to diptheria and tetanus toxins. (newscientist.com)

In dogs, the most common causes of tetanus are deep, contaminated wounds in the paws. (dailyadvertiser.com.au)
The inciting wounds can be so small that they heal over before the signs of tetanus develop, making it tricky to determine the site of entry. (dailyadvertiser.com.au)
The history of tetanus dates back to ancient civilization where people knew tetanus very well as they could recognize and correlate between wounds and fatal muscle spasm (undocumented folklore). (pediatriconcall.com)

On the other hand fragment C is regarded as the non-toxic subunit but retaining the required antigenic properties of the toxin. (savedelicious.com)

Although records from antiquity (5th century BCE) contain clinical descriptions of tetanus, it was in 1884 when tetanus was first produced in animals by injecting them with pus from a fatal human tetanus case. (cdc.gov)

This Kinesiology Test Kit has been produced following many requests for testing environmental toxins, such as asbestos, amalgam, formaldehyde, fluoride, paint and exhaust fumes. (kinesiologyshop.com)

Raynaud in 1951 developed a technique of using non-autolyzed toxin direct from the organism i.e. (savedelicious.com)

in 1990 stated that tetanus toxin is a 151-kD protein. (savedelicious.com)
then immunized mice via a nasal spray (previously shown to be the most effective means of delivery) with a protein extract from transformed tobacco plants, and subsequently subjected them to a lethal dose of tetanus toxin. (biofortified.org)

Muscles weakened by toxin injection recover from paralysis after several months, so injection might seem to need to be repeated, but muscles adapt to the lengths at which they are chronically held, [48] so that if a paralyzed muscle is stretched by its antagonist, it grows longer, while the antagonist shortens, yielding a permanent effect. (wikipedia.org)
The toxin makes muscles contract involuntarily and become rigid. (msdmanuals.com)

A) Opisthotonos as a tetanus-specific clinical symptom in a 1-year-old male Japanese macaque ( Macaca fuscata ). (cdc.gov)
The typical clinical manifestations of tetanus are caused when tetanus toxin interferes with the release of neurotransmitters, blocking inhibitor impulses. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy1

Organisms1

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs18

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes1

Information Science1

Health Care1

Clostridium19

Neurotoxin3

Bacterium4

Antibodies5

Lockjaw3

Prevent tetanus5

Immunization with tetanus toxoid2

Symptoms of tetanus2

Prophylaxis for wound management1

Vaccination9

Neutralize the toxin2

Vaccines3

Bacterial5

Infection8

Produce tetanus1

Spores1

Painful muscle contractions2

Bacteria produce2

Acellular Pertussis Vaccine1

Immune4

Neurotoxins1

Spastic paralysis1

Soil8

Potent toxins known2

Vaccine-Preventable Diseases1

Inhibitory3

Tetanolysin1

Causes tetanus2

Tdap4

Active booster immunization1

Diseases1

Anaerobic bacteria1

Puncture2

Antibody4

Amount of tetanus1

Prevention of tetanus1

Neonatal Tetanus4

Toxoids Adsorbed1

Passive immunization1

Produces1

Tetanospasmin1

Spasms4

Retrograde4

Occurs3

Induces2

Serum1

Booster2

Diptheria1

Wounds3

Fragment1

18841

Formaldehyde1

Organism1

Protein2

Muscles2

Clinical2