GlycocholicFatty acidsAminoRatsSubstancesMetabolismDerivativesHydrolysisAcetic acidCholic acid with taurineChenodeoxycholicTaurineCholestasisWater-solubleOrganicSerum bileLithocholicSecondary bileArachidonic acidDeoxycholic acidCrystallineAlkaliSaltDietaryToxicAscorbicAsparticMetabolicColorlessLiverSulfateResiduesOccurSlightMoleculesSynthesisFormInsulinDrug CarrierFoundMiceDietTransportMechanismCellsResponse
Glycocholic4
- The relationship of dietary sulfate and the availability of taurine in the tissues to the relative conjugation of cholic acid with glycine and taurine to form the bile acids, glycocholic and taurocholic acids, in rats was investigated by feeding diets which contained different levels of total sulfur as sulfate and different neutral to inorganic sulfur ratios. (tennessee.edu)
- Following stomach-tube feeding of cholic acid-24- 14 C, the relative conjugation, glycocholic:taurocholic ratio (G:T ratio), was determined by extracting the bile acids from the intestinal contents of the jejunum-ileum section of the small intestine. (tennessee.edu)
- The best biomarker for diagnosis and follow-up of ICP is up to knowing percentage levels of bile acids (taurocholic and glycocholic acids) over 40% with TBA 14 mmol/L. The level of bile acid is found to be associated with fetal complications [ 1 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Any of the complex acids that occur as salts in bile, e.g., cholic, glycocholic, and taurocholic acids. (unboundmedicine.com)
Fatty acids10
- EMD 56133 did not interfere with transport systems for monovalent organic cations, amino acids and long chain fatty acids. (nih.gov)
- Several substrates of other endogenous transport systems (e.g. bilirubin, cyclopeptides, monovalent cations, dipeptides, amino acids, fatty acids, hexoses) did not interfere with the transport of EMD 56133. (nih.gov)
- Plasma parameters, gut microbiota, bile acid and short-chain fatty acids were analyzed to detect the improved effects and possible mechanisms. (ijpsonline.com)
- and increased the short-chain fatty acids, especially acetic acid and butyric acid. (ijpsonline.com)
- Results from our study indicated that the addition of capsaicin have better effects to reduce the weight, insulin and fasting blood glucose, and the possibly mechanism can be due to the changes in bile acid composition, microbial abundance and shortchain fatty acids. (ijpsonline.com)
- In addition, dietary fiber can be fermented by gut microbes into Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), which have beneficial effects on the gut barrier and can mitigate obesity by regulating the endocrine activity[ 8 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
- In this article, we demonstrate that dietary fiber and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) induced the expression of the vitamin A-converting enzyme RALDH1 in intestinal epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro, respectively. (aai.org)
- in diabetic ketoacidosis, when the conversion of fatty acids to ketones increases. (unboundmedicine.com)
- In addition, there is evidence that fatty acids interfere with very early stages of Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4) and hexokinase II activity [8]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
- Carnitine plays a role in the transfer of long chain fatty acids from cytoplasm to mitochondria for beta-oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Amino8
- Taurine , a water-soluble amino acid, has recently become the topic of conversation when referring to the nutritional composition that makes up the human and animal physical structure. (petsblogs.com)
- Once thought of as an unimportant A.A., recent studies ( here and here ) are proving that this amino acid has metabolic properties that are very beneficial to various components of the mammal skeletal system as well as heart, kidneys and blood. (petsblogs.com)
- C 4 H 7 NO 4 , a nonessential amino acid. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)
- The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. (lookformedical.com)
- Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. (lookformedical.com)
- For this purpose, wild type CdPrsA2 and mutant variants carrying amino acid exchanges mainly in the PPlase domain were recombinantly produced. (tau.edu.tr)
- Recombinant CdPrsA2 showed PPlase activity toward the substrate peptide Ala-Xaa-Pro-Phe with a preference for positively charged amino acids preceding the proline residue. (tau.edu.tr)
Rats4
- citation needed] The median lethal dose of taurocholic acid in newborn rats is 380 mg/kg. (wikipedia.org)
- The plasma concentration and biliary excretion profiles of a cationic cyclic octapeptide, octreotide, were compared between control rats and rats given an intravenous infusion of a bile acid, taurocholate (TCA), and an organic anion, dibromosulfophthalein (DBSP). (aspetjournals.org)
- To determine the correlation between maternal bile acid (BA) level and fetal pulmonary surfactant in rats and study the effects of BA on fetal lung in rat model of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. (hindawi.com)
- Levels of total bile acid (TBA), ALT, AST, TBIL, DBIL, and SP-A were determined and the lungs of fetal rats were analyzed for pathological changes. (hindawi.com)
Substances1
- It contains cholique acid and taurocholic acid that disperse fats, as well as lipoid substances that dissolve dyes. (savonbienetre.fr)
Metabolism2
- Bile acid signaling in lipid metabolism: metabolomic and lipidomic analysis of lipid and bile acid markers linked to anti-obesity and anti-diabetes in mice. (omeka.net)
- Typically, succinate, citrate, L-malic acid, and oxaloacetate were reduced by acid stress in G. anatis , which suggested that lactic acid greatly disturbed energy metabolism. (springeropen.com)
Derivatives1
- In recent years, bile acids and their derivatives have received considerable interest in drug delivery research due to their versatile role in pharmaceutical formulations. (viochemicals.com)
Hydrolysis2
- Hydrolysis of taurocholic acid yields taurine. (wikipedia.org)
- Taurine: A colorless crystalline substance, C2H7NO3S, formed by the hydrolysis of taurocholic acid and found in the fluids of the muscles and lungs of many animals. (petsblogs.com)
Acetic acid1
- Glacial (highly purified) acetic acid contains at least 99.5% acetic acid by weight. (unboundmedicine.com)
Cholic acid with taurine2
- It is a conjugate of cholic acid with taurine. (wikipedia.org)
- The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. (nih.gov)
Chenodeoxycholic4
- The results showed that the addition of capsaicin further decreased the fasting blood glucose and insulin, and increased beta-muricholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and 3 beta-ursodeoxycholic acid when compared to only high fiber diet. (ijpsonline.com)
- For example, chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids are cytotoxic and have detergent effects. (hindawi.com)
- In vitro experiments showed that chenodeoxycholic acids could also disrupt cellular membranes in the alveoli, increasing cationic permeability and intracellular Ca 2+ concentration, leading to overloading of Ca 2+ in cells, and causing injury to type II pneumonocyte [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Chenodeoxycholic acid NEW! (viochemicals.com)
Taurine1
- Requirements other than taurine availability which affect bile acid conjugation were also considered in relation to the present findings. (tennessee.edu)
Cholestasis1
- It plays an important role in alleviating the impact of cholestasis on hepatocytes by effluxing bile acids into the blood, and can be up-regulated in the liver in such instances. (solvobiotech.com)
Water-soluble1
- ABBR: AHA Any of a class of water-soluble acids derived from fruit or milk, having a hydroxyl moiety in the first position in the molecule. (unboundmedicine.com)
Organic1
- The antimicrobial activity of LAB is mainly based on the production of metabolites such as organic acids, hydroperoxide and bacteriocins [ 14 ]. (springeropen.com)
Serum bile1
- Affected individuals have a defect involving the excretion of bile salts, which leads to increased serum bile acids. (medscape.com)
Lithocholic1
- Administration of 0.05 g/kg capsaicin showed the highest of tauro-alpha-muricholic acid sodium salt and tauro-beta-muricholic acid sodium salt and 0.1 g/kg capsaicin resulted in the highest of lithocholic acid, cholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid. (ijpsonline.com)
Secondary bile2
- In addition, C3R inhibited the formation of cholesterol micelles and bound to primary and secondary bile acid. (biomedcentral.com)
- Inactivation of prsA2 resulted in a reduced germination rate in response to taurocholic acid, and in a slight increase in resistance to the secondary bile acids LCA and DCA. (tau.edu.tr)
Arachidonic acid1
- Corticosteroids inhibit formation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids when cell membranes are damaged. (unboundmedicine.com)
Deoxycholic acid2
- citation needed] Deoxycholic acid Anwer, M. Sawkat (2004). (wikipedia.org)
- Deoxycholic acid NEW! (viochemicals.com)
Crystalline4
- Taurocholic acid, known also as cholaic acid, cholyltaurine, or acidum cholatauricum, is a deliquescent yellowish crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. (wikipedia.org)
- C 4 H 4 N 2 O 3 , a crystalline acid from which phenobarbital and other barbiturates are derived. (unboundmedicine.com)
- C 7 H 6 O 2 , a white crystalline acid having a slight odor. (unboundmedicine.com)
- H 3 BO 3 , a white crystalline acid that in water forms a very weak acid solution poisonous to plants and animals. (unboundmedicine.com)
Alkali1
- Any chemistry student will tell you that when acids and bases (alkali) come into contact, they neutralize one another. (bodyecology.com)
Salt3
- Glycohyodeoxycholic acid sodium salt NEW! (viochemicals.com)
- Taurolithocholic acid sodium salt NEW! (viochemicals.com)
- An acid reacts with a metal to form a salt, neutralizes bases, and turns litmus paper red. (unboundmedicine.com)
Dietary1
- Dietary fat-induced taurocholic acid production promotes pathobiont and colitis in IL-10-/-mice. (uchicago.edu)
Toxic2
- However, some bile acids have toxic effects on a variety of cells. (hindawi.com)
- Boric acid is toxic and should be used only rarely. (unboundmedicine.com)
Ascorbic1
- Ascorbic acid research grade, Ph. (lkb.pl)
Aspartic2
- Aspartic acid. (unboundmedicine.com)
- C 10 H 18 N 4 O 6 , a compound intermediate in the synthesis of arginine, formed from citrulline and aspartic acid. (unboundmedicine.com)
Metabolic1
- In this study, the changes in the transcriptome and metabolic profile of G. anatis under acid stress at different stages were studied. (springeropen.com)
Colorless1
- C 3 H 4 O 2 , a colorless corrosive acid used in making acrylic polymers and resins. (unboundmedicine.com)
Liver1
- Bile acid is transferred from fetus to mother through fetus circulation, and then mother exhausted the exceeding bile acid out of the body with normal liver and gall system. (hindawi.com)
Sulfate1
- Figure ?Physique11c shows the characteristics of the anti-GCA mAb purified by caprylic acid-ammonium sulfate precipitation. (eprf.ca)
Residues1
- They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. (lookformedical.com)
Occur1
- The acid is a known carcinogen, and its use has been associated with and may cause end-stage renal disease and cancers of the urinary tract that may occur many years after usage has stopped. (unboundmedicine.com)
Slight1
- Microwave heating should facilitate the rather tricky reaction conditions, and at some point, this involves critical-to-handle hydrofluoric acid or fluoride-generating compounds, and typically requires extremely high temperatures far beyond 300 °C. Slight adaptations of the common procedure lead to an efficient method to generate various polyanionic systems. (anton-paar.com)
Molecules1
- This acid is also one of the many molecules in the body that has cholesterol as its precursor. (wikipedia.org)
Synthesis2
- Bile acid synthesis is the major pathway for catabolism of cholesterol. (omeka.net)
- Some studies suggest that an increase in plasma fatty acid concentration reduces glucose uptake and phosphorylation, and this leads to reduced glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Form1
- The fully hydrated form of silica gel has distinct properties and is referred to as SILICIC ACID. (lookformedical.com)
Insulin1
- Increased plasma free fatty acid concentration is associated with insulin resistance. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Drug Carrier1
- The availability and low cost of bile acids along with their unique advantages turn them into attractive scaffolds for the design of novel drugs and drug carrier systems. (viochemicals.com)
Found2
- Recently, bile acid was found to cause surfactant inactivation by enhancing the activity of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and induce inflammatory response of fetal lung [ 5 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The acid is found in many foods. (unboundmedicine.com)
Mice1
- We concluded that CdPrsA2 is an active PPlase that acts as a virulence modulator by influencing crucial processes like sporulation, germination and bile acid resistance resulting in attenuated mice colonization. (tau.edu.tr)
Diet2
- The diet containing a high inorganic sulfur level (0.42 percent) and no added cysteine had the largest G:T ratio corresponding to the smallest relative amount of taurocholic acid. (tennessee.edu)
- The results of this study have been interpreted to imply that the level of inorganic sulfur in the diet may serve an important regulatory function in bile acid conjugation. (tennessee.edu)
Transport2
- While ICP occurs, high bile acid level in maternal blood made damage to placental transport, leading to bile acid deposition in fetal body [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
- MRP4 has long been known to require reduced glutathione for the transport of bile acids [20], but the MRP4-mediated extrusion of other substrates such as halobenzoquinones may also depend on GSH, possibly via conjugate formation [21]. (solvobiotech.com)
Mechanism3
- The aim of the current research was to further investigate the molecular mechanism underlying this acid-induced antimicrobial effect. (springeropen.com)
- However, the in-depth mechanism by which G. anatis responds to acid stress is still unknown. (springeropen.com)
- The current research will contribute greatly to our knowledge about the antimicrobial mechanism of lactic acid bacteria or their acid products against G. anatis, which will lay a foundation for the development of new strategies to prevent G. anatis infection in domestic animals. (springeropen.com)
Cells1
- The TEM results showed that the cell membrane of G. anatis (GAC026) was damaged and that cells were lysed in the presence of cell-free supernatants from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (CFS) or lactic acid. (springeropen.com)
Response3
- We have investigated bile acid malabsorption (BAM), and its response to treatment, in patients seen in this district general hospital with chronic continuous or recurrent diarrhoea. (nih.gov)
- The interaction network of all identified differentially expressed genes and metabolites was constructed to outline the regulatory genes and dominant pathways in response to acid stress. (springeropen.com)
- Overall, this work provides a comprehensive understanding of the stress response and cell death of G. anatis caused by lactic acid. (springeropen.com)