Its active form, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, serves as a coenzyme in more than 140 enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
PLP is involved in many aspects of macronutrient metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, histamine synthesis, hemoglobin synthesis and function, and gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
The many biochemical reactions catalyzed by PLP-dependent enzymes are involved in essential biological processes, such as hemoglobin and amino acid biosynthesis, as well as fatty acid metabolism . (oregonstate.edu)
Via the above reactions, vitamin B12 is associated with both fat and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as protein synthesis [L2068]. (pharmfair.com)
L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase_ converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the degradation of propionate, an important biochemical reaction in the metabolism of lipids and proteins. (pharmfair.com)
Vitamin B6 is a cofactor for approximately 150 reactions that regulate the metabolism of glucose, lipids, amino acids, DNA, and neurotransmitters. (encyclopedia.pub)
2-Ketobutyric acid is a substance that is involved in the metabolism of many amino acids (glycine, methionine, valine, leucine, serine, threonine, isoleucine) as well as propanoate metabolism and C-5 branched dibasic acid metabolism. (pathbank.org)
2-Hydroxybutyric acid generally appears at high concentrations in situations related to deficient energy metabolism (e.g. birth asphyxia) and also in inherited metabolic diseases affecting the central nervous system during neonatal development, such as "cerebral" lactic acidosis, glutaric aciduria type II, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) deficiency, and propionic acidemia. (pathbank.org)
The vitamin is involved in tyrosine metabolism, conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of lipids and proteins, iron metabolism, resistance to infections, and cellular respiration. (pharmfair.com)
Biotin is necessary for the proper functioning of enzymes that transport carboxyl units and fix carbon dioxide, and is required for various metabolic functions, including gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, propionate metabolism, and catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. (pharmfair.com)
Hemoglobin synthesis2
Vitamin B 6 deficiency may impair hemoglobin synthesis and lead to microcytic anemia (3) . (oregonstate.edu)
Succinyl-CoA_ is also required for hemoglobin synthesis [L2064]. (pharmfair.com)
Glucose2
PLP is also a coenzyme for reactions that generate glucose from amino acids, a process known as gluconeogenesis (6) . (oregonstate.edu)
2-Hydroxybutyrate is an early marker for both insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation that appears to arise due to increased lipid oxidation and oxidative stress (PMID: 20526369). (pathbank.org)
Proteins2
In humans, an exogenous source of ascorbic acid is required for collagen formation and tissue repair by acting as a cofactor in the posttranslational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins. (pharmfair.com)
It is a building block of proteins, participates in the citric acid and urea cycles, and is a neurotransmitter. (unboundmedicine.com)
Neurotransmitters1
Other neurotransmitters, including glycine, D-serine, glutamate, histamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), are also synthesized in reactions catalyzed by PLP-dependent enzymes (7) . (oregonstate.edu)
Fatty4
Vitamin B6 serves as a co-factor in more than 140 cellular reactions, mostly related to amino acid biosynthesis and catabolism, but is also involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and other physiological functions. (wikipedia.org)
C 18 H 30 O 2 , an omega-3 fatty acid derived from plants, esp. (unboundmedicine.com)
C 20 H 32 O 2 , an omega-6 fatty acid formed by the action of enzymes on phospholipids in cell membranes. (unboundmedicine.com)
in diabetic ketoacidosis, when the conversion of fatty acids to ketones increases. (unboundmedicine.com)
Catabolism2
The dietary requirement for niacin and the niacin coenzyme , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), can be also met, though to a fairly limited extent, by the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway ( Figure 2 ). (oregonstate.edu)
alpha-Ketobutyrate is produced by amino acid catabolism (threonine and methionine) and glutathione anabolism (cysteine formation pathway) and is metabolized to propionyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (PMID: 20526369). (pathbank.org)
Heme1
PLP functions as a coenzyme of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, which is involved in the synthesis of heme , an iron -containing component of hemoglobin . (oregonstate.edu)
Ascorbic Acid4
Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. (pharmfair.com)
Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in the body. (pharmfair.com)
Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidised (by removal of the hydrogen from the enediol group of ascorbic acid) to dehydroascorbic acid. (pharmfair.com)
Some ascorbic acid is metabolized to inactive compounds including ascorbic acid-2-sulfate and oxalic acid. (pharmfair.com)
Urine4
For degradation, in a non-reversible reaction, PLP is catabolized to 4-pyridoxic acid, which is excreted in urine. (wikipedia.org)
A reduction in PLP availability appears to primarily affect kynureninase activity, limiting NAD production and leading to higher concentrations of kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and xanthurenic acid in blood and urine ( Figure 2 ) (9) . (oregonstate.edu)
2-Hydroxybutyric acid is often found in the urine of patients suffering from lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis. (pathbank.org)
C 4 H 8 O 3 , any of the acids present in the urine, esp. (unboundmedicine.com)
Hepatic2
alpha-Hydroxybutyric acid is primarily produced in mammalian hepatic tissues that catabolize L-threonine or synthesize glutathione. (pathbank.org)
Oxidative stress or detoxification of xenobiotics in the liver can dramatically increase the rate of hepatic glutathione synthesis. (pathbank.org)
Cyanocobalamin1
The only organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of cyanocobalamin are bacteria and archaea [L2058]. (pharmfair.com)
Homocysteine3
This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. (pharmfair.com)
This form is required for the conversion of methylmalonate to succinate and the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine (a reaction also requiring folate) [L2068]. (pharmfair.com)
Under such metabolic stress conditions, supplies of L-cysteine for glutathione synthesis become limiting, so homocysteine is diverted from the transmethylation pathway (which forms methionine) into the transsulfuration pathway (which forms cystathionine). (pathbank.org)
Enzymatic1
It is also a precursor in the enzymatic synthesis of beta-alanine. (pathbank.org)
Citric1
It can be converted into propionyl-CoA (and subsequently methylmalonyl CoA, which can be converted into succinyl CoA, a citric acid cycle intermediate), and thus enter the citric acid cycle. (pathbank.org)
Metabolic1
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is an essential indicator of vitamin B12 (VB12) deficiency and inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs). (biomed.news)
Pyridoxine1
Plants synthesize pyridoxine as a means of protection from the UV-B radiation found in sunlight and for the role it plays in the synthesis of chlorophyll. (wikipedia.org)
Intermediate1
C 10 H 18 N 4 O 6 , a compound intermediate in the synthesis of arginine, formed from citrulline and aspartic acid. (unboundmedicine.com)
Alanine1
The DXP-dependent pathway: The starting material is either the amino acid alanine, or propionic acid converted into alanine via halogenation and amination. (wikipedia.org)
Plants2
C 17 H 11 NO 7 , an acid derived from Aristolochia , a genus of flowering plants, and used as an herbal remedy. (unboundmedicine.com)
H 3 BO 3 , a white crystalline acid that in water forms a very weak acid solution poisonous to plants and animals. (unboundmedicine.com)
in particular, PLP is the cofactor for the enzyme kynureninase, which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxykynurenine to 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. (oregonstate.edu)
Important1
It was concluded from studies done in the mid-1970's that an increased NADH2/NAD ratio was the most important factor for the production of 2-hydroxybutyric acid (PMID: 168632). (pathbank.org)
Formation2
2-Hydroxybutyric acid is formed as a by-product of the formation of alpha-ketobutyrate via a reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alphaHBDH). (pathbank.org)
Corticosteroids inhibit formation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids when cell membranes are damaged. (unboundmedicine.com)
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of four natural product extracts, namely, aloe-emodin, quercetin, curcumin, and tannic acid, on the in vitro bacteriostatic properties and biocompatibility of gentamicin-loaded bone cement and to establish an experimental groundwork supporting the clinical utility of antibiotic-loaded bone cements (ALBC). (bvsalud.org)
More specifically, alpha-ketobutyric acid is a product of the lysis of cystathionine. (pathbank.org)
Group1
METHODS: Based on the components, the bone cement samples were categorized as follows: the gentamicin combined with aloe-emodin group, the gentamicin combined with quercetin group, the gentamicin combined with curcumin group, the gentamicin combined with tannic acid group, the gentamicin group, the aloe-emodin group, the quercetin group, the curcumin group, and the tannic acid group. (bvsalud.org)