Levulinic acid is separated from the mineral acid catalyst by extraction. (wikipedia.org)
A new bio-based ionic liquid was synthesised from N -methyl pyrrolidinone and p -cymenesulphonic acid, and tested as a catalyst in three Fischer esterifications under different conditions. (springeropen.com)
The least complicated and most useful of several esterification methodologies is the Fischer esterification, which requires an acid catalyst, and in the case of solid reactants often a solvent as well. (springeropen.com)
Mineral2
Extending the argument to feedstock security as well as mass utilisation, ultimately in most instances traditional mineral acids appear to be the most sensible option for Brønsted acid esterification catalysts. (springeropen.com)
Popular catalysts are the familiar Brønsted acidic mineral acids and Lewis acidic transition metal salts, but supported catalysts (including enzymes) and recyclable heterogeneous solid acids are becoming increasing popular because of the influence of green chemistry [ 1 , 2 ]. (springeropen.com)
Technology1
Many concepts for the commercial production of levulinic acid are based on a strong acid technology. (wikipedia.org)
20231
2023. A comparative study of palladium-gold and palladium-tin catalysts in the direct synthesis of H2O2 . (cardiff.ac.uk)
Organic2
Levulinic acid, or 4-oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2CH2CO2H. (wikipedia.org)
The largest application of levulinic acid is its use in the production of aminolevulinic acid, a biodegradable herbicide used in South Asia. (wikipedia.org)
Another key application is the use of levulinic acid in cosmetics. (wikipedia.org)
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Racemic α-Aryl-β-ethoxycarbonyl Cyclopentanones via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution and Its Application to the Synthesis of (+)-Burmaniol A. (nankai.edu.cn)
Structure1
Levulinic acid, in its cyclic alternate structure, was the first pseudoacid to be described as such. (wikipedia.org)