• SLC4A1 SLC4A2 SLC4A3 SLC4A4 SLC4A5 SLC4A7 SLC4A8 SLC4A9 SLC4A10 SLC4A11 The human anion exchanger 1 (AE1 or Band 3) binds carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) forming a "transport metabolon" as CAII binding activates AE1 transport activity about 10 fold. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specific point mutations in human anion exchanger 1 (AE1) convert this electroneutral anion exchanger into a monovalent cation conductance. (tcdb.org)
  • The anion exchanger family (TC# 2.A.31, also named bicarbonate transporter family) is a member of the large APC superfamily of secondary carriers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anion exchanger proteins exchange HCO3 − for Cl− in a reversible, electroneutral manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • Animal AE proteins consist of homodimeric complexes of integral membrane proteins that vary in size from about 900 amino acyl residues to about 1250 residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Band 3 anion exchange proteins that exchange bicarbonate are the most abundant polypeptide in the red blood cell membrane, comprising 25% of the total membrane protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cytoplasmic domain of band 3 functions primarily as an anchoring site for other membrane-associated proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on their hydropathy plots all SLC4 proteins are hypothesized to share a similar topology in the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Membrane proteins must be threaded co-translocationally into the lipid bilayer to become membrane-integrated, often with complex topologies and typically form hetero- or homo- oligomers. (stanford.edu)
  • In humans, the AE family (also called the SLC4 family) is composed of 10 paralogous members, among which are the proteins that perform Na + -independent Cl-HCO 3 - exchange (e.g. (tcdb.org)
  • Nine encode proteins that transport HCO− 3. (wikipedia.org)
  • Members of both the SLC4 and SLC26 mammalian gene families encode Na + -independent Cl - -HCO3 - exchangers. (tcdb.org)
  • SLC4 proteins play roles in acid-base homeostasis, transport of H+ or HCO− 3 by epithelia (e.g. absorption of HCO− 3 in the renal proximal tubule, secretion of HCO− 3 in the pancreatic duct), as well as the regulation of cell volume and intracellular pH. (wikipedia.org)
  • The SLC4 family comprises the following proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although mammalian SLC4/AE polypeptides mediate only electroneutral Cl - -anion exchange, trout erythroid AE1 also promotes osmolyte transport and increased anion conductance. (tcdb.org)
  • Although the C-terminal domain comprises a small percentage of the size of the protein, this domain in some cases, has (i) binding motifs that may be important for protein-protein interactions (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • Van Veen, H. W. (2016) Bacterial ABC multidrug exporters: from shared proteins motifs and features to diversity in molecular mechanisms. (cam.ac.uk)
  • AE1 and NBCe1), and (iii) may provide sites for regulation of transporter function via protein kinase A phosphorylation (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2007). These proteins are important for the regulation of intracellular pH (pH i ) and play crucial roles in the epithelial absorption of HCO 3 - (e.g., in the renal proximal tubule) and secretion of HCO 3 - (e.g., in the pancreatic duct). (tcdb.org)
  • Na+/HCO3 − co-transport proteins mediate the coupled movement of Na+ and HCO3 − across plasma membranes, often in an electrogenic manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • A single missense mutation allows AE1 to mediate both electrogenic SO 4 2- -Cl - exchange or electroneutral, H + -independent SO 4 2- -SO 4 2- exchange ( Alper 2006 ). (tcdb.org)
  • These regulators include canonical genes that control lipid metabolism as well as genes involved in ubiquitination, transcription, and mitochondrial function. (stanford.edu)
  • Functionally, eight of these proteins fall into two major groups: three Cl-HCO− 3 exchangers (AE1-3) and five Na+-coupled HCO− 3 transporters (NBCe1, NBCe2, NBCn1, NBCn2, NDCBE). (wikipedia.org)
  • Sequence analysis of the two families of HCO3 − transporters that have been cloned to date (the anion exchangers and Na+/HCO3 − co-transporters) reveals that they are homologous. (wikipedia.org)
  • This highly complex 'protein biogenesis' process is assisted by a diverse network of folding catalysts and protein-modifying enzymes and is scrutinized by molecular chaperones and other 'quality control' factors which ensure that only correctly folded and assembled proteins exit the ER and proceed to distal compartments of the secretory pathway. (stanford.edu)
  • In complexes, the other enzymes affect cleaved CBF1( or RBPJkappa), while in channels they are required Lag-1, immediately that the m ' CSL ' demonstrates separated been to this produced feature experience breast. (evakoch.com)
  • RNA enzymes may observe from also translocated proteins, they may phosphorylate suggested in proteins with delayed strategies, or they may outline known in membranes of factor factors. (evakoch.com)
  • Proteins synthesized at the ER are subject to covalent modifications that include N- and O-glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, and in some cases, proline and lysine hydroxylation. (stanford.edu)
  • Our goal is to elucidate the functional networks that coordinate protein synthesis and quality control in the early secretory pathway. (stanford.edu)
  • Members of the AE family are generally responsible for the transport of anions across cellular barriers, although their functions may vary. (wikipedia.org)
  • A conserved domain is found at the C terminus of many bicarbonate transport proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also found in some plant proteins responsible for boron transport. (wikipedia.org)
  • Characterized protein members of the AE family are found in plants, animals, insects and yeast. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their N-terminal hydrophilic domains may interact with cytoskeletal proteins and therefore play a cell structural role. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ER is the 'port of entry' for proteins destined for the cell surface and beyond. (stanford.edu)
  • 14) strand proteins in gene-internal of FGFR3 and capable sunshine amyloid or proteotoxic cell increasing( Otsuki, 1999). (evakoch.com)
  • Other cell types derived from hematopoietic stem cells include platelets and erythrocytes. (justia.com)
  • El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer las representaciones sociales sobre lactancia materna, la alimentación complementaria y sobre el sistema de salud en relación a las prácticas de alimentación de familias que realizaron el control de salud de sus niños en un hospital público de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. (bvsalud.org)
  • Most proteins are reoxidized by RNA Reconstitution II, ultimately a similar factors are as RNA immunity III engineers with promoting vital regions. (evakoch.com)
  • Anion exchanger proteins exchange HCO3 − for Cl− in a reversible, electroneutral manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • The transport mechanism of mammalian SLC4/AE polypeptides is that of electroneutral Cl(-)/anion exchange, but trout erythroid Ae1 also mediates Cl(-) conductance. (nih.gov)
  • Functions both as a transporter that mediates electroneutral anion exchange across the cell membrane and as a structural protein. (nih.gov)
  • Their N-terminal hydrophilic domains may interact with cytoskeletal proteins and therefore play a cell structural role. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cellular distributions of the ERM proteins in MDCK epithelial cells: regulation by growth and cytoskeletal integrity. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • required for normal flexibility and stability of the erythrocyte membrane and for normal erythrocyte shape via the interactions of its cytoplasmic domain with cytoskeletal proteins, glycolytic enzymes, and hemoglobin. (nih.gov)
  • Functions as a transporter that mediates the 1:1 exchange of inorganic anions across the erythrocyte membrane. (nih.gov)
  • Mediates chloride-bicarbonate exchange in the kidney, and is required for normal acidification of the urine. (nih.gov)
  • also known as NRAMP2 or DMT1) is considered to be a major cellular uptake mechanism for Fe(2+) and other essential divalent metals, but this protein also mediates uptake of Cd(2+), Pb(2+), and possibly of other toxic divalent metals. (nih.gov)
  • The cytoplasmic domain of band 3 functions primarily as an anchoring site for other membrane-associated proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Animal AE proteins consist of homodimeric complexes of integral membrane proteins that vary in size from about 900 amino acyl residues to about 1250 residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • This post-translational modification on lysine residues of proteins plays a crucial role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. (nih.gov)
  • Members of the AE family are generally responsible for the transport of anions across cellular barriers, although their functions may vary. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ternary complex containing UFD1L, VCP and NPLOC4 binds ubiquitinated proteins and is necessary for the export of misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytoplasm, where they are degraded by the proteasome. (nih.gov)
  • The WCBD binds six atoms of copper in the +1 oxidation state competitively, and with a greater affinity than all other metals. (nih.gov)
  • AE1 and NBCe1), and (iii) may provide sites for regulation of transporter function via protein kinase A phosphorylation (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since ERM proteins can exist in dormant or active conformations corresponding to their phosphorylation state, we propose that the partitioning of ERM proteins between subcellular compartments may depend on their activation status. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • 1 Renal Division and Molecular and Vascular Medicine Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. (nih.gov)
  • The highly homologous ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) proteins, molecular cross-linkers which connect the cell membrane with the underlying cytoskeleton, have molecular weights of 81, 80 and 78 kDa respectively. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • We present data which shows significant variation in the molecular weight and presence of multiple forms of ERM proteins in different cell lines, such that specific antibodies to each protein are essential for unambiguous detection. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • In this study, we present the molecular characterization of 2 goose cathelicidin genes, namely goose CATH2 and goose CATH3, for the first time. (bvsalud.org)
  • These results provide substantial evidence for the molecular mechanisms of enhancing physical activity levels of egg yolk proteins, especially with regard to the cross-species protective mechanisms against oxidative stress. (bvsalud.org)
  • Functionally, eight of these proteins fall into two major groups: three Cl-HCO− 3 exchangers (AE1-3) and five Na+-coupled HCO− 3 transporters (NBCe1, NBCe2, NBCn1, NBCn2, NDCBE). (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein comprises two domains that are structurally and functionally distinct. (nih.gov)
  • Although the C-terminal domain comprises a small percentage of the size of the protein, this domain in some cases, has (i) binding motifs that may be important for protein-protein interactions (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • The second step is somatic hypermutation (SHM) and involves the introduction of point mutations in the V regions (antigen-binding sites) of the Ig genes, resulting in an expansion of the antibody repertoire to generate high-affinity antigen-specific antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • class-switch recombination (switching from IgM to IgG, IgA, or IgE) and somatic hypermutation (introduction of point mutations in the V regions of the Ig genes, the antigen-biding sites, resulting in an expansion of the antibody repertoire to generate high-affinity antigen-specific antibodies). (medscape.com)
  • Probe Set ID Ref Seq Protein ID Signal Strength Name Gene Symbol Species Function Swiss-Prot ID Amino Acid Sequence 1367452_at NP_598278 16.8 small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 precursor Sumo2 Rattus norvegicus " Ubiquitin-like protein that can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or as a lysine-linked polymer. (nih.gov)
  • These differential proteins were mainly associated with oxidative stress, defense, energy metabolism and tissue development through bioinformatics analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Description of the protein which includes the UniProt Function and the NCBI Gene Summary. (nih.gov)
  • Total count of NCBI Gene Reference Into Function hits for target listed in parenthesis, and summary table with links to publications per PMID with the specific text in article that includes the reported target. (nih.gov)
  • The incubation behaviour and deposition of egg white antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) vary highly across the avian altricial-precocial spectrum. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Band 3 anion exchange proteins that exchange bicarbonate are the most abundant polypeptide in the red blood cell membrane, comprising 25% of the total membrane protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, a chimeric protein consisting of the WCBD and truncated ZntA, a zinc-transporting ATPase lacking the N-terminal domain, has been constructed and analyzed for metal ion selectivity. (nih.gov)
  • We applied two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with subsequent MALDI detection and identification of protein spots followed by quantification with specific software. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • To further verify the species-specific diversity of the antioxidant capacity, the antioxidative activities of egg yolk proteins were further invested in vitro and in Caco-2 cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Polymeric SUMO2 chains are also susceptible to polyubiquitination which functions as a signal for proteasomal degradation of modified proteins (By similarity). (nih.gov)