• At the SMTZ, their diffusion profiles meet and sulfate and methane react with one another, which allows the SMTZ to harbor a unique microbial community whose main form of metabolism is anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). (wikipedia.org)
  • It is characterized by low concentrations of sulfate and methane because the anaerobic oxidation of methane consumes both molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following this discovery, non-zero concentration of sulfate and methane were found in the same zone in ocean setting, leading Niels Iverson and Bo Barker Jorgenson to investigate the methane oxidation rates in the so-called "sulfate-methane transition" in 1985. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main metabolism is anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, sulfate diffusing down and methane diffusing up coincide, resulting in anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). (wikipedia.org)
  • Herein, we demonstrate that hydrogen bonding on the catalyst surface and in the bulk solution can inhibit oxidation and reverse reaction of α-hydroxyethyl radicals (αHRs) in photocatalytic dehydrocoupling of ethanol over Au/CdS. (dicp.ac.cn)
  • It forms under natural conditions from the oxidation of sulfide minerals and where the acidity exceeds the alkalinity. (itrcweb.org)
  • In a sediment column, the dominant metabolism used by organisms changes with depth, as the availability of different electron acceptors changes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The different electron trap states strongly affect the ET process, thus regulating the photocatalytic activity. (dicp.ac.cn)
  • In well-oxygenated sediments, oxygen is the main electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once all of the oxygen is consumed, organisms begin using substrates like nitrate, manganese oxides, and iron oxides as the electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration. (wikipedia.org)
  • After oxygen, nitrate, manganeses, and iron are depleted, sulfate is the main electron acceptor used in anaerobic respiration. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, some pre- three copper ions located at the corners of a near-isosceles tri- vious microbiological evidence showed that thiocyanate may be angle and facilitates a direct thiocyanate conversion into cya- degraded by cell-free extracts of haloalkaliphilic thiocyanate- nate, elemental sulfur, and two reducing equivalents without utilizing SOB in the presence of an electron acceptor via a involvement of molecular oxygen . (docslib.org)
  • The sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) is a zone in oceans, lakes, and rivers typically found below the sediment surface in which sulfate and methane coexist. (wikipedia.org)
  • The formation of a SMTZ is driven by the diffusion of sulfate down the sediment column and the diffusion of methane up the sediments. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was previously believed that methane and sulfate could not coexist due to the established hierarchy of metabolisms in sediments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sulfate, on the other hand, is relatively high in abundance in comparison, so sulfate reduction is the main form of respiration after oxygen is consumed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since then, many studies have been conducted to trace the sulfate and methane profiles above, in, and below the SMTZ. (wikipedia.org)
  • The metabolism associated with this is dissimilatory sulfate reduction (DSR) and is carried out by sulfur-reducing bacteria, which are widely distributed in anoxic environments. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rate of AOM is pretty slow, with turnover times for the coexisting sulfate and methane in the oceans ranging from weeks to years. (wikipedia.org)
  • This metabolism take sulfate and methane in a 1:1 ratio and produces certain carbon species (mainly bicarbonate) and sulfide. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is through AOM that sulfate and methane concentrations remain relatively low within the SMTZ. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sulfate-methane transition zones have various signatures besides the sudden increase of methane at nearly depleted sulfate concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
  • A low pH, metal-laden, sulfate-rich drainage originating from a mined area that occurs where sulfur or metal sulfides are exposed to atmospheric conditions. (itrcweb.org)
  • In nature , it can be found as the pure element and as sulfide and sulfate minerals. (wikidoc.org)
  • It has also been proposed that methanogens can also oxidize methane into acetate or carbon dioxide, and not just bicarbonate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biogas is competitive, viable, and generally a sustainable energy resource due to abundant supply of cheap feedstocks and availability of a wide range of biogas applications in heating, power generation, fuel, and raw materials for further processing and production of sustainable chemicals including hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and biofuels. (hindawi.com)
  • Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are intermediary degradation products during anaerobic digestion (AD) that are subsequently converted to methanogenic substrates, such as hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and acetic acid (CH 3 COOH). (mdpi.com)
  • Measurements of noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon) and the ratios of light and heavy stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in natural CO2 fields have shown how CO2 is naturally stored over millions of years. (openaire.eu)
  • If successful, this could allow storage of renewable electricity through electrochemical or enzymatic fixation of carbon dioxide and subsequent storage as carbon-based energy storage molecules including hydrocarbons and non-volatile polymers at high efficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When sulfide minerals are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δS-34 values of co-genetic minerals. (wikidoc.org)
  • On the one side, it increases the electron density of Pt species via PtSn alloy formation, promoting propane adsorption and C−H bond cleavage. (dicp.ac.cn)
  • The adsorption of sulforaphane by BM-COFs is mainly multi-molecular layer adsorption and chemisorption, there might be electrostatic action, π-stacking and hydrogen bonding in the adsorption process. (bvsalud.org)
  • Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface. (itrcweb.org)
  • The pH of a solution is a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions (H+) in that solution. (dewdon.com)
  • TcDH contains a unique metal site comprising Crated into proteins for the purposes of copper trafficking three copper ions in a configuration that enables two-electron and storage (3, 4) and electron transport and catalysis (5-7). (docslib.org)
  • A molecular mechanism of ca- chemical reaction producing cyanate and elemental sulfur as final talysis is suggested based on high-resolution three-dimensional products (21, 22): structures, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations, - - 0 + - N ≡ C-S + H2O → N ≡ C-O + S + 2H + 2e [1] kinetic studies, and the results of site-directed mutagenesis. (docslib.org)
  • The "smell of sulfur" usually refers to either the odor of hydrogen sulfide , e.g. from rotten eggs, or of burning sulfur, which produces sulfur dioxide , the smell associated with burnt matches. (wikidoc.org)
  • Spectroscopy analyzers have been widely installed in CEMS due to the advantage of continuous monitoring and good accuracy. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • As a spectroscopy analyzer, nondispersive infrared (NDIR) and Fourier transform infrared analyzers have been widely used because they operate consistently with low energy consumption compared to other spectroscopy technologies [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The major contents of the book are iodine from oil well brines, lactic acid from corn sugar, modern production of chlorine and caustic soda, organic chemicals, chemicals derived from methane and so on. (niir.org)
  • Glycosides are a class of organic compounds in which a sugar molecule is bound to a non-sugar molecule, known as an aglycone or genin. (celignis.com)
  • The electron transfer (ET) from the conduction band of the semiconductor to surface-bound species is a key step in the photocatalytic reaction and strongly affects the reactivity and selectivity, while the effect of catalyst surface structure on this process has rarely been explored due to the lack of an effective method. (dicp.ac.cn)
  • Often, the necessity to land and refuel for these longer routes further increases the fuel consumption. (openaire.eu)
  • Intentionally added water forms surface hydrogen bonds with adsorbed αHRs and strengthens the hydrogen bonding between αHRs and ethanol while maintaining the flexibility of radicals in solution, thereby allowing for αHRs' desorption from the Au/CdS surface and their stabilization by a solvent. (dicp.ac.cn)
  • Biogas can also be used in fuel cells for direct conversion to electricity and raw material for hydrogen and transport fuel production which is a significant pathway to sustainable energy development. (hindawi.com)
  • Increasing environmental and policy concerns and measures have generated increasing interest in the use of biomass resources as renewable feedstock for electricity generation, fuel production, chemical processing, and hydrogen production [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • As economic development spreads around the world, and more and more of the global energy infrastructure is electrified (think electric vehicles) global electricity consumption will rise. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Silicon (Si) is the most abundant element after oxygen on the earth crust surface. (researchsquare.com)
  • Herein, we have developed a strategy to detect and measure surface electrons' transfer energy to the adsorbates and disclosed a facet-dependent electron transfer energy over anatase TiO2. (dicp.ac.cn)
  • The photogenerated electrons are shallowly confined in the five-coordinated Ti atom (Ti5c) on the surface of the (101) facet with a transfer energy below 1.0 eV, while deeply confined in the six-coordinated Ti atom (Ti6c) on the subsurface of the (001) facet with a transfer energy higher than 1.9 eV. (dicp.ac.cn)
  • BACKGROUND: Natural bioactive molecules are important sources for the development of new drugs. (bvsalud.org)
  • The δ C -13 and δS-34 of coexisting carbonates and sulfides can be used to determine the pH and oxygen fugacity of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation. (wikidoc.org)
  • During such events HF radio communication can be severely disrupted and aircraft are forced to use longer low latitude routes with consequent increased flight time, fuel consumption and cost. (openaire.eu)
  • The enzyme, thiocyanate dehydrogenase (TcDH), reveals several features special to the chemistry of biological opper is widely utilized in life systems (1, 2). (docslib.org)