• Myocardial ischemia is a disorder that is usually caused by a critical coronary artery obstruction, which is also known as atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosing myocardial ischemia prior to a heart attack is important. (medscape.com)
  • Whatever the etiology, the final common pathway of AMI includes myocardial ischemia (resulting in hypoxia), release of inflammatory cytokines, and cell death. (medscape.com)
  • Vaccarino and colleagues present the largest (n = 918) and most diverse (34% women, 40% black individuals) observational study investigating the association between mental stress ischemia, conventional stress ischemia, and future cardiac events in patients with known CHD using contemporary myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging. (allenpress.com)
  • SCAD was defined as epicardial coronary artery diameter stenosis ≥90% or epicardial coronary artery diameter stenosis ≥75% accompanied by symptoms or stress-induced myocardial ischemia. (medscimonit.com)
  • These tests are crucial in identifying problems like ischemia and coronary artery disease that can cause chest pain (Stepinska et al. (originalnursingpapers.com)
  • Ischemia adds risk that is incremental to clinical risks and LV dysfunction. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In nondiabetic patients, a number of factors may be used to stratify the level of risk of coronary disease, including clinical history, resting ventricular function, exercise capacity, the presence and extent of ischemia at single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT), or stress echo. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • As one of the main aims of deformation analyses using STE is to quantify myocardial contraction and wall motion, it is sensible to apply this method for the identification of myocardial ischemia. (thoracickey.com)
  • A well-known condition associated with an abnormal response is a hypertensive response to exercise, or underlying cardiomyopathy in the absence of ischemia, because exercise may result in worsening of regional and global systolic function in myopathic ventricles. (thoracickey.com)
  • On admission and a three hours follow up, then you really know this patient has a low risk and he has no on-going ischemia, and you can really send this patient home without any major concern. (aacc.org)
  • 4-7 Angina pectoris is defined as chest discomfort attributed to myocardial ischemia. (uscjournal.com)
  • 43 Another commonly used risk stratification scoring system to rate the need for revascularization or potential need for amputation is the Wound, Ischemia and Foot Infection (WIFI). (vascular.org)
  • Conclusions - In modern era where imagistic stress testing seems to have a better sensitivity, the old fashioned electrocardiographic stress test continues to have a good sensitivity and remains, due to the larger accessibility and lower cost compared with other techniques (stress echography, stress SPECT, myocardial perfusion imaging) the first option in the diagnostic algorithm of coronary artery disease. (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
  • Transient ischemic dilation (TID) in the setting of abnormal stress-rest cardiac SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has been linked with increased cardiovascular risk. (snmjournals.org)
  • In this study, cardiac CT was used to evaluate the prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions and the severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients with TID of the left ventricle with or without associated myocardial perfusion defects on SPECT MPI. (snmjournals.org)
  • The presence of TID with an otherwise normal SPECT MPI study does not translate into a greater extent of coronary artery disease as assessed by cardiac CT or increased risk for future major adverse cardiac events. (snmjournals.org)
  • Transient ischemic dilation (TID) on stress SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is defined as the apparent presence of left ventricular (LV) dilation on poststress relative to rest images. (snmjournals.org)
  • TID in the setting of an abnormal SPECT MPI study has also been linked with increased cardiovascular risk and poor cardiovascular outcomes ( 8 - 11 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • However, the further risk stratification of patients presenting with acute chest pain without a rise in cardiac troponin is inconsistent. (bmj.com)
  • A growing number of institutions are reporting GLS in the clinical setting, especially for the identification of subclinical diseases and further risk stratification of patients. (thoracickey.com)
  • Initial evaluation should focus on characterizing symptoms and identifying risk factors, but further risk stratification using clinical decision pathways and biomarkers (cardiac troponin) is essential. (uscjournal.com)
  • Cardiac imaging is central to the diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease, beyond symptoms and clinical risk factors, by providing objective evidence of myocardial ischaemia and characterisation of coronary artery plaque. (bmj.com)
  • Coronary artery disease risk assessment that incorporates clinical factors, plaque characteristics and perivascular inflammation offers a more comprehensive individualised approach to quantify and stratify coronary artery disease risk, with potential healthcare benefits for prevention, diagnosis and treatment recommendations. (bmj.com)
  • The diagnosis of ALCAPA is suspected in irritable anxious infants presenting with pain while feeding (a modified stress test). (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis and risk stratification of chest pain patients in the emergency department: Focus on acute coronary syndromes. (originalnursingpapers.com)
  • High-sensitivity TnT (hsTnT) has been proposed to improve the diagnosis and stratification in acute coronary syndromes. (hindawi.com)
  • The SVS guidelines recommend using the ankle brachial index (ABI) as the first-line noninvasive test to establish diagnosis. (vascular.org)
  • One potentially important physiologic parameter obtained by these newer technologies is the myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR). (medscape.com)
  • In patients with ischemic heart disease who undergo revascularization based on PET viability assessment with fludeoxyglucose F-18 (F-18 FDG), those with a low myocardial perfusion reserve were at an increased risk of adverse cardiac events. (medscape.com)
  • In this review, we describe contemporary risk stratification methods for acute coronary syndrome and summarize the recommendations put forth by the guidelines. (uscjournal.com)
  • A writing subcommittee conducted a systematic review of the literature to derive evidence-based recommendations to answer the following clinical questions: (1) In adult patients without evidence of ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, can initial risk stratification be used to predict a low rate of 30-day major adverse cardiac events? (elsevierpure.com)
  • 2) In adult patients with suspected acute non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, can troponin testing within 3 hours of emergency department presentation be used to predict a low rate of 30-day major adverse cardiac events? (elsevierpure.com)
  • Background Patients presenting with acute chest pain without a rise in cardiac troponins are considered to be at low risk of adverse cardiac events and are often considered for early discharge without further inpatient investigation. (bmj.com)
  • Objective To assess current practice in the risk stratification of patients presenting with acute chest pain to emergency departments (EDs) in England who do not develop a rise in cardiac markers. (bmj.com)
  • For these reasons, CT may be suitable for certain intermediate-risk patients with stable chest pain who are referred for ICU because they have a clinical constellation suggesting a high risk of cardiovascular events, abnormal or inconclusive results on functional testing, or persistent symptoms despite medical treatment. (allenpress.com)
  • Aims - This is a retrospective study on 404 patients with chest pain suggestive for angina and with no history of ischaemic heart disease, which have performed a treadmill exercise stress testing and than after and a selective coronary angiography, from October 2008 to January 2013. (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
  • Cardiovascular Testing and Clinical Outcomes in Emergency Department Patients With Chest Pain. (journalfeed.org)
  • Objective In 2010, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the UK published Clinical Guideline 95 (CG95) advocating risk stratification of patients using 'CADScore' to guide appropriate cardiac investigations for chest pain of recent onset. (bmj.com)
  • Acute myocardial ischaemia causes chest pain. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Historically, evaluation of CAD was guided by symptoms, and crude measures of myocardial ischaemia with limited sensitivity and specificity from exercise ECG (ExECG) and other stress tests. (bmj.com)
  • The objectives of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation are to increase functional capacity level, reduce anginal symptoms and disability, improve quality of life, modify coronary risk factors, and reduce morbidity and mortality rates. (mdpi.com)
  • Patients with syncope who are at low risk of adverse events (e.g., those with symptoms consistent with vasovagal or orthostatic hypotension syncope, no history of heart disease, no family history of sudden cardiac death, and normal electrocardiographic findings) may be safely followed without further intervention or treatment. (aafp.org)
  • Conclusions The use of troponin as a diagnostic test and risk stratification tool appears to be used universally in England. (bmj.com)
  • In this regard, non-invasive stress imaging tests were shown to be excellent tools for properly selecting patients who would further benefit from an invasive procedure, thus providing both precise diagnostic classification and risk stratification [ 1 ] [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function is useful in risk stratification for patients with cardiovascular disease and can provide a diagnostic clue for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. (medsci.org)
  • Laboratory testing and neuroimaging have a low diagnostic yield and should be ordered only if clinically indicated. (aafp.org)
  • In cases of unexplained syncope, provocative testing and prolonged electrocardiographic monitoring strategies can be diagnostic. (aafp.org)
  • Furthermore, to compare the diagnostic performance of radiomics models against standard-of-care qualitative visual assessment of stress perfusion images, w. (researchgate.net)
  • New cardiac CT techniques can assess coronary artery inflammation by imaging perivascular fat, and this may represent an important step forward in identifying the 'residual risk' that is not detected by plaque or ischaemia imaging. (bmj.com)
  • First, two-dimensional imaging cannot assess haemodynamic consequences of stenoses, in terms of myocardial ischaemia. (bmj.com)
  • The Chi-square test was used to assess differences in the trends of macronutrient intake among T2DM patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • One-way Cox proportional risk analysis was performed to assess the risk stratification value of the De Ritis ratio, using major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and all-cause mortality as the primary and secondary endpoints, respectively. (medscimonit.com)
  • As a result, researchers from the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, chose to assess, "the association between aerobic fitness and all-cause mortality among the largest reported cohort, to our knowledge, of adult patients undergoing ETT (exercise treadmill testing) at a tertiary care center," in a retrospective study. (maxwellnutrition.com)
  • A thorough preoperative medical evaluation may require input from nonsurgical consultants (eg, internists, cardiologists, pulmonologists) to help assess surgical risk. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Several comparable clinical decision rules can be used to assess the short-term risk of death and the need for hospital admission. (aafp.org)
  • Objectives To assess the feasibility of extracting radiomics signal intensity based features from the myocardium using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging stress perfusion sequences. (researchgate.net)
  • A further strategy would be to screen patients for existing evidence of coronary disease, with the intent of myocardial revascularization in those at greatest risk. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Current stratification of the risk in patients presenting with ACS without ST-segment elevation (non-STEACS) is based on the identification of those patients with higher risk of suffering adverse events (death, recurrent MI or urgent revascularization), estimated in a 15-30% of non-STEACS patients. (hindawi.com)
  • Cardiac troponin is a cardio specific protein that is detectable in the blood of patients with myocardial injury with sensitive and specific assays. (aacc.org)
  • So always when troponin is elevated, it indicates myocardial injury, and so it is really challenging for the clinician to really be certain that this injury is clinic or has any other causes. (aacc.org)
  • So what needs to be done is that as we have done it also in past is that we need to do additional testing to understand the cause of troponin elevations, and that is what we have done in clinical practice anyway. (aacc.org)
  • So you do need additional testing to account for the many possibilities of troponin elevation such as heart failure or toxic injury or inflammation and so forth. (aacc.org)
  • Serum troponin (Tn) elevation is a specific and well-established necrosis biomarker in ACS, being the only biomarker currently used for risk stratification and guided invasive management decision in non-STEACS [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It has been shown that even very small elevation in the troponin concentration is associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes in patients with ACS [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Cardiac Troponin in Endurance Exercise-Fragments of the Imagination or Clinical Significance? (westminster.ac.uk)
  • The assessment of myocardial perfusion and function using PET and hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging is becoming more available as the cost of the technology decreases and as positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals become more available. (medscape.com)
  • Reduced myocardial oxygen consumption with metabolic (cardiopulmonary) exercise testing provides an independent and quantitative assessment of functional limitation for individual patients when the personal history is ambiguous, and also guides eligibility for heart transplant. (unifi.it)
  • Our ability to identify vulnerable populations, improve risk stratification, and understand nontraditional risk factors is essential to best stratify risk assessment. (allenpress.com)
  • Book describes the basics of rehabilitation, functional assessment, early mobilization, supervised and long term exercise protocols, cardiac rehabilitation in specific groups, and finally, special considerations for the Middle Eastern and Saudi Arabian populations. (mdpi.com)
  • Exercise capacity assessment delivers crucial information for exercise prescription guidance in cardiac rehabilitation programs, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing should ideally be executed. (mdpi.com)
  • [ 147 ] In addition, a physician reminder in conjunction with a patient risk assessment strategy can result in a reduction in patient fractures and an increase in osteoporosis therapy. (medscape.com)
  • To inform Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP) COVID-19 vaccine policy decisions, we developed a benefit-risk assessment framework that directly compared the estimated benefits of COVID-19 vaccination to individuals (e.g., prevention of COVID-19-associated hospitalization) with risks associated with COVID-19 vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • We adapted the benefit-risk assessment framework for use in subsequent policy decisions, including the adverse events of myocarditis and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) following mRNA and Janssen COVID-19 vaccination respectively, expansion of COVID-19 vaccine approvals or authorizations to new age groups, and use of booster doses. (cdc.gov)
  • Over the first year of COVID-19 vaccine administration in the United States (December 2020-December 2021), we used the benefit-risk assessment framework to inform seven different ACIP policy decisions. (cdc.gov)
  • Cardiac CT (CCT) imaging has transformed the detection, characterisation and stratification of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk in individuals. (bmj.com)
  • Abstract: Purpose - Exercise stress testing (ET) is a valuable screening test for the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
  • However, the criteria defining a high sensitive TnT (hsTnT) assay are still under debate, whereas a cutoff point of TnT for risk stratification in patients with ACS remains difficult to establish due to the heterogeneity of the used detection techniques among different laboratories [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • No correlation was found between the ECG teritory were ST depression appeared and the affected coronary artery, but ST elevation in lead aVR is an important indicator of significant left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis.The time of exercise (the exercise capacity) is correlated with the age of the patient. (romanianjournalcardiology.ro)
  • In patients showing negative Tn elevation, stratification is more complicated and the elective treatment is usually under the criterium of the cardiologist, although there are established recommendations [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, coronary artery disease risk is also driven by biological processes, such as inflammation, that are not fully reflected by severity of stenosis, myocardial ischaemia or by coronary plaque features. (bmj.com)
  • Imbalance between the myocardial oxygen need and the availability of oxygen, and consequently myocardial ischaemia may also be caused, in the absence of an acute coronary stenosis (plaque rupture), by tachycardia and bradycardia, coronary spasm, hypotension, anaemia, respiratory insufficiency or other severe disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Other clinical manifestations of myocardial ischaemia include acute pulmonary oedema, loss of consciousness and sudden death. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • According to research - Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness with Long-term Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing - which appears on JAMA Network Open Cardiology in October 2018, "newer evidence has suggested associations between habitual vigorous exercise and potentially pathologic cardiovascular findings, including atrial fibrillation, coronary artery calcification, myocardial fibrosis, and aortic dilation. (maxwellnutrition.com)
  • The conclusions included, "findings (that) emphasize the importance of aerobic fitness in overall health, including the magnitude of benefit of increased CRF in relation to traditional clinical risk factors and the incremental survival advantage of extremely high fitness. (maxwellnutrition.com)
  • Another reason favoring pharmacologic stress is mimicking findings from exercise stress. (thoracickey.com)
  • High-risk patients with cardiovascular or structural heart disease, history concerning for arrhythmia, abnormal electrocardiographic findings, or severe comorbidities should be admitted to the hospital for further evaluation. (aafp.org)
  • Among the techniques of nuclear cardiology, myocardial perfusion imaging is the most widely used. (medscape.com)
  • The book is the fruit of a collaborative effort by a dedicated team of cardiologists, whose specialities span the entire field of cardiology, and offers a practical approach to exercise prescription in cardiac rehabilitation in line with American and European guidelines, and inspired by local experience. (mdpi.com)
  • Subclinical reduction in LV strain before mitral repair predicts a fall in LV ejection fraction following surgery and is thought to reflect the development of myocardial fibrosis in response to chronic volume overload. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Myocardial fibrosis can be detected non-invasively using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging techniques as an expansion of the extracellular volume (ECV). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Establishing the link between myocardial fibrosis (measured on CMR and validated through histology), with early ventricular dysfunction, will offer physicians a novel non-invasive biomarker that can further inform the timing of surgery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 43 Conducting a complete history and physical examination of patients with PAD is important, and focusing on the legs, as well as systemic risk factors and comorbidities, is essential. (vascular.org)
  • 27% of responding departments routinely used objective clinical risk scoring as part of their risk stratification. (bmj.com)
  • Several studies have been designed to help the clinician determine a patient's CAD risk level. (medscape.com)
  • The patient's BMI is 35 indicating a risk for conditions like coronary heart disease, and diabetes. (originalnursingpapers.com)
  • Because not all surgical procedures are elective, the acuity and type of proposed operation should be considered as well as the patient's risk with surgery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, the patient's history should be reviewed as expeditiously as possible, particularly for allergies and to help identify factors that increase risk of emergency surgery (eg, history of bleeding problems or adverse anesthetic reactions). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Therapy should be individualized based on each patient's clinical scenario, with the risks and benefits of treatment discussed between the clinician and patient. (medscape.com)
  • Effects of Exercise Testing and Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease on Fear and Self-Efficacy of Exercise: A Pilot Study. (umassmed.edu)
  • Very low or zero CACS is reassuring and clinically valuable, but age and other prevalent risk factors are major drivers of CACS, 1 such that most middle-aged or older patients in higher cardiovascular risk groups have elevated CACS. (bmj.com)
  • It was also observed that benefits of "extremely high fitness" may be reduced in individuals suffering with coronary artery disease or certain cardiac risk factors. (maxwellnutrition.com)
  • Some factors, like age, can be beyond your control, but making lifestyle changes, including increasing exercise and managing stress, can help improve HRV. (healthline.com)
  • Baseline characteristics and cardiac risk factors were the same whether seen on the weekday or weekend, except it was more convenient to do ED stress tests on the weekdays. (journalfeed.org)
  • [ 1 ] The prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis requires control of the known modifiable risk factors for this disease. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, addressing risk factors with lifestyle changes is an integral part of atherosclerosis prevention. (medscape.com)
  • [3] It is estimated that dietary risk factors are associated with 53% of CVD deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • [3] Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes is also beneficial. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nonpharmacologic preventive measures include modification of general lifestyle factors, such as increasing weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercise, which epidemiologic studies have linked to lower fracture rates, and ensuring optimum calcium and vitamin D intake as adjunct to active antifracture therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Risk stratification and early preventive measures can reduce major cardiovascular events given the long latent asymptomatic period. (bvsalud.org)
  • A summary of available imaging tests for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk asymptomatic patients is outlined in this document. (bvsalud.org)
  • The radioisotope thallium-201 (as the soluble chloride TlCl) is used in small amounts as an agent in a nuclear medicine scan, during one type of nuclear cardiac stress test. (wikipedia.org)
  • The risk of death in patients with a normal scan was 4% per year, and this was associated with age and selection for pharmacologic stress testing. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • You need to do cardiac ultrasounds to understand his myocardial function, and if he has shortness of breath, you need to do a CT scan to exclude pulmonary embolism. (aacc.org)
  • Screening patients by means of baPWV and PWDC might help identify the high risk group of elevated left ventricular filling pressure and LVDD. (medsci.org)
  • The assessments were a useful tool for decision-making but required reliable and granular data to stratify analyses and appropriately focus on populations most at risk for a specific adverse event. (cdc.gov)
  • The CRF was quantified as peak estimated METs (measure of metabolism) and was determined based on treadmill grade and speed at peak exercise. (maxwellnutrition.com)
  • Multifactorial Cox regression analysis revealed that a high De Ritis ratio was an independent risk factor for MACCE (HR=2.96, 95% CI: 1.29-6.78, P =0.01) and all-cause mortality (HR=3.61, 95% Cl: 1.31-9.86, P =0.012). (medscimonit.com)
  • A high De Ritis ratio was an independent and valuable risk stratification factor for MACCE and all-cause mortality in patients with SCAD after PCI. (medscimonit.com)
  • Although syncope is associated with serious risks, short-term mortality is low (i.e., 0.7% at 10 days and 1.6% at 30 days). (aafp.org)
  • Decades of research have demonstrated that serum concentrations of blood lipids are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality [ 1 - 4 ]. (cdc.gov)
  • the post-test probability that results will lead to a change in management and improved outcomes. (acc.org)
  • however, in patients with a moderate-to-high risk for CAD, an imaging study is essential along with the stress test. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging tests can detect subclinical coronary atherosclerosis and aid initiation of targeted preventative efforts based on patient risk. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients identified as at risk for osteoporosis (including children and adolescents) should undergo preventive measures, including adequate calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and exercise. (medscape.com)
  • A low-risk patient may only require a clinical evaluation and a stress test or electrocardiogram, while a high-risk patient may proceed directly from clinical evaluation to cardiac catheterization. (acc.org)
  • However, resting ST segment changes may be false positive responses for epicardial coronary disease ( 5 ), and false positive ST segment changes and poor exercise capacity may reduce the utility of standard exercise electrocardiogram testing. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Over the last 25 years, patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have been studied with a variety of methods employing physiological exercise that have made major contributions to disease management and are performed without increased risk. (unifi.it)
  • Exercise testing with a variety of methods has become an integral and powerful component of the noninvasive evaluation of HCM, and in some patients can determine treatment strategy. (unifi.it)
  • The contemporary risk stratification methods described in these guidelines allow for the identification of patient subgroups: patients who do not require further testing, patients who should proceed directly to the cath lab, and patients who will benefit from further anatomic or functional testing. (uscjournal.com)
  • Large studies with long-term follow-up confirmed the utility of CACS as a predictor of cardiovascular risk in populations. (bmj.com)
  • Overall, the goal in evaluating a patient with SIHD is to systematically and efficiently utilize the multiple modalities that are necessary to maximize the identification of high-risk features without over-testing. (acc.org)
  • It details the technical aspects of different modalities of exercise for a broad spectrum of cardiovascular conditions and patient groups, and provides strategies to overcome existing barriers to physical activity in the local population. (mdpi.com)
  • These patients usually are stable enough to complete at least a cursory preparation for major spine surgery, including a detailed history and physical exam, complimented by baseline measures of coagulation and hemoglobin, type and cross for blood, and, if possible, an indication of cardiopulmonary function and appropriate functional testing if indicated. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • Furthermore, identifying new biomarkers of cardiovascular risk has the potential to refine early-life prevention strategies, before atherosclerosis becomes established. (bmj.com)
  • However, other cardiovascular abnormalities such as anomalies of coronary vessels, arrhythmogenic dysplasia of right ventricle (ADRV), mitral valve prolapse, myocarditis, coronary vessel bridge, Marfan Syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, pulmonary thrombo-embolism and channelopathies also significantly contribute to cardiovascular risk in athletes. (escardio.org)
  • Some patients without significant CAD may develop an abnormal LV contractile response to exercise. (thoracickey.com)
  • A recent study revealed that an abnormal response to exercise in the absence of established causes is associated with resting LV long-axis dysfunction and is usually seen in women. (thoracickey.com)
  • Consultation with a neurologist may assist in therapeutic recommendations in light of the limitation of their use with imminent surgery, as well as to allow an adequate and informed risk benefit discussion with the patient. (renalandurologynews.com)